Developments in the understanding of South African style SAG mills

The South African style SAG (RoM) mills operate in a window that is almost exclusive from the operation of the Australian and North American mills that have been used for the development of SAG mill models. Combining good quality, test data from the RoM mills is extending and improving these models, and assisting in a practical manner in improving our understanding of SAG/AG milling. Data from high mill loads, both in absolute filling and ball loading, have been used to extend and improve the JK SAG mill model. This improved understanding has been successfully applied to increasing the throughput of a mill by 8%. Data is presented on relationships between power and load for high mill loading. Slurry pooling is common in closed-circuit RoM mills, and the detrimental effect of this has been dramatically demonstrated at ALCOA with a mill throughput increase of over 20%. Techniques for calculating the effects of slurry pooling have been developed and a new pulp lifter system designed to give optimal slurry discharge. The influence of mill speed in shifting the product size distribution has also been measured. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Accuracy and cost- and time-effectiveness of digital clip versus videotape interpretation of echocardiograms in patients with valvular disease

Background. Although digital and videotaped images are known to be comparable for the evaluation of left ventricular function, their relative accuracy for assessment of more complex anatomy is unclear. We sought to compare reading time, storage costs, and concordance of video and digital interpretations across multiple observers and sites. Methods. One hundred one patients with valvular (90 mitral, 48 aortic, 80 tricuspid) disease were selected prospectively, and studies were stored according to video and standardized digital protocols. The same reviewer interpreted video and digital images independently and at different times with the use of a standard report form to evaluate 40 items (eg, severity of stenosis or regurgitation, leaflet thickening, and calcification) as normal or mildly, moderately, or severely abnormal Concordance between modalities was expressed at kappa Major discordance (difference of >1 level of severity) was ascribed to the modality that gave the lesser severity. CD-ROM was used to store digital data (20:1 lossy compression), and super-VHS video-tape was used to store video data The reading time and storage costs for each modality were compared Results. Measured parameters were highly concordant (ejection fraction was 52% +/- 13% by both). Major discordance was rare, and lesser values were reported with digital rather than video interpretation in the categories of aortic and mitral valve thicken ing (1% to 2%) and severity of mitral regurgitation (2%). Digital reading time was 6.8 +/- 2.4 minutes, 38% shorter than with video (11.0 +/- 3.0, range 8 to 22 minutes, P < .001). Compressed digital studies had an average size of 60 <plus/minus> 14 megabytes (range 26 to 96 megabytes). Storage cost for video was A$0.62 per patient (18 studies per tape, total cost A$11.20), compared with A$0.31 per patient for digital storage (8 studies per CD-ROM, total cost A$2.50). Conclusion. Digital and video interpretation were highly concordant; in the few cases of major discordance, the digital scores were lower, perhaps reflecting undersampling. Use of additional views and longer clips may be indicated to minimize discordance with video in patients with complex problems. Digital interpretation offers a significant reduction in reading times and the cost of archiving.

Read-only-memory-based quantum computation: Experimental explorations using nuclear magnetic resonance and future prospects

Read-only-memory-based (ROM-based) quantum computation (QC) is an alternative to oracle-based QC. It has the advantages of being less magical, and being more suited to implementing space-efficient computation (i.e., computation using the minimum number of writable qubits). Here we consider a number of small (one- and two-qubit) quantum algorithms illustrating different aspects of ROM-based QC. They are: (a) a one-qubit algorithm to solve the Deutsch problem; (b) a one-qubit binary multiplication algorithm; (c) a two-qubit controlled binary multiplication algorithm; and (d) a two-qubit ROM-based version of the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm. For each algorithm we present experimental verification using nuclear magnetic resonance ensemble QC. The average fidelities for the implementation were in the ranges 0.9-0.97 for the one-qubit algorithms, and 0.84-0.94 for the two-qubit algorithms. We conclude with a discussion of future prospects for ROM-based quantum computation. We propose a four-qubit algorithm, using Grover's iterate, for solving a miniature real-world problem relating to the lengths of paths in a network.

Responses to a clinical test of mechanical provocation of nerve tissue in whiplash associated disorder

Involvement of nerve tissue may contribute to the persistence of pain following a whiplash injury. This study aimed to investigate responses to the brachial plexus provocation test (BPPT) in 156 subjects with chronic whiplash associated disorder (WAD) with and without associated arm pain and 95 asymptomatic control subjects. The range of elbow extension (ROM) and visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores were measured. Subjects with chronic WAD demonstrated significantly less ROM and higher VAS scores with the BPPT than the asymptomatic subjects (P

Relationship between cranio-cervical flexion range of motion and pressure change during the cranio-cervical flexion test

