Ligamiento genético entre variables asociadas a calidad del fruto de tomate y polipéptidos expresados en dos estados de madurez

Los perfiles de polipéptidos proveen información sobre la constitución genética de un individuo y su expresión, y son útiles como marcadores moleculares. El objetivo del trabajo fue detectar ligamiento entre los perfiles de polipéptidos del pericarpio en dos estados de madurez y caracteres cuantitativos y de calidad de los frutos, analizando 21 genotipos de tomate. Se obtuvieron los perfiles polipéptidos en los estados verde y rojo maduro de frutos de 18 líneas endocriadas recombinantes (RILs, recombinant inbred lines), derivadas de un cruzamiento interespecífico entre el cultivar Caimanta de S. lycopersicum y la entrada LA722 de S. pimpinellifolium, que se incluyeron como testigos experimentales junto a su F1. En estos 21 genotipos se evaluaron también vida poscosecha, peso, firmeza, porcentaje de reflectancia, índice cromático, forma, pH, acidez titulable, contenido de sólidos solubles, espesor de pericarpio y número de lóculos de los frutos. Los perfiles mostraron polimorfismo entre los estados de madurez dentro de un mismo genotipo y entre genotipos para un mismo estado de madurez. Algunos polipéptidos segregaron de forma mendeliana (1:1) y, por análisis de un único punto, mostraron ligamiento con caracteres de calidad del fruto. Se detectaron loci de caracteres cuantitativos (QTLs, quantitative trait loci) asociados a número de lóculos, peso, pH, firmeza y vida poscosecha de los frutos.

Evaluación de características de interés agronómico de damascos cv. Modesto

El cultivar de damascos Modesto es de introducción relativamente reciente en Mendoza (Argentina). El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar las siguientes características de interés agronómico: la época de floración y la calidad de los frutos en cosecha y en postcosecha. El estudio se realizó en un monte comercial durante 2007 y 2008. Se registraron tres estados fenológicos: "D" (corola visible), "F" (flor abierta) y "H" (fruto cuajado). Se estableció el inicio de la floración, la plena floración y el fin de la misma. En los frutos las evaluaciones y mediciones se realizaron en el momento de la recolección y después del período de maduración de la fruta conservada en cámara frigorífica. Se determinó: color de fondo, peso, diámetro, firmeza de pulpa, contenido de sólidos solubles, pH, acidez titulable, presencia de hongos y desórdenes fisiológicos. Los resultados muestran que el cultivar Modesto florece en una época intermedia en la zona E de la provincia de Mendoza. La fecha de plena floración en los dos años del estudio fue el 8 de setiembre. En los estados de madurez evaluados los frutos reúnen los atributos de calidad demandados por el consumidor: alto CSS, color anaranjado en la madurez, buena firmeza de pulpa; sin embargo, el rápido, descenso de la firmeza durante la maduración en poscosecha obliga a una comercialización acelerada. Después del almacenamiento en cámara frigorífica durante treinta días y un período de maduración de dos días, la futa presentó el desorden harinosidad con una incidencia superior al 60%; esto señala que el cv. Modesto no puede almacenarse por un período tan prolongado.

Relación entre la madurez fisiológica y la madurez comercial de frutos de kiwi 'Hayward' producidos en el sudeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina)

