Automatic Decision-Oriented Mapping of Pollution Data

The paper deals with the development and application of the methodology for automatic mapping of pollution/contamination data. General Regression Neural Network (GRNN) is considered in detail and is proposed as an efficient tool to solve this problem. The automatic tuning of isotropic and an anisotropic GRNN model using cross-validation procedure is presented. Results are compared with k-nearest-neighbours interpolation algorithm using independent validation data set. Quality of mapping is controlled by the analysis of raw data and the residuals using variography. Maps of probabilities of exceeding a given decision level and ?thick? isoline visualization of the uncertainties are presented as examples of decision-oriented mapping. Real case study is based on mapping of radioactively contaminated territories.

Field data and prediction models of pesticide spray drift on coffee crop

The objective of this work was to generate drift curves from pesticide applications on coffee plants and to compare them with two European drift-prediction models. The used methodology is based on the ISO 22866 standard. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with ten replicates in a 2x20 split-plot arrangement. The evaluated factors were: two types of nozzles (hollow cone with and without air induction) and 20 parallel distances to the crop line outside of the target area, spaced at 2.5 m. Blotting papers were used as a target and placed in each of the evaluated distances. The spray solution was composed of water+rhodamine B fluorescent tracer at a concentration of 100 mg L-1, for detection by fluorimetry. A spray volume of 400 L ha-1 was applied using a hydropneumatic sprayer. The air-induction nozzle reduces the drift up to 20 m from the treated area. The application with the hollow cone nozzle results in 6.68% maximum drift in the nearest collector of the treated area. The German and Dutch models overestimate the drift at distances closest to the crop, although the Dutch model more closely approximates the drift curves generated by both spray nozzles.

Childhood cancer and nuclear power plants in Switzerland: a census-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies on childhood cancer and nuclear power plants (NPPs) produced conflicting results. We used a cohort approach to examine whether residence near NPPs was associated with leukaemia or any childhood cancer in Switzerland. METHODS: We computed person-years at risk for children aged 0-15 years born in Switzerland from 1985 to 2009, based on the Swiss censuses 1990 and 2000 and identified cancer cases from the Swiss Childhood Cancer Registry. We geo-coded place of residence at birth and calculated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing the risk of cancer in children born <5 km, 5-10 km and 10-15 km from the nearest NPP with children born >15 km away, using Poisson regression models. RESULTS: We included 2925 children diagnosed with cancer during 21 117 524 person-years of follow-up; 953 (32.6%) had leukaemia. Eight and 12 children diagnosed with leukaemia at ages 0-4 and 0-15 years, and 18 and 31 children diagnosed with any cancer were born <5 km from a NPP. Compared with children born >15 km away, the IRRs (95% CI) for leukaemia in 0-4 and 0-15 year olds were 1.20 (0.60-2.41) and 1.05 (0.60-1.86), respectively. For any cancer, corresponding IRRs were 0.97 (0.61-1.54) and 0.89 (0.63-1.27). There was no evidence of a dose-response relationship with distance (P > 0.30). Results were similar for residence at diagnosis and at birth, and when adjusted for potential confounders. Results from sensitivity analyses were consistent with main results. CONCLUSIONS: This nationwide cohort study found little evidence of an association between residence near NPPs and the risk of leukaemia or any childhood cancer.

Tapahtumankäsittely hajautetussa ympäristössä

Tapahtumankäsittelyä pidetään yleisesti eräänä luotettavan tietojenkäsittelyn perusvaatimuksena. Tapahtumalla tarkoitetaan operaatiosarjaa, jonka suoritusta voidaan pitää yhtenä loogisena toimenpiteenä. Tapahtumien suoritukselle on asetettu neljä perussääntöä, joista käytetään lyhennettä ACID. Hajautetuissa järjestelmissä tapahtumankäsittelyn tarve kasvaa entisestään, sillä toimenpiteiden onnistumista ei voida varmistaa pelkästään paikallisten menetelmien avulla. Hajautettua tapahtumankäsittelyä on yritetty standardoida useaan otteeseen, muttayrityksistä huolimatta siitä ei ole olemassa yleisesti hyväksyttyjä ja avoimia standardeja. Lähimpänä tällaisen standardin asemaa on todennäköisesti X/Open DTP-standardiperhe ja varsinkin siihen kuuluva XA-standardi. Tässä työssä on lisäksi tutkittu, kuinka Intellitel ONE-järjestelmän valmistajariippumatonta tietokanta-arkkitehtuuria tulisi kehittää, kun tavoitteena on mahdollistaa sen avulla suoritettavien tapahtumankäsittelyä vaativien sovellusten käyttäminen.

