Descripción del ms. 80 de la Zawiyya Hamzawiyya

La Zawiya Hamzawiya forma parte de las bibliotecas marroquíes descritas en les bibliothéques au Maro por Latifa Benjelloun-Larouil. Anteriormente, Mutrammad al-Mannünt había publicado un inventario de los fondos de la biblioteca entre los que se hace referencia al manuscrito 80 aunque sin especificar todo su contenido. En este mismo artículo introducía un resumen de la historia de la ZÁvwya haciendo hincapié en los principales copistas que trabajaron en ella, así como en las expediciones locales y extranjeras que consultaron sus manuscritos.

An analysis of protocols and publications suggested that most discontinuations of clinical trials were not based on preplanned interim analyses or stopping rules.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the frequency of interim analyses, stopping rules, and data safety and monitoring boards (DSMBs) in protocols of randomized controlled trials (RCTs); to examine these features across different reasons for trial discontinuation; and to identify discrepancies in reporting between protocols and publications. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We used data from a cohort of RCT protocols approved between 2000 and 2003 by six research ethics committees in Switzerland, Germany, and Canada. RESULTS: Of 894 RCT protocols, 289 prespecified interim analyses (32.3%), 153 stopping rules (17.1%), and 257 DSMBs (28.7%). Overall, 249 of 894 RCTs (27.9%) were prematurely discontinued; mostly due to reasons such as poor recruitment, administrative reasons, or unexpected harm. Forty-six of 249 RCTs (18.4%) were discontinued due to early benefit or futility; of those, 37 (80.4%) were stopped outside a formal interim analysis or stopping rule. Of 515 published RCTs, there were discrepancies between protocols and publications for interim analyses (21.1%), stopping rules (14.4%), and DSMBs (19.6%). CONCLUSION: Two-thirds of RCT protocols did not consider interim analyses, stopping rules, or DSMBs. Most RCTs discontinued for early benefit or futility were stopped without a prespecified mechanism. When assessing trial manuscripts, journals should require access to the protocol.

Statistics in Public Understanding of Science review: How to achieve high statistical standards?

This article proposes a checklist to improve statistical reporting in the manuscripts submitted to Public Understanding of Science. Generally, these guidelines will allow the reviewers (and readers) to judge whether the evidence provided in the manuscript is relevant. The article ends with other suggestions for a better statistical quality of the journal.

El retorn a la vida. Treballs de restauració i estudi a dues peces del Museu Egipci de Barcelona

Es tracta de tres rotlles de papir, dos d’ells d’apariéncia iguals i el tercer ben diferent amb grandària i estat de conservació.Els dos primers de tamany i patologies semblants, enrotllats amb l’escriptura per la part interior,per la qual cosa en un principi no es podia identificar, semblaven ser el mateix rotlle partit pel elmig, el tercer, si be aparentava ser igual que els altres, venia plegat per un costat i més deteriorat, al desplegar-los resultaren ser tots tres la continuïtat del mateix text.

L’obra de Guillaume de Machaut en el Manuscrit Mòdena, Biblioteca Estense, a.M.5.24

Entre finals del segle XIV i principis del XV es data la redacció del Manuscrit Mòdena, Biblioteca Estense, .M.5.24, un dels principals manuscrits del moment que han arribat als nostres dies, essent un element culminant pel que fa a penetració de l’art polifònic francès a la Itàlia d’inicis del ‘400. En ell es copien quatre peces de Guillaume de Machaut i l’únic poema de l’autor francès musicat per un altre compositor. En els treballs sobre el manuscrit molt sovint s’obvien aquestes quatre peces, i l’estudi sobre Machaut es fa quasi exclusivament des de les fonts franceses. Aquest treball pretén respondre, sobretot, a dues preguntes: Què ens poden explicar aquestes peces sobre el procés d’afrancesament de la música italiana? Què ens poden explicar sobre la difusió de l’obra de Machaut pel vell continent?