Los frutos climatéricos, como el kiwi, deben cosecharse una vez que alcanzan la madurez fisiológica, a fin de no comprometer su calidad gustativa. El propósito del presente trabajo fue determinar la instancia del desarrollo cuando los frutos del cv. 'Hayward' alcanzaron la madurez fisiológica, mediante la medición de índices de madurez objetivos. Para tal fin, un lote comercial de kiwi cv 'Hayward' situado en el sudeste de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina) s e c o s e c h ó s e m a n a l m e n t e d e s d e l a s 11 semanas después de plena floración (sdpf) hasta la cosecha comercial, a las 18 sdpf. La fruta fue analizada a la cosecha y después de un período de almacenamiento (53 días a 2°C) y maduración (7 días a 20°C). A cosecha, el contenido de materia seca de la fruta, la firmeza de la pulpa y la acidez titulable del jugo no sufrieron cambios significativos a partir de las 16 sdpf. Al final del período de almacenamiento y maduración, los sólidos solubles y la acidez titulable, así como la pérdida de peso de los frutos, no variaron significativamente en frutos cosechados a partir de las 16 sdpf. Estos resultados sugieren que la madurez fisiológica se alcanzó dos semanas antes de la cosecha comercial. Con mayores exigencias protocolares de contenido de materia seca, la madurez comercial se habría logrado recién a las 18 sdpf. A madurez fisiológica, los índices de madurez registraron los siguientes valores: 5,4% sólidos solubles, 1,18% acidez titulable, 14,2% materia seca y 49% semillas negras.

Proteómica de la madurez del tomate : identificación de dos estados de madurez del fruto por perfiles proteicos totales del pericarpio en RILs de tomate

Durante la madurez del fruto se producen cambios morfológicos, fisiológicos y bioquímicos provocados por la expresión regulada de diferentes genes. El objetivo de este trabajo fue verificar si la presencia de polipéptidos totales del pericarpio en los estados verde maduro (VM) y rojo maduro (RM) permite caracterizar la madurez del tomate. Se analizaron 18 líneas endocriadas recombinantes obtenidas por selección antagónica-divergente de un cruzamiento entre la cv. Caimanta (Solanum lycopersicum) y la entrada LA722 (S. pimpinellifolium), que fueron incluidas junto a la F1 como testigos experimentales. Los extractos proteicos se obtuvieron de dos muestras independientes de cada estado según el protocolo estándar y se resolvieron en SDS-PAGE. Se analizó la presencia/ausencia de bandas por genotipos y por estado, detectándose 26 en VM y 29 en RM. Algunas bandas fueron comunes entre estados, mientras que otras resultaron propias de VM o RM, respectivamente. Se calcularon las distancias de Jaccard y se realizó un análisis de conglomerados según el método UPGMA. En el dendrograma (correlación cofenética = 0,43) se distinguieron dos grandes grupos definidos por el estado de madurez. Se concluye que los perfiles proteicos del pericarpio son una herramienta postgenómica apropiada para identificar dos estados de madurez del fruto de tomate.

Chemical composition of manganese nodules from the Southern Pacific

Deep sea manganese nodules from the Southern Ocean have been studied using chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, optical mineragraphic and electron probe microanalysis techniques. The nodules were lower in manganese, iron and associated elements than the average grade of manganese nodules from other localities. A number of chemical relationships have been observed. Nickel, copper, cobalt, barium, zinc, molybdenum, strontium, sulphur and phosphorus are associated with the manganese rich phases and titanium with the iron rich phases. X-ray diffraction analysis and electron probe microanalysis results indicate that the manganese phases are similar to the disordered delta-MnO2 and "manganite" phases reported by other workers.

Arabidopsis thaliana DOF6 negatively affects germination in non-after ripened seeds and interacts with TCP14

Seed dormancy prevents seeds from germinating under environmental conditions unfavourable for plant growth and development and constitutes an evolutionary advantage. Dry storage, also known as after-ripening, gradually decreases seed dormancy by mechanisms not well understood. An Arabidopsis thaliana DOF transcription factor gene (DOF6) affecting seed germination has been characterized. The transcript levels of this gene accumulate in dry seeds and decay gradually during after-ripening and also upon seed imbibition. While constitutive over-expression of DOF6 produced aberrant growth and sterility in the plant, its over-expression induced upon seed imbibition triggered delayed germination, abscisic acid (ABA)-hypersensitive phenotypes and increased expression of the ABA biosynthetic gene ABA1 and ABA-related stress genes. Wild-type germination and gene expression were gradually restored during seed after-ripening, despite of DOF6-induced over-expression. DOF6 was found to interact in a yeast two-hybrid system andin planta with TCP14, a previously described positive regulator of seed germination. The expression of ABA1 and ABA-related stress genes was also enhanced in tcp14 knock-out mutants. Taken together, these results indicate that DOF6 negatively affects seed germination and opposes TCP14 function in the regulation of a specific set of ABA-related genes

Determination of the uptake and translocation of nitrogen applied at different growth stages of a melon crop (Cucumis melo L.) using 15N isotope.