The purpose of this study was to quantify the sagittal angular displacement of the head (cranio-cervical flexion) for the five incremental stages of the cranio-cervical flexion test (CCFT). Range of cranio-cervical flexion during the CCFT was measured using a digital imaging method in 20 healthy volunteer subjects. The intra- and inter-rater reliability of the digital imaging technique for the assessment of this movement were also examined. The results of this study demonstrated a linear relationship between the incremental pressure targets of the CCFT and the percentages of full range cranio-cervical flexion range of motion (ROM) measured in the supine lying position of the test using a digital imaging technique. A mean of 22.9% full range cranio-cervical flexion was used to reach the first pressure target of the CCFT followed by linear increments up to 76.6% for the last stage of the test. An increasing amount of cranio-cervical flexion ROM was used to achieve the five successive stages of the CCFT reflecting an increasing contractile demand on the deep cervical flexor muscles. Excellent inter-rater (ICC = 0.994) and intra-rater reliability (ICC = 0.988-0.998) were demonstrated for the angular measurements using this digital imaging technique. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Development of motor system dysfunction following whiplash injury

Dysfunction in the motor system is a feature of persistent whiplash associated disorders. Little is known about motor dysfunction in the early stages following injury and of its progress in those persons who recover and those who develop persistent symptoms. This study measured prospectively, motor system function (cervical range of movement (ROM), joint position error (JPE) and activity of the superficial neck flexors (EMG) during a test of cranio-cervical flexion) as well as a measure of fear of re-injury (TAMPA) in 66 whiplash subjects within 1 month of injury and then 2 and 3 months post injury. Subjects were classified at 3 months post injury using scores on the neck disability index: recovered (30). Motor system function was also measured in 20 control subjects. All whiplash groups demonstrated decreased ROM and increased EMG (compared to controls) at 1 month post injury. This deficit persisted in the group with moderate/severe symptoms but returned to within normal limits in those who had recovered or reported persistent mild pain at 3 months. Increased EMG persisted for 3 months in all whiplash groups. Only the moderate/severe group showed greater JPE, within 1 month of injury, which remained unchanged at 3 months. TAMPA scores of the moderate/severe group were higher than those of the other two groups. The differences in TAMPA did not impact on ROM, EMG or JPE. This study identifies, for the first time, deficits in the motor system, as early as 1 month post whiplash injury, that persisted not only in those reporting moderate/severe symptoms at 3 months but also in subjects who recovered and those with persistent mild symptoms. (C) 2002 International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Active and passive shoulder range of motion in healthy older people

This study was conducted to determine the effect of increasing age on four shoulder movements and to explore the need for normative data for shoulder range of motion (ROM) in people aged 50 years and older. Forty-one participants were conveniently recruited according to four age categories: 50-59 years, 60-69 years, 70-79 years and 80 years and over. Goniometric measurement of bilateral active and passive ROM for flexion, abduction, internal rotation and external rotation was analysed using paired sample t-tests and compared with the norms of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) using one sample t-tests. Passive ROM was greater than active ROM for all movements (p

Critical comparison of Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre (JKMRC) blast fragmentation models

Blast fragmentation can have a significant impact on the profitability of a mine. An optimum run of mine (ROM) size distribution is required to maximise the performance of downstream processes. If this fragmentation size distribution can be modelled and controlled, the operation will have made a significant advancement towards improving its performance. Blast fragmentation modelling is an important step in Mine to Mill™ optimisation. It allows the estimation of blast fragmentation distributions for a number of different rock mass, blast geometry, and explosive parameters. These distributions can then be modelled in downstream mining and milling processes to determine the optimum blast design. When a blast hole is detonated rock breakage occurs in two different stress regions - compressive and tensile. In the-first region, compressive stress waves form a 'crushed zone' directly adjacent to the blast hole. The second region, termed the 'cracked zone', occurs outside the crush one. The widely used Kuz-Ram model does not recognise these two blast regions. In the Kuz-Ram model the mean fragment size from the blast is approximated and is then used to estimate the remaining size distribution. Experience has shown that this model predicts the coarse end reasonably accurately, but it can significantly underestimate the amount of fines generated. As part of the Australian Mineral Industries Research Association (AMIRA) P483A Mine to Mill™ project, the Two-Component Model (TCM) and Crush Zone Model (CZM), developed by the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre (JKMRC), were compared and evaluated to measured ROM fragmentation distributions. An important criteria for this comparison was the variation of model results from measured ROM in the-fine to intermediate section (1-100 mm) of the fragmentation curve. This region of the distribution is important for Mine to Mill™ optimisation. The comparison of modelled and Split ROM fragmentation distributions has been conducted in harder ores (UCS greater than 80 MPa). Further work involves modelling softer ores. The comparisons will be continued with future site surveys to increase confidence in the comparison of the CZM and TCM to Split results. Stochastic fragmentation modelling will then be conducted to take into account variation of input parameters. A window of possible fragmentation distributions can be compared to those obtained by Split . Following this work, an improved fragmentation model will be developed in response to these findings.