Encuadernaciones Mudéjares de la Biblioteca de Alfonso el Magnánimo: Ms. 574 y 576 Biblioteca de la Universitat de Barcelona

This work expect to prove relations between the bookbinding of two manuscripts conserved in the Library of the University of Barcelona and the bookbinding to realise in the workshop of bookbinding of the Library of Alfonso el Magnanimous in this court Neapolitan, across over the study of this elements and architecture, and give the denomination of bookbinding mudejar neapolitan, because they are to make in this workshop or in this defect in Italy in the middle of the XV century.

Theorica Pantegni . Transcription of the Helsinki manuscript (Codex EÖ.II.14)

The Theorica Pantegni is a medieval medical textbook written in Latin. The author was Constantine the African (Constantinus Africanus), a monk of Tunisian origin. He compiled the work in the latter half of the eleventh century at the Benedictine monastery of Monte Cassino in Italy. - Manuscript Eö.II.14, containing the Theorica Pantegni published here, belongs today to the National Library of Finland. It can be dated to the third quarter of the twelfth century, which makes it one of the earliest surviving exemplars of the Theorica Pantegni: over seventy manuscripts of the work survive, of which about fifteen can be dated to the twelfth century. Manuscript Eö.II.14 is written in black ink on 210 parchment leaves (recto and verso), amounting to 420 pages, in pre-Gothic script. - The present text is a transcription of Ms Eö.II.14. The goal is to provide the reader with an accessible text that is faithful to the original.

Theorica Pantegni . Facsimile of the Helsinki manuscript (Codex EÖ.II.14)

The Theorica Pantegni is a medieval medical textbook written in Latin. The author was Constantine the African (Constantinus Africanus), a monk of Tunisian origin. He compiled the work in the latter half of the eleventh century at the Benedictine monastery of Monte Cassino in Italy. - Manuscript Eö.II.14, containing the Theorica Pantegni published here, belongs today to the National Library of Finland. It can be dated to the third quarter of the twelfth century, which makes it one of the earliest surviving exemplars of the Theorica Pantegni: over seventy manuscripts of the work survive, of which about fifteen can be dated to the twelfth century. Manuscript Eö.II.14 is written in black ink on 210 parchment leaves (recto and verso), amounting to 420 pages, in pre-Gothic script.

Theorica Pantegni . Facsimile and Transcription of the Helsinki manuscript (Codex EÖ.II.14)

The Theorica Pantegni is a medieval medical textbook written in Latin. The author was Constantine the African (Constantinus Africanus), a monk of Tunisian origin. He compiled the work in the latter half of the eleventh century at the Benedictine monastery of Monte Cassino in Italy. - Manuscript Eö.II.14, containing the Theorica Pantegni published here, belongs today to the National Library of Finland. It can be dated to the third quarter of the twelfth century, which makes it one of the earliest surviving exemplars of the Theorica Pantegni: over seventy manuscripts of the work survive, of which about fifteen can be dated to the twelfth century. Manuscript Eö.II.14 is written in black ink on 210 parchment leaves (recto and verso), amounting to 420 pages, in pre-Gothic script. - The present text is a transcription of Ms Eö.II.14. The goal is to provide the reader with an accessible text that is faithful to the original.