Genome-wide transcriptional responses to shade: Linking shade avoidance and auxin

Plants have the ability to use the composition of incident light as a cue to adapt development and growth to their environment. Arabidopsis thaliana as well as many crops are best adapted to sunny habitats. When subjected to shade, these plants exhibit a variety of physiological responses collectively called shade avoidance syndrome (SAS). It includes increased growth of hypocotyl and petioles, decreased growth rate of cotyledons and reduced branching and crop yield. These responses are mainly mediated by phytochrome photoreceptors, which exist either in an active, far-red light (FR) absorbing or an inactive, red light (R) absorbing isoform. In direct sunlight, the R to FR light (R/FR) ratio is high and converts the phytochromes into their physiologically active state. The phytochromes interact with downstream transcription factors such as PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR (PIF), which are subsequently degraded. Light filtered through a canopy is strongly depleted in R, which result in a low R/FR ratio and renders the phytochromes inactive. Protein levels of downstream transcription factors are stabilized, which initiates the expression of shade-induced genes such as HFR1, PIL1 or ATHB-2. In my thesis, I investigated transcriptional responses mediated by the SAS in whole Arabidopsis seedlings. Using microarray and chromatin immunoprecipitation data, we identified genome-wide PIF4 and PIF5 dependent shade regulated gene as well as putative direct target genes of PIF5. This revealed evidence for a direct regulatory link between phytochrome signaling and the growth promoting phytohormone auxin (IAA) at the level of biosynthesis, transport and signaling. Subsequently, it was shown, that free-IAA levels are upregulated in response to shade. It is assumed that shade-induced auxin production takes predominantly place in cotyledons of seedlings. This implies, that IAA is subsequently transported basipetally to the hypocotyl and enhances elongation growth. The importance of auxin transport for growth responses has been established by chemical and genetic approaches. To gain a better understanding of spatio-temporal transcriptional regulation of shade-induce auxin, I generated in a second project, an organ specific high throughput data focusing on cotyledon and hypocotyl of young Arabidopsis seedlings. Interestingly, both organs show an opposite growth regulation by shade. I first investigated the spatio-transcriptional regulation of auxin re- sponsive gene, in order to determine how broad gene expression pattern can be explained by the hypothesized movement of auxin from cotyledons to hypocotyls in shade. The analysis suggests, that several genes are indeed regulated according to our prediction and others are regulated in a more complex manner. In addition, analysis of gene families of auxin biosynthetic and transport components, lead to the identification of essential family members for shade-induced growth re- sponses, which were subsequently experimentally confirmed. Finally, the analysis of expression pattern identified several candidate genes, which possibly explain aspects of the opposite growth response of the different organs.

La modificació del criteri d'adquisició de la personalitat civil: una anàlisi des del dret civil català

Malgrat que des de feia ja molt de temps existien raons socials, mediques i jurídiques més que suficients, han tingut de passar més de cent vint anys (1889-2011) per a que es dugués a terme la necessària reforma de l’obsolet article 30 CC. mitjançant la qual s’ha prescindit, per fi, de l’estranya, per anòmala, i criticada condicio iuris – figura humana i supervivència independent més enllà de les primeres 24 hores – que caracteritzava l’adquisició de la personalitat civil en el Dret espanyol, sense parangó en els ordenaments del seu entorn jurídic. El nou criteri, fonamentat únicament en el naixement entès des de la seva consideració jurídica – despreniment del claustre matern -, permet prescindir, des d’aquest “moment”, de qualsevol limitació a la projecció jurídica, tant personal com patrimonial, del nounat, incloent per tant els efectes successoris mortis causa. El desencadenant de la novetat legislativa, vehiculada per la nova Llei del Registre Civil (2011), no fou un altre que la regulació dispensada amb anterioritat (2010) per l’article 211-1.1 del Codi civil de Catalunya, que va fer descansar ja en el mer naixement l’atribució de la personalitat civil. Tant la tramitació parlamentària de la modificació de l’art. 30 CC. com el desenvolupament de la qüestió competencial plantejada pel Govern de l’Estat en contra del precepte català, confirmen, en un procés de mútua interferència, la influencia determinant que sobre la reforma duta a terme va tenir la decisió de Catalunya de legislar sobre aquesta matèria.

