Solubilization of decane into gemini surfactant with a modified Jeffamine backbone: Design of hierarchical porous silica

Herein, we have investigated the solubilization of decane into a novel nonionic gemini surfactant, myristoyl-end capped Jeffamine, synthesized from a polyoxyalkyleneamine (ED900). Starting from this system, porous silica materials have been prepared. Performing the hydrothermal treatment at low temperature, a slight increase of the mesopore diameter is observed in the presence of decane. Increasing the temperature of the hydrothermal treatment, no swelling effect of decane is detected. By contrast, the pore diameter decreases but better mesopore homogeneity and a larger wall thickness are obtained. At high decane concentration the new myristoyl-end capped Jeffamine/decane/water system forms oil-in-water emulsions, which are used as template for the formation of hierarchical porous silica materials.

Catalytic gasification of glycerol in supercritical water

The conversion of glycerol in supercritical water (SCW) was studied at 510-550 °C and a pressure of 350 bars using both a bed of inert and non-porous ZrO2 particles (hydrothermal experiments), and a bed of a 1% Ru/ZrO2 catalyst. Experiments were conducted with a glycerol concentration of 5 wt% in a continuous isothermal fixed-bed reactor at a residence time between 2 and 10 s. Hydrothermolysis of glycerol formed water-soluble products such as acetaldehyde, acetic acid, hydroxyacetone and acrolein, and gases like H2, CO and CO2. The catalyst enhanced the formation of acetic acid, inhibited the formation of acrolein, and promoted gasification of the glycerol decomposition products. Hydrogen and carbon oxides were the main gases produced in the catalytic experiments, with minor amounts of methane and ethylene. Complete glycerol conversion was achieved at a residence time of 8.5 s at 510 °C, and at around 5 s at 550 °C with the 1 wt% Ru/ZrO2 catalyst. The catalyst was not active enough to achieve complete gasification since high yields of primary products like acetic acid and acetaldehyde were still present. Carbon balances were between 80 and 60% in the catalytic experiments, decreasing continuously as the residence time was increased. This was attributed partially to the formation of methanol and acetaldehyde, which were not recovered and analyzed efficiently in our set-up, but also to the formation of carbon deposits. Carbon deposition was not observed on the catalyst particles but on the surface of the inert zirconia particles, especially at high residence time. This was related to the higher concentration of acetic acid and other acidic species in the catalytic experiments, which may polymerize to form tar-like carbon precursors. Because of carbon deposition, hydrogen yields were significantly lower than expected; for instance at 550 °C the hydrogen yield potential was only 50% of the stoichiometric value.

20 Myr of eccentricity paced lacustrine cycles in the Cenozoic Ebro Basin

Long-period orbital forcing is a crucial component of the major global climate shifts during the Cenozoic as revealed in marine pelagic records. A complementary regional perspective of climate change can be assessed from internally drained lake basins, which are directly affected by insolation and precipitation balance. The Ebro Basin in northeastern Iberia embraces a 20 Myr long continuous sedimentary record where recurrent expansions and retractions of the central lacustrine system suggest periodic shifts of water balance due to orbital oscillations. In order to test climatic (orbital) forcing a key-piece of the basin, the Los Monegros lacustrine system, has been analyzed in detail. The cyclostratigraphic analysis points to orbital eccentricity as pacemaker of short to long-term lacustrine sequences, and reveals a correlation of maxima of the 100-kyr, 400-kyr and 2.4-Myr eccentricity cycles with periods of lake expansion. A magnetostratigraphy-based chronostratigraphy of the complete continental record allows further assessing long-period orbital forcing at basin scale, a view that challenges alternate scenarios where the stratigraphic architecture in foreland systems is preferably associated to tectonic processes. We conclude that while the location of lacustrine depocenters reacted to the long-term tectonic-driven accommodation changes, shorter wavelenght oscillations of lake environments, still million-year scale, claims for a dominance of orbital forcing. We suggest a decoupling between (tectonic) supply-driven clastic sequences fed from basin margins and (climatic) base level-driven lacustrine sequences in active settings with medium to large sediment transfer systems.