A review of peer support in the context of cancer

Peer support interventions for people with cancer, their families, and friends have been widely used throughout the world. The present study reviewed the research literature on psychosocial oncology over the past decade to assess the prevalence and contribution of articles on peer support. Using CD-Rom databases, 25 articles were retrieved for review. In each article, patients or their family members were the target group for supportive interventions, which were primarily for the delivery of peer support and included either a qualitative or quantitative evaluation of the program. A definitional taxonomy for peer support interventions, which identified eight discrete settings, was derived from three key dimensions: style of supervision, interpersonal context, and mode of delivery. The studies suggested that peer support programs help by providing emotional and informational support from the perspective of shared personal experience. However, a paucity of research-particularly randomized controlled trials-was noted. The reasons may include inherent difficulties in isolating for study what is essentially a naturalistically occurring interpersonal dynamic from the complex social and community contexts from which it emanates. The authors discuss the gap between practice and theory in this area and recommend a broader and more inclusive view of supportive care for people with cancer. (C) 2003 by The Haworth Press, Inc. All rights reserved.

Planejamento estrat??gico governamental em contexto democr??tico: li????es da Am??rica Latina

Livro sobre Planejamento Estrat??gico, decorrente de curso do mesmo nome, realizado na ENAP em 2013, em parceria com o Centro Latino Americano de Administra????o para o Desenvolvimento (CLAD)

Teores de antocianinas, fenóis totais, taninos e ácido ascórbico em uva 'bordô' sobre diferentes porta-enxertos

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o conteúdo de antocianinas, fenóis totais, taninos e ácido ascórbico, em variedade de uva 'Bordô', cultivada sobre os porta-enxertos '420A', 'IAC-766' e 'Ripária-do-Traviú', em três períodos de colheita distintos. O experimento foi realizado em vinhedo de uva 'Bordô', no município de Missal, no Oeste do Paraná, na safra 2007/2008. O efeito dos porta-enxertos foi avaliado em três períodos de colheita, a partir da época de floração: 90 dias, com bagas em amadurecimento, tendendo ao roxo definitivo; 100 dias, com bagas totalmente roxas; e 110 dias, com bagas em sobrematuração. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados, em parcelas subdivididas no tempo. As variáveis analisadas foram sólidos solúveis, acidez titulável, índice de fenóis totais, antocianinas, taninos e teor de ácido ascórbico. Os resultados mostraram que, nos porta-enxertos '420A' e 'IAC-766', a uva 'Bordô' apresentou respostas similares em acúmulos de antocianinas, taninos, acidez titulável e sólidos solúveis, mas os acúmulos de fenóis totais, tanto na polpa, quanto na epiderme das bagas, foram maiores no '420A'. Ocorreram menores acúmulos de antocianinas, fenóis totais e taninos da epiderme da uva 'Bordô', quando enxertada em 'Ripária-do-Traviú'. Acúmulos superiores de ácido ascórbico foram verificados nas uvas enxertadas em 'IAC-766'. Há evidências que apontam o porta-enxerto 'Ripária-do-Traviú' como inferior aos demais, nos aspectos nutricional e enológico.

Revisitando os Clássicos da RAP

Este artigo revisita uma investigação realizada pelo Programa de Estudos de Administração Brasileira (Abras) em 2002, sobre os Clássicos da Revista de Administração Pública (RAP). Originalmente divulgado no formato de CD-ROM, como parte dos eventos comemorativos dos 35 anos de publicação ininterrupta daquele periódico, o texto discorre sobre a metodologia daquela investigação e revela 10 trabalhos que podem ser considerados os clássicos da revista. O banco de dados gerado pela pesquisa analisou cerca de 4.500 artigos de 13 revistas acadêmicas, registrando 887 citações aos artigos publicados pela RAP (total: cerca de 1.440) ao longo dos primeiros 35 anos de sua existência.

Health related quality of life in patients with refractory chronic heart failure undergoing cardiac resynchronization: type of therapeutic response