St. Petersburg Court Chant and the Tradition of Eastern Slavic Church Singing

The present study examines the repertory of liturgical chant known as St. Petersburg Court Chant which emerged within the Imperial Court of St. Petersburg, Russia, and appeared in print in a number of revisions during the course of the 19th century, eventually to spread throughout the Russian Empire and even abroad. The study seeks answers to questions on the essence and composition of Court Chant, its history and liturgical background, and most importantly, its musical relationship to other repertories of Eastern Slavic chant. The research questions emerge from previous literary accounts of Court Chant (summarized in the Introduction), which have tended to be inaccurate and generally not based on critical research. The study is divided into eight main chapters. Chapter 1 provides a survey of the history of Eastern Slavic chant and the Imperial Court Chapel of St. Petersburg until 1917, with special emphasis on the history of singing traditional chant in polyphony, the status of the Court Chapel as a government authority, and its endeavours in publishing church music. Chapter 2 deals with the liturgical background of Eastern chant, the chant genres, and main repertories of Eastern Slavic chant. Chapter 3 concentrates on chant sources: it introduces the musical notations utilised, after which a typology of chant books is presented. The discussion continues with a survey of the sources of Court Chant and their content, the specimens selected for closer analysis, the comparative materials from other repertories, and ends with a commentary on some chant sources that have been excluded. The comparative sources include a specimen from around the beginning of the 12th century, a few manuscripts from the 17th century, and printed and manuscript chant books from the early 18th to early 20th century, covering the geographical area that delimits to the western Ukraine, Astrakhan, Nizhny Novgorod, and the Solovetsky Monastery. Chapter 4 presents the approach and methods used in the subsequent analytical comparisons. After a survey of the pitch organization of Eastern Slavic chant, the customary harmonization strategy of traditional chant polyphony is examined, according to which a method for meaningful analysis of the harmony is proposed. The method is based on the observation that the harmonic framework of chant polyphony derives from the standard pitch collection of monodic chant known as the Church Gamut, specific pitches of which form eight harmonic regions that behave like the usual tonalities of major and harmonic minor. Because of the considerable quantity of comparative chant forms, computer-assisted statistical methods are applied to the analysis of chant melodies. The primary chant forms and their respective comparative forms have been pre-processed into reduced chant prototypes and divided into redactions. The analyses are carried out by measuring the formal dissimilarities of the primary chant forms of the Court Chant repertory against each comparative form, and also by measuring the reciprocal dissimilarities of all chant versions in a redaction, the results of which are subjected to agglomerative hierarchical clustering in order to find out how the chant forms relate to each other. The dissimilarities are determined by applying a metric dissimilarity function that is based on the Levenshtein Distance. Chapter 5 provides the melodic and harmonic analyses of generic chants (chants used for multiple texts of different lengths), i.e., chants for stichera samoglasny and troparia, Chapter 6 of pseudo-generic chants (chants that are used for multiple texts but with certain restrictions), i.e., chants for heirmoi, prokeimena, and three other hymns, and Chapter 7 of non-generic chants, covering nine chants that in the Court repertory are not shared by multiple texts. The results are summarized and evaluated in Chapter 8. Accordingly, it can be established that, contrary to previous conceptions, melodically, Court Chant is in effect a full part of the wider Eastern Slavic chant tradition. Even if it is somewhat detached from the chant versions of the Synodal square-note chant books and the local tradition of Moscow, it is particularly close to chant forms of East Ukraine and some vernacular repertories from Russia. Respectively, the harmonization strategies of Court Chant do not show significant individuality in comparison with those of the available polyphonic comparative sources, the main difference being the part-writing, which generally conforms to western common practice standard, whereas the deviations from this tend to be more significant in other analysed repertories of polyphonic chant. Thus, insofar as the subsequent prevalence of Court Chant is not based on its forceful dissemination by authorities (as suggested in previous literature but for which little tangible evidence could be found in Chapter 1), in the present author’s interpretation, Court Chant attained its dominance principally because musically it was considered sufficiently traditional, and as a chant body supported by the government, was conveniently available in print in serviceable harmonizations.