Controvérsias sobre o atomismo no século XIX

The present article reviews aspects of the controversy in nineteenth-century physical sciences between atomists and anti-atomists, and the scientific, philosophical and methodological aspects about the atomic debates. The meanings of the atom concept used by physicists and chemists in that century are also discussed.

Basic life support knowledge of first-year university students from Brazil

We aimed to evaluate knowledge of first aid among new undergraduates and whether it is affected by their chosen course. A questionnaire was developed to assess knowledge of how to activate the Mobile Emergency Attendance Service - MEAS (Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência; SAMU), recognize a pre-hospital emergency situation and the first aid required for cardiac arrest. The students were also asked about enrolling in a first aid course. Responses were received from 1038 of 1365 (76.04%) new undergraduates. The questionnaires were completed in a 2-week period 1 month after the beginning of classes. Of the 1038 respondents (59.5% studying biological sciences, 11.6% physical sciences, and 28.6% humanities), 58.5% knew how to activate the MEAS/SAMU (54.3% non-biological vs 61.4% biological, P=0.02), with an odds ratio (OR)=1.39 (95%CI=1.07-1.81) regardless of age, sex, origin, having a previous degree or having a relative with cardiac disease. The majority could distinguish emergency from non-emergency situations. When faced with a possible cardiac arrest, 17.7% of the students would perform chest compressions (15.5% non-biological vs 19.1% biological first-year university students, P=0.16) and 65.2% would enroll in a first aid course (51.1% non-biological vs 74.7% biological, P<0.01), with an OR=2.61 (95%CI=1.98-3.44) adjusted for the same confounders. Even though a high percentage of the students recognized emergency situations, a significant proportion did not know the MEAS/SAMU number and only a minority had sufficient basic life support skills to help with cardiac arrest. A significant proportion would not enroll in a first aid course. Biological first-year university students were more prone to enroll in a basic life support course.

Signatures of Higher Functions of Brain Dynamics in Electroencephalogram: A Nonlinear Analysis

The brain with its highly complex structure made up of simple units,imterconnected information pathways and specialized functions has always been an object of mystery and sceintific fascination for physiologists,neuroscientists and lately to mathematicians and physicists. The stream of biophysicists are engaged in building the bridge between the biological and physical sciences guided by a conviction that natural scenarios that appear extraordinarily complex may be tackled by application of principles from the realm of physical sciences. In a similar vein, this report aims to describe how nerve cells execute transmission of signals ,how these are put together and how out of this integration higher functions emerge and get reflected in the electrical signals that are produced in the brain.Viewing the E E G Signal through the looking glass of nonlinear theory, the dynamics of the underlying complex system-the brain ,is inferred and significant implications of the findings are explored.

Coherent Stranski-Krastanov growth in 1+1 dimensions with anharmonic interactions: An equilibrium study

The formation of coherently strained three-dimensional (3D) islands on top of the wetting layer in the Stranski-Krastanov mode of growth is considered in a model in 1 + 1 dimensions accounting for the anharmonicity and nonconvexity of the real interatomic forces. It is shown that coherent 3D islands can be expected to form in compressed rather than expanded overlayers beyond a critical lattice misfit. In expanded overlayers the classical Stranski-Krastanov growth is expected to occur because the misfit dislocations can become energetically favored at smaller island sizes. The thermodynamic reason for coherent 3D islanding is incomplete wetting owing to the weaker adhesion of the edge atoms. Monolayer height islands with a critical size appear as necessary precursors of the 3D islands. This explains the experimentally observed narrow size distribution of the 3D islands. The 2D-3D transformation takes place by consecutive rearrangements of mono- to bilayer, bi- to trilayer islands, etc., after the corresponding critical sizes have been exceeded. The rearrangements are initiated by nucleation events, each one needing to overcome a lower energetic barrier than the one before. The model is in good qualitative agreement with available experimental observations.