The benefits of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in the health-related quality of life (HRQL) are largely demonstrated in selected patients with severe congestive heart failure (CHF). However, the differences between responders and non-responders, with regard to the effect of CRT in the various dimensions that constitute HRQL are still a matter of discussion. Objective: To evaluate the impact of CRT on the HRQL of patients with CHF refractory to optimal pharmacological therapy, within 6 months after CRT. Methods: 43 patients, submitted to successful implantation of CRT, were evaluated in hospital just before intervention and in the outpatient clinic within 6 months after CRT. HRQL was analyzed based on the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ). Patients were classified as super-responders (ejection fraction of left ventricle - LVEF - ≥45% post-CRT), n=15, responders (sustained improvement in functional class and LVEF increased by 15%), n=19, and non-responders (no clinical or LVEF improvement), n=9. Results: In the group of super-responders, CRT was associated with an improvement in HRQL for the various fields and sums assessed (ρ<0.05); in responders, CRT has been associated with an improvement of HRQL in the various fields and sums, except in the self-efficacy dimension (ρ<0.05); in non-responders, CRT was not associated with improvement of HRQL. Conclusion: In a population with severe CHF undergoing CRT, the patients with clinical and echocardiographic positive response, obtained a favorable impact in all dimensions of HRQL, while the group without response to CRT showed no improvement. These data reinforces the importance of HRQL as a multidimensional tool for assessment of benefits in clinical practice.

II - Morbidade hospitalar por lesões e envenenamentos

As Autorizações de Internação Hospitalar (AIHs) hoje, no Brazil, representam aproximadamente 80% do total das internações do País e se tornaram de fácil acesso com a disseminação das bases de dados através de CD-ROM. Esse fato permite que se tenha um desenho, próximo do real, da morbidade que leva à hospitalização. Fazem parte dessa morbidade, as lesões e envenenamentos quer pela gravidade ou freqüência. Dada a sua importância, foram estudadas as internações de um mês do ano de 1994, por essas causas, segundo algumas características epidemiológicas e de serviço, como dados demográficos, diagnóstico, tempo de permanência e mortalidade. Verificou-se que as lesões e envenenamento têm sido responsáveis por 5 a 6% das internações do País, sendo preponderante no sexo masculino e, entre esses, foi a primeira causa de internações nos grupos etários de 15 a 29 anos. As mulheres somente os ultrapassam após os 65 anos. Quando analisadas segundo o tipo verifica-se que as fraturas são as mais freqüentes (37,5%) e dentre elas, as faturas dos membros são a quase totalidade. Dentre os ferimentos as localizações mais freqüentes são mão, antebraço, cabeça e pescoço. Considerando-se a idade e a maior preponderância no sexo masculino, pressupõe-se tratar de acidentes do trabalho ou do trânsito. Nas queimaduras chama a atenção a grande ocorrência nas crianças menores de 5 anos, o que leva os autores a lamentar a inexistência da informação sobre as causas desses acidentes, impedindo a possibilidade de ações de prevenção desses acontecimentos.

Escola a tempo inteiro: medidas de política educativa e debate parlamentar

O conteúdo da presente comunicação resulta de uma investigação sobre as medidas de política educativa desenvolvidas em Portugal pelo Ministério de Educação com o objectivo de promover a “Escola a Tempo Inteiro” no âmbito do 1.º ciclo do ensino básico, através da formulação e implementação dos programas de generalização das actividades de enriquecimento curricular (AEC) e do alargamento do horário de funcionamento das escolas. A “análise especulativa” (Woods, 1999) decorrente da evolução do estudo revelou a emergência de uma diversidade de “cenas” (Delvaux, 2007) e de actores intervenientes no processo, tendo em conta que as políticas educativas devem ser entendidas “como espaços comunicacionais e sociais nos quais se exprimem e interagem diferentes concepções e modos de relação com o mundo educacional” (Barroso, et al., 2007). Por conseguinte, “têm de ser observadas a partir de múltiplos pontos de sua produção e ancoragem”. A presente comunicação focaliza-se apenas num desses pontos, nomeadamente, no debate parlamentar, considerando a Assembleia da República como produtora de políticas e palco de escrutínio de posições em confronto e de lógicas de argumentação diversas e, como tal, uma importante agência cuja acção contribui para a compreensão das políticas públicas de educação. Procura-se, então, descrever, compreender e analisar a forma como este órgão de soberania tratou a questão da escola tempo inteiro, particularmente, o que diz respeito aos programas de generalização das AEC (inicialmente com o ensino do inglês) e ao alargamento do horário no 1.º ciclo do ensino básico. A partir da análise das iniciativas parlamentares e das dinâmicas que lhes estão subjacentes, explicitadas nos Diários da Assembleia da República, procura-se: dar conta da forma como as medidas políticas em estudo são introduzidas nos assuntos e nas actividades parlamentares e como são contextualizadas, integradas ou articuladas com outras medidas; identificar os actores e interpretar as respectivas posições e estratégias face às medidas; evidenciar e problematizar as principais controvérsias, convergências e divergências estabelecidas face às medidas, bem como as lógicas de justificação subjacentes às posições dos actores, quer em termos de mobilização de conhecimento, quer em termos de defesa explícita ou implícita de valores, princípios, ideologias e interesses; problematizar os possíveis efeitos directos ou indirectos da actividade parlamentar nas medidas políticas, ao nível do processo de formulação da política em análise