Turkki : valta-aseman kehittäminen Etelä-Kaukasiassa

Opinnäytetyön aihealue on alueelliset suurvallat maailmanpolitiikassa. Tutkimus keskittyy Turkin toimiin asemansa vahventamiseksi Etelä-Kaukasian alueella. Turkki ja sen toimintojen vaikutus Etelä-Kaukasian alueella on ajankohtainen tutkimusaihe muun muassa alueella viime vuosina rakennetun energiatalouden infrastruktuurin takia. Aiheen ajankohtaisuutta lisäävät syksyn 2008 turvallisuuspoliittiset tapahtumat Georgian alueella, sekä Ukrainan ja Venäjän välisen kaasukriisin aikana havaitut puutteet Euroopan Unionin energiahuoltovarmuudessa. Viimeaikaiset liennytystoimet kahdenvälisissä suhteissa Armenian kanssa herättävät kysymyksen, mitkä ovat Turkin tavoitteet Etelä-Kaukasiassa? Päätutkimusongelma on: - Mikä on Turkin toimien tavoite Etelä-Kaukasiassa? Tutkimuksen alakysymyksiä ovat: - mitä keinoja Turkki käyttää tavoitteensa saavuttamiseksi? - onko Etelä-Kaukasia Turkille sotilaallisesti tai taloudellisesti merkittävä? Tutkimuksen käsittelee Turkin geopoliittista asemaa, ja sen toimia Etelä-Kaukasian alueella 1990-luvulta vuoden 2009 alkuun. Etelä-Kaukasiassa tässä työssä tarkoitetaan Neuvostoliiton hajoamisen myötä itsenäisiksi valtioiksi kehittyneiden Armenian, Azerbaidžanin ja Georgian muodostamaa aluetta. Tutkimuksen metodina on käytetty rationaalista selittämistä poliittisen realismin näkökulmasta. Tutkimus on toteutettu kirjallisuustutkimuksena. Aineistoa on kerätty pääosin julkaistuista kirjallisuuslähteistä. Tietoja on täydennetty eri valtioiden virastojen, sekä kansainvälisesti tunnustettujen yhteisöjen ja organisaatioiden internet-sivustojen tietoja käyttäen. Lisäksi lähteinä on käytetty eri medioiden uutismateriaalia. Turkilla on Etelä-Kaukasiassa kolme keskeistä tavoitetta. Näistä tavoitteista ehdottomasti tärkein on alueen vakaus. Toinen tavoite on turvata oma energiaraaka-aineiden saatavuus. Kolmantena tavoitteena on ääri-islamilaisuuden leviämisen estäminen Näihin tavoitteisiin Turkki pyrkii pääsemään taloudellisen- ja kulttuuri-imperialismin keinoin. Sotilaallista voimaa Turkki ei ole alueella käyttänyt toistaiseksi kuin painostamiseen ja puolustusliitto Naton harjoituksissa.

Vuoristo-Karabahin konflikti Etelä-Kaukasian turvallisuuspoliittisessa tilanteessa ja konfliktin ratkaisumahdollisuudet

Etelä-Kaukasiassa sijaitseva, Azerbaidzhanin neuvostotasavaltaan kuulunut, mutta etnisesti armenialaisenemmistöinen Vuoristo-Karabahin alue sijaitsee Azerbaidzhanin tunnustetulla alueella, mutta on käytännössä Armenian hallinnassa. Vuoristo-Karabahin konflikti on niin sanottu jäätynyt konflikti. Tällä tarkoitetaan konfliktia, jossa ei käydä aktiivisia taisteluja, mutta jonka pohjalla olevat ristiriidat ovat edelleen ratkaisematta. Armenia ja Azerbaidzhan ovat kamppailleet alueen hallinnasta vuoden 1994 tulitaukosopimuksesta lähtien. Konfliktin ratkaisua on yritetty pääsääntöisesti ETYJ:n Minskin ryhmän välityksellä, mutta mo-lempia osapuolia tyydyttävää ratkaisua ei ole löytynyt. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää Vuoristo-Karabahin konfliktin muodostumiseen johtaneet syyt sekä sen ratkaisumahdollisuudet. Tutkimuksen pääkysymys on: Miksi Vuoristo-Karabahin konfliktia ei ole kyetty ratkaisemaan ja millaisia mahdollisia kehitys-polkuja sen ratkaisemiseksi on löydettävissä? Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan Etelä-Kaukasian alueen valtioiden lisäksi myös ulkopuolisten, alueella vaikuttavien valtioiden toimintaa ja intressejä koko aluetta kohtaan. Tutkimus on toteutettu pääosin asiakirjatutkimuksena, jota on täydennetty osallistumalla kahteen aihetta käsitelleeseen seminaariin. Lisäksi saatua aineistoa on täydennetty asiantuntijakeskusteluilla. Tutkimuksen keskeisen aineiston muodostavat monipuolisen tutkimuskirjallisuuden lisäksi YK:n ja ETYJ:n raportit sekä seminaariesitykset ja keskustelut. Tutkimuksen viitekehys muodostuu muuttuvan geopolitiikan ja kuvitteellisen maantieteen lähestymistavasta, jossa Etelä-Kaukasian tilassa käytävä geopoliittinen kamppailu tapahtuu erilaisin mielikuvien varaan rakennettujen kokonaisuuksien kautta.Tutkimuksen alussa tarkastellaan konfliktin muodostumista ja siihen johtaneita syitä. Seuraavissa luvuissa perehdytään alueen historiaan ja konfliktin osapuoliin sekä näiden näkemyksiin konfliktista. Tutkimuksen keskeisen osan muodostaa kokonaisuus, jossa tarkastellaan alueella vaikuttavien toimijoiden suhteita ja näiden vaikutusta konfliktin mahdolliseen ratkaisuun. Tutkimuksen tuloksena on muodostettu muutamia mahdollisia kehityspolkuja, jotka voisivat toteutua nykyisten olosuhteiden vallitessa. Tutkimuksen tuloksena voidaan todeta, että konfliktin ratkaiseminen on haastavaa. Periaatteellista halua konfliktin ratkaisemiseksi löytyy kaikilta osapuolilta, mutta todennäköistä on, että konflikti säilyy ratkaisemattomana myös jatkossa. Tähän vaikuttavat eri osapuolien toisistaan merkittävästi poikkeavat näkemykset alueen hallinnasta. Konfliktin ratkaisemiseksi ei myöskään ole nähtävissä vain yhtä vaihtoehtoa. Todennäköiseltä vaikuttaa myös se, että konflikti ei ratkea ilman ulkopuolista sovittelijaa. Kokonaisuutena voidaan todeta, että kaikista hyvistä pyrkimyksistä huolimatta on erittäin todennäköistä, että konfliktia ei ilman merkittävää kehitystä tulla ratkaisemaan lähitulevaisuudessa. Konflikti jatkuu nykyisen kaltaisena jäätyneenä konfliktina, jonka vaikutukset näkyvät koko alueen tilanteessa vielä pitkään.