Modellbasierte Diagnose am Beispiel der Zylinderdrucksensorik von Ottomotoren

Die Diagnose von Fehlern des Zylinderdrucksensors wird anhand eines Ottomotors mit Saugrohreinspritzung (MPI) vorgestellt. Die physikalischen Zusammenhänge und die Einflussgrößen auf das Drehmoment des Motors werden erläutert. Hierzu werden verschiedene Modellansätze vorgestellt sowie eine Variation der Modelleingangsgrößen durchgeführt. Anhand des Verfahrens der analytischen Redundanz werden Residuen abgeleitet und die Empfindlichkeit gegenüber bestimmten Fehlertypen aufgezeigt. Dadurch ist eine Trennung von Fehlern des Zylinderdrucksensors gegenüber motorischen Toleranzen oder nicht zylinderdrucksensorbasierten Fehlern möglich. Handelt es sich bei dem verwendeten Motorkonzept um einen Ottomotor mit quantitätsbasierter Laststeuerung, d.h. mit gleichbleibender Gemischzusammensetzung (i.d.R. Luft-/Kraftstoffverhältnis =1), so kann bei erkanntem Fehler des Zylinderdrucksensors eine weitere Aufteilung nach verschiedenen Fehlertypen erfolgen (z.B. Hysterese, Verstärkungsfehler). Auf diese Weise können Sensortoleranzen wie der Verstärkungsfehler des Zylinderdrucksensors durch eine Adaption korrigiert werden. Die Diagnosefunktion und die Verstärkungsadaption wurde erfolgreich an einem 2,0l-Ottomotor (MPI) ohne externe Abgasrückführung (AGR) und ohne kontinuierliche Nockenwellenverstellung (KNWE) durchgeführt, wobei die erwähnten Einschränkungen in Bezug auf die Betriebsbereiche zu berücksichtigen sind. Anhand der Modellstreuungen und Modellungenauigkeiten sind die Grenzen der Diagnose und der Adaption aufgezeigt worden. Die auf einem Prototypensteuergerät implementierten Algorithmen sind echtzeitfähig, wenngleich für die Zylinderdruck- und Drehzahlauswertung eine hohe Rechenleistung erforderlich ist.

Posicionando Digital.CSIC como un elemento clave en el Sistema de Gestión de la Información Científica del CSIC

Primera conferencia. Bibliotecas y Repositorios Digitales: Gestión del Conocimiento, Acceso Abierto y Visibilidad Latinoamericana. (BIREDIAL) Mayo 9 al 11 de 2011. Bogotá, Colombia.

O ensino-aprendizagem da física e da química: manuais escolares versus recursos digitais

Nesta dissertação investigamos o uso do manual escolar na sala de aula, em consonância com as mudanças das práticas pedagógicas resultantes da existência de novos recursos digitais agregados ao manual escolar, tais como o e-manual, os CD-ROM e DVDs e, as plataformas educacionais na Internet, em particular, a Escola Virtual, da Porto Editora. O leitmotiv da realização desta investigação é avaliar a utilização destes recursos, quer nas práticas pedagógicas inovadoras por parte dos docentes, quer na contribuição para melhorar a aprendizagem dos alunos. No sentido de melhor compreender e analisar o impacto da integração dos recursos digitais no ensino-aprendizagem, escolhemos os recursos da Porto Editora, visto tratar-se de um estudo de caso centrado numa escola que adotou estes recursos. A partir de um enquadramento metodológico que procura ultrapassar as dicotomias entre as abordagens quantitativas e as abordagens qualitativas, centramos o nosso estudo numa unidade didática, Astronomia, lecionada no 7º ano de escolaridade, na disciplina de Ciências Físico-Químicas. Com base num modelo heurístico, os dados recolhidos através de questionários a professores e alunos numa escola onde a investigadora estagiou, referente a este conteúdo, indicam que a utilização dos referidos recursos digitais no ensino-aprendizagem, fomentou a motivação para a realização de atividades propostas, facilitou a compreensão e a aprendizagem de conceitos e motivou os alunos para o estudo na disciplina de Ciências Físico-Químicas. Não podemos deixar de enfatizar a exploração do manual interativo, como um elemento extremamente inovador, e simultaneamente potenciador da disseminação de conhecimentos em espaços não convencionais de ensino, pela possibilidade de autoaprendizagem, respeitando as particularidades dos alunos. No entendimento de uma postura de abertura e de investigação permanente e, conscientes de que o ensino-aprendizagem engloba inúmeros fatores, apontamos alguns trajetos investigativos possíveis que poderão, eventualmente, despontar, a partir deste estudo.