In order to establish a rational nitrogen (N) fertilisation and reduce groundwater contamination, a clearer understanding of the N distribution through the growing season and its dynamics inside the plant is crucial. In two successive years, a melon crop (Cucumis melo L. cv. Sancho) was grown under field conditions to determine the uptake of N fertiliser, applied by means of fertigation at different stages of plant growth, and to follow the translocation of N in the plant using 15N-labelled N. In 2006, two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, labelled 15N fertiliser was supplied at the female-bloom stage and in the second, at the end of fruit ripening. Labelled 15N fertiliser was made from 15NH415NO3 (10 at.% 15N) and 9.6 kg N ha−1 were applied in each experiment over 6 days (1.6 kg N ha−1 d−1). In 2007, the 15N treatment consisted of applying 20.4 kg N ha−1 as 15NH415NO3 (10 at.% 15N) in the middle of fruit growth, over 6 days (3.4 kg N ha−1 d−1). In addition, 93 and 95 kg N ha−1 were supplied daily by fertigation as ammonium nitrate in 2006 and 2007, respectively. The results obtained in 2006 suggest that the uptake of N derived from labelled fertiliser by the above-ground parts of the plants was not affected by the time of fertiliser application. At the female-flowering and fruit-ripening stages, the N content derived from 15N-labelled fertiliser was close to 0.435 g m−2 (about 45% of the N applied), while in the middle of fruit growth it was 1.45 g m−2 (71% of the N applied). The N application time affected the amount of N derived from labelled fertiliser that was translocated to the fruits. When the N was supplied later, the N translocation was lower, ranging between 54% at female flowering and 32% at the end of fruit ripening. Approximately 85% of the N translocated came from the leaf when the N was applied at female flowering or in the middle of fruit growth. This value decreased to 72% when the 15N application was at the end of fruit ripening. The ammonium nitrate became available to the plant between 2 and 2.5 weeks after its application. Although the leaf N uptake varied during the crop cycle, the N absorption rate in the whole plant was linear, suggesting that the melon crop could be fertilised with constant daily N amounts until 2–3 weeks before the last harvest.

Study of Impact and Compression Damage on Asian Pears

Result of impact and compression tests on Chojuro, Twentieth Century, Tsu Li, and Ya Li varieties of Asian pears indicate that Chojuro pears are the firmest and most resistant to mechanical damage. At the time of harvest, Tsu Li and Ya Li pears could resist mechanical damage nearly as well as Chojuro pears, but they become more susceptible to bruising in cold storage. Twentieth Century pears are most sensitive to impact and compression bruising. Increased time in the ripening room produces more softening and increased bruise resistance of Chojuro and Twentieth Century pears than of Tsu Li and Ya Li pears.

Bruise Development and Fruit Response of Pear (cv.'Blanquilla') under Impact Conditions

Pear fruits cv. 'Blanquilla', at various ripening stages, were studied under impact conditions. A 50-6-g spherical steel indentator, with a radius of curvature of 0-94 cm, was dropped on to the fruit from three heights: 4, 6 and 10 cm (0-0199, 0-0299 and 0-0499 J). The variables measured were analyzed. All variables were observed to be related to the impact energy except impact duration, which was related to the fruit firmness. Bruising correlated with impact energy when considering different heights, but not with any specific variable when studying the impact phenomenon at individual heights; however, there was a clear correlation between impact bruising and firmness. Three bruise shapes were observed, corresponding to preclimacteric, climacteric and postclimacteric fruits; a theory for this response is offered. According to the results, the impact response in postclimacteric pear fruits (with firmness values of less than 25 N, and a maturity index above 55) may be explained by the role played by the skin rather than by the pulp.