Development of advanced silicon radiation detectors for harsh radiation environment

This thesis describes the development of advanced silicon radiation detectors and their characterization by simulations, used in the work for searching elementary particles in the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CERN. Silicon particle detectors will face extremely harsh radiation in the proposed upgrade of the Large Hadron Collider, the future high-energy physics experiment Super-LHC. The increase in the maximal fluence and the beam luminosity up to 1016 neq / cm2 and 1035 cm-2s-1 will require detectors with a dramatic improvement in radiation hardness, when such a fluence will be far beyond the operational limits of the present silicon detectors. The main goals of detector development concentrate on minimizing the radiation degradation. This study contributes mainly to the device engineering technology for developing more radiation hard particle detectors with better characteristics. Also the defect engineering technology is discussed. In the nearest region of the beam in Super-LHC, the only detector choice is 3D detectors, or alternatively replacing other types of detectors every two years. The interest in the 3D silicon detectors is continuously growing because of their many advantages as compared to conventional planar detectors: the devices can be fully depleted at low bias voltages, the speed of the charge collection is high, and the collection distances are about one order of magnitude less than those of planar technology strip and pixel detectors with electrodes limited to the detector surface. Also the 3D detectors exhibit high radiation tolerance, and thus the ability of the silicon detectors to operate after irradiation is increased. Two parameters, full depletion voltage and electric field distribution, is discussed in more detail in this study. The full depletion of the detector is important because the only depleted area in the detector is active for the particle tracking. Similarly, the high electric field in the detector makes the detector volume sensitive, while low-field areas are non-sensitive to particles. This study shows the simulation results of full depletion voltage and the electric field distribution for the various types of 3D detectors. First, the 3D detector with the n-type substrate and partial-penetrating p-type electrodes are researched. A detector of this type has a low electric field on the pixel side and it suffers from type inversion. Next, the substrate is changed to p-type and the detectors having electrodes with one doping type and the dual doping type are examined. The electric field profile in a dual-column 3D Si detector is more uniform than that in the single-type column 3D detector. The dual-column detectors are the best in radiation hardness because of their low depletion voltages and short drift distances.

A Large-Sized Multiwire Proportional Counter for Radiological Survey of Large Areas and Surfaces

Työn tavoitteena oli selvittää, miten eri parametrit vaikuttavat monilankaisen verrannollisuuslaskurin laskennallisiin ominaisuuksiin sekä voidaanko suurikokoista monilankaverrannollisuuslaskuria käyttää tehokkaasti suurien pintojen ? - ja ?- kontaminaation mittaamiseen. Ensin selvitettiin EU:n nykyistä clearing-käytäntöä sekä hahmoteltiin tulevia materiaalivirtoja, esiteltiin verrannollisuuslaskurin ja sen monilankamallin toimintaperiaate sekä käytettävien materiaalien ominaisuudet. Kootun teorian pohjalta selvitettiin tärkeimpien parametrien vaikutus ilmaisimen laskennallisiin ominaisuuksiin. Lopuksi suoritettiin rakenteilla olevan monilankaverrannollisuuslaskurin alustava testaus. Tulevien vuosien aikana eri puolilla maailmaa suljettavat erityyppiset ydinlaitokset luovat suuren tarpeen tehokkaiden kontaminaatiomittauslaitteistojen kehittämiselle. Tällä hetkellä mittaukset suoritetaan lähinnä noin 1 dm2 käsi-instrumentein, joten suurikokoinen, automatisoitu mittauslaitteisto sekä tehostaisi mittausprosessia suuresti sekä säästäisi runsaasti miestyötunteja. Jatkotoimenpiteiksi ehdotetaan laitteiston jatkotestausta, liikkeen ja nopeuden testausta sekä lopulta paikkaherkkyystoiminnon toteuttamisperiaatteen valintaa ja testausta.

Proximity of excitatory synapses and astroglial gap junctions in layer IV of the mouse barrel cortex.

