The use of loop mirrors and chirped fibre Bragg gratings in actively-modelocked fibre lasers

The development of an all-optical communications infrastructure requires appropriate optical switching devices and supporting hardware. This thesis presents several novel fibre lasers which are useful pulse sources for high speed optical data processing and communications. They share several attributes in common: flexibility, stability and low-jitter output. They all produce short (picosecond) and are suitable as sources for soliton systems. The lasers are all-fibre systems using erbium-doped fibre for gain, and are actively-modelocked using a dual-wavelength nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM) as a modulator. Control over the operating wavelength and intra-cavity dispersion is obtained using a chirped in-fibre Bragg grating.Systems operating both at 76MHz and gigahertz frequencies are presented, the latter using a semiconductor laser amplifier to enhance nonlinear action in the loop mirror. A novel dual-wavelength system in which two linear cavities share a common modulator is presented with results which show that the jitter between the two wavelengths is low enough for use in switching experiments with data rates of up to 130Gbit/s.

Dispersion aspects of periodically amplified soliton transmission systems

This thesis presents improvements to optical transmission systems through the use of optical solitons as a digital transmission format, both theoretically and experimentally. An introduction to the main concepts and impairments of optical fibre on pulse transmission is included before introducing the concept of solitons in optically amplified communications and the problems of soliton system design. The theoretical work studies two fibre dispersion profiling schemes and a soliton launch improvement. The first provides superior pulse transmission by optimally tailoring the fibre dispersion to better follow the power, and hence nonlinearity, decay and thus allow soliton transmission for longer amplifier spacings and shorter pulse widths than normally possible. The second profiling scheme examines the use of dispersion compensating fibre in the context of soliton transmission over existing, standard fibre systems. The limits for solitons in uncompensated standard fibre are assessed, before the potential benefits of dispersion compensating fibre included as part of each amplifier are shown. The third theoretical investigation provides a simple improvement to the propagation of solitons in a highly perturbed system. By introducing a section of fibre of the correct length prior to the first system amplifier span, the soliton shape can be better coupled into the system thus providing an improved "average soliton" propagation model. The experimental work covers two areas. An important issue for soliton systems is pulse sources. Three potential lasers are studied, two ring laser configurations and one semiconductor device with external pulse shaping. The second area studies soliton transmission using a recalculating loop, reviewing the advantages and draw-backs of such an experiment in system testing and design. One particular example of employing the recirculating loop is also examined, using a novel method of pulse shape stabilisation over long distances with low jitter. The future for nonlinear optical communications is considered with the thesis conclusions.

Switching and generation of ultrashort pulses using all-fibre devices

Serial and parallel interconnection of photonic devices is integral to the construction of any all-optical data processing system. This thesis presents results from a series of experiments centering on the use of the nonlinear-optical loop mirror (NOLM) switch in architectures for the manipulation and generation of ultrashort pulses. Detailed analysis of soliton switching in a single NOLM and cascade of two NOLM's is performed, centering on primary limitations to device operation, effect of cascading on amplitude response, and impact of switching on the characteristics of incident pulses. By using relatively long input pulses, device failure due to stimulated Raman generation is postponed to demonstrate multiple-peaked switching for the first time. It is found that while cascading leads to a sharpening of the overall switching characteristic, pulse spectral and temporal integrity is not significantly degraded, and emerging pulses retain their essential soliton character. In addition, by including an asymmetrically placed in-fibre Bragg reflector as a wavelength selective loss element in the basic NOLM configuration, both soliton self-switching and dual-wavelength control-pulse switching are spectrally quantised. Results are presented from a novel dual-wavelength laser configuration generating pulse trains with an ultra-low rms inter-pulse-stream timing jitter level of 630fs enabling application in ultrafast switching environments at data rates as high as 130GBits/s. In addition, the fibre NOLM is included in architectures for all-optical memory, demonstrating storage and logical inversion of a 0.5kByte random data sequence; and ultrafast phase-locking of a gain-switched distributed feedback laser at 1.062GHz, the fourteenth harmonic of the system baseband frequency. The stringent requirements for environmental robustness of these architectures highlight the primary weaknesses of the NOLM in its fibre form and recommendations to overcome its inherent drawbacks are presented.

