Criminality and legitimization in seawaters: a study on the pirates of Malabar during the age of european commercial expansion (1500-1800)

The maritime piracy included a wide variety of associated criminal activities including attack and confiscation of vessels and merchandise, imprisonment or torturing of merchants and rulers in sea-space in return for ransom money, attack and raiding of coastal trading centers and villages, creation of fear and terror in chief channels of navigation and attacking commercial competitors as a strategy to weaken the trading ability and the wealth-mobilizing ability of their rivals. All this applied to coastal south west India during the period under study. The merchant chiefs of Cannanore like Mamale Marakkar and later under Poca Amame (Pokar Ahamad) and Pocarallee (Pokar Ali) were some of the better known protagonists that the Portuguese had to deal with. But the Malabar corsairs had their corresponding English and Sicilian corsairs in the Mediterranean.

Elizabeth Bishop’s sounds of sanity

In this article, I examine the implications of rewriting definitions of sanity and insanity through the use of noise, silence, and language,positioningElizabeth Bishop’s short story “In the Village” as a form of resistance against traditional readings of madness, logocentrism, and identity. I suggest that by writing her characters as undivided from the world of sound, Elizabeth Bishop’s story shifts understandings of insanity, which is often conceptualized through denials of agency, allowing her characters to escape in noises and hesitations in language and communication. “In the Village” avoids silencing the “insane” mother through her placement in a caesura of sound and silence. This article avoids a biographical reading of “In the Village,” which is often connected with her own mother’s “mental breakdown,” because Bishop’s writing would have been as much affected by her conscious awareness of her past as it was by the unconscious impulses and histories of writing in the West. Rather, I take into account Bishop’s own personal history as well as the repetitions that reflect a placement in a tradition appearing in the story itself. Using this particular lens, I believe a rereading of “In the Village” is in order, where the “mad mother” is not silenced by the oppressive social structures that control the insane,” but she instead finds escape in the multitudes of sounds that associate with her, erasing the power of language and opening a new world where agency exists in a scream or in a striking hammer.

The effect of talker age and gender on speech perception of pediatric hearing aid users

Even though pediatric hearing aid (HA) users listen most often to female talkers, clinically-used speech tests primarily consist of adult male talkers' speech. Potential effects of age and/or gender of the talker on speech perception of pediatric HA users were examined using two speech tests, hVd-vowel identification and CNC word recognition, and using speech materials spoken by four talker types (adult males, adult females, 10-12 year old girls, and 5-7 year old girls). For the nine pediatric HA users tested, word scores for the male talker's speech were higher than those for the female talkers, indicating that talker type can affect word recognition scores and that clinical tests may over-estimate everyday speech communication abilities of pediatric HA users.

La hacienda en la Sierra Norte del Ecuador: fundamentos económicos y sociales de una diferenciación nacional [1800-1870] (Estudios)

1. Necesidad de un modelo empírico. 2. La configuración regional. 3. Fundamentos sociales de la concentración territorial. 4. Las haciendas de los Jesuitas. 5. Aspectos políticos de la consolidación de la propiedad territorial. 6. Transacciones sobre la tierra. 6.1. Las compraventas. 6.2. Los precios de la tierra. 6.3. Los arrendamientos. 7. El trabajo. 7.1. La cuestión del peonaje. 8. La movilidad indígena. 9. Las deudas de los conciertos. 10. El funcionamiento de las haciendas. 11. Conclusiones.

El adulterio en la colonia tardía (1780-1800): prácticas y relaciones de género en la plebe quiteña

El tema de investigación se centra en el ámbito urbano de la ciudad de Quito, durante la colonia tardía, concretamente en las dos últimas décadas del siglo XVIII, que estuvieron caracterizadas por cambios políticos y económicos, especialmente derivados de la implementación de las Reformas Borbónicas. Este trabajo analiza la normatividad y regulaciones que fueron impuestas por el Estado Colonial para realizar el control de la moral pública y cómo los dispositivos de control incidieron en las relaciones de género de la plebe quiteña que se debatía en una dinámica de contradicciones y tensiones. Para abordar este tema recurrimos a las fuentes históricas que dan cuenta de la estructura de vigilancia y control creada por las autoridades coloniales, donde se destaca la figura del Alcalde de Barrio y la emisión de los Autos de Buen Gobierno en la implementación de las políticas de disciplinamiento. Utilizamos varios procesos judiciales sobre contravenciones y sexualidades transgresoras, específicamente los relativos al adulterio, concubinato y amancebamiento, que fueron también formas de convivencia en las que se estructuró la vida familiar colonial. Dentro del análisis será de relevancia los períodos que corresponde a las Presidencias de la Real Audiencia, en donde las cifras de enjuiciamientos aumentan considerablemente. La casuística utilizada permite exponer las situaciones bajo las cuales se producen esas relaciones ilícitas al interior de los barrios quiteños; el accionar de las autoridades, el desempeño de los testigos como involucrados en los expedientes, los métodos punitivos y las estrategias utilizadas por los transgresores cuando apelan para gestionar su libertad. Acompaña a esta investigación cuatro anexos que contienen la sistematización de la información documental utilizada: las funciones de los alcaldes de barrio; disposiciones y sanciones que se establecieron para imponer un orden social en la ciudad y los procesos judiciales analizados, incluyendo la información correspondiente a las sentencias.

The phytocannabinoid Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin modulates inhibitory neurotransmission in the cerebellum

Background and purposeThe phytocannabinoid Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Delta(9)-THCV) has been reported to exhibit a diverse pharmacology; here, we investigate functional effects of Delta(9)-THCV, extracted from Cannabis sativa, using electrophysiological techniques to define its mechanism of action in the CNS.Experimental approachEffects of Delta(9)-THCV and synthetic cannabinoid agents on inhibitory neurotransmission at interneurone-Purkinje cell (IN-PC) synapses were correlated with effects on spontaneous PC output using single-cell and multi-electrode array (MEA) electrophysiological recordings respectively, in mouse cerebellar brain slices in vitro.Key resultsThe cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 (WIN55) decreased miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current (mIPSC) frequency at IN-PC synapses. WIN55-induced inhibition was reversed by Delta(9)-THCV, and also by the CB(1) receptor antagonist AM251; Delta(9)-THCV or AM251 acted to increase mIPSC frequency beyond basal values. When applied alone, Delta(9)-THCV, AM251 or rimonabant increased mIPSC frequency. Pre-incubation with Delta(9)-THCV blocked WIN55-induced inhibition. In MEA recordings, WIN55 increased PC spike firing rate; Delta(9)-THCV and AM251 acted in the opposite direction to decrease spike firing. The effects of Delta(9)-THCV and WIN55 were attenuated by the GABA(A) receptor antagonist bicuculline methiodide.Conclusions and implicationsWe show for the first time that Delta(9)-THCV acts as a functional CB(1) receptor antagonist in the CNS to modulate inhibitory neurotransmission at IN-PC synapses and spontaneous PC output. Delta(9)-THCV- and AM251-induced increases in mIPSC frequency beyond basal levels were consistent with basal CB(1) receptor activity. WIN55-induced increases in PC spike firing rate were consistent with synaptic disinhibition; whilst Delta(9)-THCV- and AM251-induced decreases in spike firing suggest a mechanism of PC inhibition.British Journal of Pharmacology advance online publication, 3 March 2008; doi:10.1038/bjp.2008.57.