Neurons and astrocytes, the two major cell populations in the adult brain, are characterized by their own mode of intercellular communication--the synapses and the gap junctions (GJ), respectively. In addition, there is increasing evidence for dynamic and metabolic neuroglial interactions resulting in the modulation of synaptic transmission at the so-called "tripartite synapse". Based on this, we have investigated at the ultrastructural level how excitatory synapses (ES) and astroglial GJ are spatially distributed in layer IV of the barrel cortex of the adult mouse. We used specific antibodies for connexin (Cx) 30 and 43 to identify astroglial GJ, these two proteins are known to be present in the majority of astroglial GJ in the cerebral cortex. In electron-microscopic images, we measured the distance between two ES, between two GJ and between a GJ and its nearest ES. We found a ratio of two GJ per three ES in the hollow and septal areas. Taking into account the size of an astrocyte domain, the high density of GJ suggests the occurrence of reflexive type, i.e. GJ between processes of the same astrocyte. Interestingly, the distance between an ES and an astroglial GJ was found to be significantly lower than that between either two synapses or between two GJ. These observations indicate that the two modes of cell-to-cell communication are not randomly distributed in layer IV of the barrel cortex. Consequently, this feature may provide the morphological support for the recently reported functional interactions between neuronal circuits and astroglial networks.

Haulikkoratamelun minimoinnin suunnittelu

Työn tavoitteena oli tutkia kilpa- ja harjoitusammuntaan käytettävällä haulikkoradalla käytettäväksi soveltuvia passiivisia meluntorjuntamenetelmiä ja suunnitella niistä toimiva kokonaisuus kohderadoille siten, että rata-alueen läheisillä asuinalueilla alitetaan 50 dB LAIMax-taso sekä muilla alueilla ampumaratamelun ohjearvot. Aluksi tarkasteltiin kohderatojen vanhoja menetelmiä ja radan meluntorjunnan kannalta olennaiset suunnat selvitettiin mittauksilla. Myös laukausmelun spektriä tutkittiin mittauksilla. Olemassa oleville menetelmille etsittiin korvaavia ja täydentäviä menetelmiä. Radan sijoittaminen maastoon on tärkeä osa meluntorjuntaa uutta rataa suunniteltaessa, mutta kohteena olleiden ratojen sijoittamista ei voitu enää muuttaa. Koska haulikkoammunnan säännöt eivät mahdollista aliääniammusten tai äänenvaimentimien käyttöä, ei varsinaista melupäästöä pystytä pienentämään. Melulle altistuvan kohteen sisätilojen suojaaminenkin on käytännössä hyödytöntä, koska ampumamelun ohjearvot ovat ulkoalueille. Ainoastaan melun absorptio, etenemisen estäminen ja ohjaaminen ovat kelvollisia menetelmiä kohderadoilla. Rata-alueelle suunniteltiin uudet ratojen väliset meluseinät, joiden ääneneristävyys ja -absorptio on vanhoja seiniä parempi. Taustavallille suunniteltiin jatkamista maavallina ja korottamista meluaitana, joka toimii myös haulienkierrätysjärjestelmän runkona. Alueen maaperä suunniteltiin muutettavaksi akustisesti pehmeämmäksi. Käytettävien menetelmien suunnittelussa tehtiin eri vaihtoehdoille laskennallisia arvioita, tietokonemallinnuksia ja laboratoriokokeita. Myös uusia menetelmiä haulikkoradan meluntorjunnassa tutkittiin. Tutkimusten perusteella näitä menetelmiä tutkitaan jatkossa käytännössä.

Naisyrittäjyys ja sen edistäminen Etelä-Savon maaseutualueilla naisyrittäjien näkökulmasta

The goal of this research was to establish the development of the female entrepreneurship in rural areas of South Savo. The main problem was approached discussing female entrepreneurship and characteristics of women-owned enterprises theoretically. Also the rural areas as operational environment and development of female entrepreneurship were examined. The empirical part was implemented as an interview study by interviewing twelve rural female entrepreneurs from South Savo. The main thing should be taken into account improving female entrepreneurship is motivation and encouraging of female entrepreneurs. Female entrepreneurs feel that own municipality is the nearest public actor to develop small entrepreneurship in rural areas. Municipalities should be taken small enterprises even more into consideration when developing entrepreneurship in rural areas. Co-operation with other enterprises and interest groups was considered as one of the most important things in the development of entrepreneurship.