Pulsed corona discharge as an advanced oxidation process for degradation of organic

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have been studied and developed to suffice the effective removal of refractory and toxic compounds in polluted water. The quality and cost of wastewater treatment need improvements, and electric discharge technology has a potential to make a significant difference compared to other established AOPs based on energy efficiency. The generation of active oxidant species such as ozone and hydroxyl radicals by high voltage discharge is a relatively new technology for water treatment. Gas-phase pulsed corona discharge (PCD), where a treated aqueous solution is dispersed between corona-producing electrodes free of the dielectric barriers, was developed as an alternative approach to the problem. The short living radicals and ozone formed in the gas phase and at the gas-liquid interface react with dissolved impurities. PCD equipment has a relatively simple configuration, and with the reactor in an enclosed compartment, it is insensitive towards gas humidity and does not need the gas transport. In this thesis, PCD was used to study and evaluate the energy efficiency for degrading various organic compounds, as well as the chemistry of the oxidation products formed. The experiments investigate the aqueous oxidation of phenol, humic substances, pharmaceutical compounds (paracetamol, ibuprofen, indomethacin, salicylic acids, -estradiol), as well as lignin degradation and transformation to aldehydes. The study aims to establish the influence of initial concentration of the target pollutant, the pulsed discharge parameters, gas phase composition and the pH on the oxidation kinetics and the efficiency. Analytical methods to measure the concentrations of the target compounds and their by-products include HPLC, spectrophotometry, TOC and capillary electrophoresis. The results of the research included in this summary are presented in the attached publications and manuscripts accepted for publication. Pulsed corona discharge proved to be highly effective in oxidizing each of the target compounds, surpassing the closest competitor, conventional ozonation. The increase in oxidation efficiencies for some compounds in oxygen media and at lower pulse repetition frequencies shows a significant role of ozone. The role of the ·OH radicals was established in the surface reactions. The main oxidation products, formation of nitrates, and the lignin transformation were quantified. A compound specific approach is suggested for optimization of the PCD parameters that have the most significant impact on the oxidation energy efficiency because of the different characteristics and responses of the target compound to the oxidants, as well as different admixtures that are present in the wastewater. Further studies in the method’s safety (nitration and nitrosation of organic compounds, nitrite and nitrate formation enhancement) are needed for promoting the method.

Distributed Repositories of Medieval Calendars and Crowd-Sourcing of Transcription

Presentation at Open Repositories 2014, Helsinki, Finland, June 9-13, 2014