Transmission of non-uniform OTDM channels in nonlinearly-guided dispersion-managed fibre system

The effects of channel inequality on nonlinear signal switching in a nonlinear optical fiber loop mirror (NOLM) were investigated. It was found that the channel-to-channel amplitude differences in optical time division multiplexing (OTDM) have strong impact on swiching behavior of individual channels in a 2R regenerator. The optical pulses in different channels face either suppression of the amplitude noise or increase in noise, depending on the inter-channel amplitude difference. It was stated that appropriate control of the channel uniformity in the OTDM transmitters is required to support stable long-haul transmission in 2R regenerated systems.

Excitation of higher spatial harmonics by a moving light pattern in sillenites

We investigate numerically the dependence of higher harmonics of the space-charge field on the detuning frequency between the pump waves, which form a running interference pattern. Bistability and hysteresis of harmonics are predicted for a contrast of the interference pattern m =(0.25-0.3). For contrasts m˜1 and small detuning frequencies we show the existence of a narrow resonance, connected with the nonlinear excitation of a slowly decreasing sequence of spatial harmonics. For experiments we use a BSO crystal in the optical configuration which avoids nonlinear optical distortions. The experimental data show good qualitative agreement with theory.

Experiments and analysis of combined diffraction and self diffraction effects in a nematic liquid crystal cell

The potential for nonlinear optical processes in nematic-liquid-crystal cells is great due to the large phase changes resulting from reorientation of the nematic-liquid-crystal director. Here the combination of diffraction and self-diffraction effects are studied simultaneously by the use of a pair of focused laser beams which are coincident on a homeotropically aligned liquid-crystal cell. The result is a complicated diffraction pattern in the far field. This is analyzed in terms of the continuum theory for liquid crystals, using a one-elastic-constant approximation to solve the reorientation profile. Very good comparison between theory and experiment is obtained. An interesting transient grating, existing due to the viscosity of the liquid-crystal material, is observed in theory and practice for large cell-tilt angles.

Investigation of different techniques to upgrade legacy WDM communication systems

This thesis presents experimental investigation of different effects/techniques that can be used to upgrade legacy WDM communication systems. The main issue in upgrading legacy systems is that the fundamental setup, including components settings such as EDFA gains, does not need to be altered thus the improvement must be carried out at the network terminal. A general introduction to optical fibre communications is given at the beginning, including optical communication components and system impairments. Experimental techniques for performing laboratory optical transmission experiments are presented before the experimental work of this thesis. These techniques include optical transmitter and receiver designs as well as the design and operation of the recirculating loop. The main experimental work includes three different studies. The first study involves a development of line monitoring equipment that can be reliably used to monitor the performance of optically amplified long-haul undersea systems. This equipment can provide instant finding of the fault locations along the legacy communication link which in tum enables rapid repair execution to be performed hence upgrading the legacy system. The second study investigates the effect of changing the number of transmitted 1s and Os on the performance of WDM system. This effect can, in reality, be seen in some coding systems, e.g. forward-error correction (FEC) technique, where the proportion of the 1s and Os are changed at the transmitter by adding extra bits to the original bit sequence. The final study presents transmission results after all-optical format conversion from NRZ to CSRZ and from RZ to CSRZ using semiconductor optical amplifier in nonlinear optical loop mirror (SOA-NOLM). This study is mainly based on the fact that the use of all-optical processing, including format conversion, has become attractive for the future data networks that are proposed to be all-optical. The feasibility of the SOA-NOLM device for converting single and WDM signals is described. The optical conversion bandwidth and its limitations for WDM conversion are also investigated. All studies of this thesis employ 10Gbit/s single or WDM signals being transmitted over dispersion managed fibre span in the recirculating loop. The fibre span is composed of single-mode fibres (SMF) whose losses and dispersion are compensated using erbium-doped fibre amplifiers (EDFAs) and dispersion compensating fibres (DCFs), respectively. Different configurations of the fibre span are presented in different parts.

Passive regeneration in 40 Gbit/s-based WDM dispersion-managed RZ transmission systems by in-line NOLMs

All-optical passive regeneration in 40 Gbit/s-based wavelength-division-multiplexed (WDM) dispersion-managed return-to-zero (RZ) transmission system was discussed. In-line nonlinear optical loop mirrors (NOLM) were used. A feasibility of 300 GHz-spaced two channel unlimited transmission and 150 GHz-spaced two channel 25000 km transmission over the standard fiber were found.