Uncovering the functional constraints underlying the genomic organisation of the Odorant-Binding Protein genes

Animal olfactory systems have a critical role for the survival and reproduction of individuals. In insects, the odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are encoded by a moderately sized gene family, and mediate the first steps of the olfactory processing. Most OBPs are organized in clusters of a few paralogs, which are conserved over time. Currently, the biological mechanism explaining the close physical proximity among OBPs is not yet established. Here, we conducted a comprehensive study aiming to gain insights into the mechanisms underlying the OBP genomic organization. We found that the OBP clusters are embedded within large conserved arrangements. These organizations also include other non-OBP genes, which often encode proteins integral to plasma membrane. Moreover, the conservation degree of such large clusters is related to the following: 1) the promoter architecture of the confined genes, 2) a characteristic transcriptional environment, and 3) the chromatin conformation of the chromosomal region. Our results suggest that chromatin domains may restrict the location of OBP genes to regions having the appropriate transcriptional environment, leading to the OBP cluster structure. However, the appropriate transcriptional environment for OBP and the other neighbor genes is not dominated by reduced levels of expression noise. Indeed, the stochastic fluctuations in the OBP transcript abundance may have a critical role in the combinatorial nature of the olfactory coding process.

Rockfall detection from LIDAR point clouds: A clustering approach using R

The analysis of rockfall characteristics and spatial distribution is fundamental to understand and model the main factors that predispose to failure. In our study we analysed LiDAR point clouds aiming to: (1) detect and characterise single rockfalls; (2) investigate their spatial distribution. To this end, different cluster algorithms were applied: 1a) Nearest Neighbour Clutter Removal (NNCR) in combination with the Expectation?Maximization (EM) in order to separate feature points from clutter; 1b) a density based algorithm (DBSCAN) was applied to isolate the single clusters (i.e. the rockfall events); 2) finally we computed the Ripley's K-function to investigate the global spatial pattern of the extracted rockfalls. The method allowed proper identification and characterization of more than 600 rockfalls occurred on a cliff located in Puigcercos (Catalonia, Spain) during a time span of six months. The spatial distribution of these events proved that rockfall were clustered distributed at a welldefined distance-range. Computations were carried out using R free software for statistical computing and graphics. The understanding of the spatial distribution of precursory rockfalls may shed light on the forecasting of future failures.

Predation on common tern eggs by the yellow-legged gull at the Ebro Delta

The Ebro Delta holds a large seabird community, including a common tern (Sterna hirundo) local population of 3,085 pairs in 2000 which breeds scattered in several colonies. At El Canalot colony, 1,178 (1999) and 1,156 pairs (2000) of this species bred distributed in 32 and 38 sub-colonies respectively. These sub-colonies varied in size from 1 to 223 pairs and were placed near the main breeding colonies of yellow-legged gulls (Larus cachinnans) and Audouin´s gulls (L. audouinii), which are potential egg-predators of terns. We studied egg predation during 1999 (6 sub-colonies) and 2000 (27 sub-colonies). Overall, we found that 10.6% of the nests in 1999 and 16.7% in 2000 suffered partial or total egg predation, being total in 81.1% of the predatory events. Predation was significantly higher in small sub-colonies (< 11 pairs): 49.4% in 1999 and 75.5% in 2000. Only attacks from yellow-legged gulls were observed, and defence behaviour of terns was significantly more frequent against this gull species (40.5 hours of observation), suggesting that in most cases the egg predation recorded was due to this species. Probability of egg predation was significantly and negatively correlated with distance to the nearest yellow-legged gull sub-colony, although this relationship was no more significant after adjustment for sub-colony size. On the other hand, distance to the nearest Audouin´s gull sub-colony did not show any effect. Our results suggest that the impact of large gulls (at least yellow-legged gulls) upon smaller seabirds breeding in the area might be important, especially when they are breeding in small sub-colonies. Further studies are needed to analyse the general impact of large gulls upon the breeding populations of other colonial bird species in the area.

Classification of textures seen from different distances and under varying illumination direction

Changes in the angle of illumination incident upon a 3D surface texture can significantly alter its appearance, implying variations in the image texture. These texture variations produce displacements of class members in the feature space, increasing the failure rates of texture classifiers. To avoid this problem, a model-based texture recognition system which classifies textures seen from different distances and under different illumination directions is presented in this paper. The system works on the basis of a surface model obtained by means of 4-source colour photometric stereo, used to generate 2D image textures under different illumination directions. The recognition system combines coocurrence matrices for feature extraction with a Nearest Neighbour classifier. Moreover, the recognition allows one to guess the approximate direction of the illumination used to capture the test image