Softening-up mannan-rich cell walls

The softening and degradation of the cell wall (CW), often mannan enriched, is involved in several processes during development of higher plants, such as meristematic growth, fruit ripening, programmed cell death, and endosperm rupture upon germination. Mannans are also the predominant hemicellulosic CW polymers in many genera of green algae. The endosperm CWs of dry seeds often contain mannan polymers, sometimes in the form of galactomannans (Gal-mannans). The endo-beta-mannanases (MANs) that catalyse the random hydrolysis of the beta-linkage in the mannan backbone are one of the main hydrolytic enzymes involved in the loosening and remodelling of CWs. In germinating seeds, the softening of the endosperm seed CWs facilitates the emergence of the elongating radicle. Hydrolysis and mobilization of endosperm Gal-mannans by MANs also provides a source of nutrients for early seedling growth, since Gal-mannan, besides its structural role, serves as a storage polysaccharide. Therefore, the role of mannans and of their hydrolytic enzymes is decisive in the life cycle of seeds. This review updates and discusses the significance of mannans and MANs in seeds and explores the increasing biotechnological potential of MAN enzymes.

Woolliness assessment in peaches. Comparison between human and instrumental procedures and results

Woolliness, a negative attribute of sensory texture, is characterised by the lack of juiciness without variation of the tissue water content an incapacity of ripening although there is external ripe appearance. In this study, peaches cv Springcrest (early and soft flesh peaches) and Miraflores (late and hard flesh peaches) corresponding to three different maturity stages at harvest, stored 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks at 1 and 5°C have been tested by instrumental and sensory means. A Instrumental classification of woolliness has been compared to the sensory assessment. For Springcrest peaches the sensory results match with those found for the instrumental procedure. In this case , Woolliness appears after 2 weeks of storage at 5°C, changing abruptly from crispy to woolly. Miraflores peaches did not develop woolliness during storage. After comparing with sensory results, it is shown that a common instrumental scale may be appropriate to classify for woolliness all peach varieties.

Neural bruise prediction models for fruit handling and machinery evaluation.

Some neural bruise prediction models have been implemented in the laboratory, for the most traded fruit species and varieties, allowing the prediction of the acceptability or rejectability for damages, with respect to the EC Standards. Different models have been built for both quasi-static (compression) and dynamic (impact) loads covering the whole commercial ripening period of fruits. A simulation process has been developed gathering the information on laboratory bruise models and load sensor calibrations for different electronic devices (IS-100 and DEA-1, for impact and compression loads respectively). Some evaluation methodology has been designed gathering the information on the mechanical properties of fruits and the loading records of electronic devices. The evaluation system allows to determine the current stage of fruit handling process and machinery.

Quality assurance systems in the production and marketing of fresh peaches.

Due to the fast rate of peach post-harvest ripening, damage due to mechanical handling, externally appreciated as bruises and soft areas, is a real problem that leads to an early harvesting and poor quality of the fruits, as perceived by the consumers. More and more, the European consumer asks for good taste and freshness of fruits and vegetables, and these quality factors are not included in standards, nor in most of the producers' practices. Fruit processing and marketing centres (co-operatives) are increasingly interested in adopting quality controls in their processes. ISO 9000 procedures are being applied in some food areas, primarily milk and meat processors, but no generalised procedures have been developed until the present time to be applied to fresh product processes. All different peach and nectarine varieties that are harvested and handled in Murcia cooperatives and sold in a large supermarket in Madrid were analysed during the whole 1997 season (early May to late August). A total number of 78 samples of 25 fruits (co-operative) or 10 fruits (market), were tested in the laboratory for mechanical, optical, chemical and tasting quality. The variability and relationships between all these quality parameters are presented and discussed, and sampling unit sizes which would be advisable for quality control are calculated.