Experiments and analysis of combined diffraction and self diffraction effects in a nematic liquid crystal cell

The potential for nonlinear optical processes in nematic-liquid-crystal cells is great due to the large phase changes resulting from reorientation of the nematic-liquid-crystal director. Here the combination of diffraction and self-diffraction effects are studied simultaneously by the use of a pair of focused laser beams which are coincident on a homeotropically aligned liquid-crystal cell. The result is a complicated diffraction pattern in the far field. This is analyzed in terms of the continuum theory for liquid crystals, using a one-elastic-constant approximation to solve the reorientation profile. Very good comparison between theory and experiment is obtained. An interesting transient grating, existing due to the viscosity of the liquid-crystal material, is observed in theory and practice for large cell-tilt angles.

Excitation of higher spatial harmonics by a moving light pattern in sillenites

We investigate numerically the dependence of higher harmonics of the space-charge field on the detuning frequency between the pump waves, which form a running interference pattern. Bistability and hysteresis of harmonics are predicted for a contrast of the interference pattern m =(0.25-0.3). For contrasts m˜1 and small detuning frequencies we show the existence of a narrow resonance, connected with the nonlinear excitation of a slowly decreasing sequence of spatial harmonics. For experiments we use a BSO crystal in the optical configuration which avoids nonlinear optical distortions. The experimental data show good qualitative agreement with theory.

Actively modelocked dual-wavelength fibre laser with ultra-low inter-pulse-stream timing jitter

We demonstrate a novel dual-wavelength erbium-fiber laser that uses a single nonlinear-optical loop mirror modulator to simultaneously modelock two cavities with chirped fiber Bragg gratings as end mirrors. We show that this configuration produces synchronized soliton pulse trains with an ultra-low RMS inter-pulse-stream timing jitter of 620 fs enabling application to multiwavelength systems at data rates in excess of 130 Gb/s. © 1995 IEEE

Evolution of timing jitter in nonlinearly-guided, dispersion managed transmission systems

Timing jitter is a major factor limiting the performance of any high-speed, long-haul data transmission system. It arises from a number of reasons, such as interaction with accumulated spontaneous emission, inter-symbol interference (ISI), electrostriction etc. Some effects causing timing jitter can be reduced by means of non-linear filtering, using, for example, a nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM) [1]. The NOLM has been shown to reduce the timing jitter by suppressing the ASE and by stabilising the pulse duration [2, 3]. In this paper, we investigate the dynamics of timing jitter in a 2R regenerated system, nonlinearly guided by NOLMs at bit rates of 10, 20, 40, and 80- Gbit/s. Transmission performance of an equivalent non-regenerated (generic) system is taken as a reference.

Design of multilevel amplitude regenerative system

We propose a scheme for multilevel (nine or more) amplitude regeneration based on a nonlinear optical loop mirror (NOLM) and demonstrate through numerical modeling its efficiency and cascadability on circular 16-, 64-, and 256- symbol constellations. We show that the amplitude noise is efficiently suppressed. The design is flexible and enables variation of the number of levels and their positioning. The scheme is compatible with phase regenerators. Also, compared to the traditional single-NOLM configuration scheme, new features, such as reduced and sign-varied power-dependent phase shift, are available. The model is simple to implement, as it requires only two couplers in addition to the traditional NOLM, and offers a vast range of optimization parameters. © 2014 Optical Society of America.

Application of Artificial Intelligence Methods to Computer Design of Inorganic Compounds

In this paper the main problems for computer design of materials, which would have predefined properties, with the use of artificial intelligence methods are presented. The DB on inorganic compound properties and the system of DBs on materials for electronics with completely assessed information: phase diagram DB of material systems with semiconducting phases and DB on acousto-optical, electro-optical, and nonlinear optical properties are considered. These DBs are a source of information for data analysis. Using the DBs and artificial intelligence methods we have predicted thousands of new compounds in ternary, quaternary and more complicated chemical systems and estimated some of their properties (crystal structure type, melting point, homogeneity region etc.). The comparison of our predictions with experimental data, obtained later, showed that the average reliability of predicted inorganic compounds exceeds 80%. The perspectives of computational material design with the use of artificial intelligence methods are considered.

Multilevel amplitude regeneration of 256-symbol constellation

We propose a novel scheme for multilevel (9 and more) amplitude regeneration based on nonlinear optical loop mirror and demonstrate its efficiency and cascadability on 256-symbol constellation. © 2014 OSA.