Oleosin Is Bifunctional Enzyme That Has Both Monoacylglycerol Acyltransferase and Phospholipase Activities

In plants, fatty oils are generally stored in spherical intracellular organelles referred to as oleosomes that are covered by proteins such as oleosin. Seeds with high oil content have more oleosin than those with low oil content. However, the exact role of oleosin in oil accumulation is thus far unclear. Here, we report the isolation of a catalytically active 14 S multiprotein complex capable of acylating monoacylglycerol from the microsomal membranes of developing peanut cotyledons. Microsomal membranes from immature peanut seeds were solubilized using 8 M urea and 10 mM CHAPS. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, we identified 27 proteins in the 14 S complex. The major proteins present in the 14 S complex are conarachin, the major allergen Ara h 1, and other seed storage proteins. We identified oleosin 3 as a part of the 14 S complex, which is capable of acylating monoacylglycerol. The recombinant OLE3 microsomes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been shown to have both a monoacylglycerol acyltransferase and a phospholipase A(2) activity. Overexpression of the oleosin 3 (OLE3) gene in S. cerevisiae resulted in an increased accumulation of diacylglycerols and triacylglycerols and decreased phospholipids. These findings provide a direct role for a structural protein (OLE3) in the biosynthesis and mobilization of plant oils.

Serine/Threonine/Tyrosine Protein Kinase Phosphorylates Oleosin, a Regulator of Lipid Metabolic Functions

Plant oils are stored in oleosomes or oil bodies, which are surrounded by a monolayer of phospholipids embedded with oleosin proteins that stabilize the structure. Recently, a structural protein, Oleosin3 (OLE3), was shown to exhibit both monoacylglycerol acyltransferase and phospholipase A(2) activities. The regulation of these distinct dual activities in a single protein is unclear. Here, we report that a serine/threonine/tyrosine protein kinase phosphorylates oleosin. Using bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis, we demonstrate that this kinase interacts with OLE3 and that the fluorescence was associated with chloroplasts. Oleosin-green fluorescent protein fusion protein was exclusively associated with the chloroplasts. Phosphorylated OLE3 exhibited reduced monoacylglycerol acyltransferase and increased phospholipase A(2) activities. Moreover, phosphatidylcholine and diacylglycerol activated oleosin phosphorylation, whereas lysophosphatidylcholine, oleic acid, and Ca2+ inhibited phosphorylation. In addition, recombinant peanut (Arachis hypogaea) kinase was determined to predominantly phosphorylate serine residues, specifically serine-18 in OLE3. Phosphorylation levels of OLE3 during seed germination were determined to be higher than in developing peanut seeds. These findings provide direct evidence for the in vivo substrate selectivity of the dual-specificity kinase and demonstrate that the bifunctional activities of oleosin are regulated by phosphorylation.

Development of micro-shock wave assisted dry particle and fluid jet delivery system

Small quantity of energetic material coated on the inner wall of a polymer tube is proposed as a new method to generate micro-shock waves in the laboratory. These micro-shock waves have been harnessed to develop a novel method of delivering dry particle and liquid jet into the target. We have generated micro-shock waves with the help of reactive explosive compound high melting explosive (octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine) and traces of aluminium] coated polymer tube, utilising 9 J of energy. The detonation process is initiated electrically from one end of the tube, while the micro-shock wave followed by the products of detonation escape from the open end of the polymer tube. The energy available at the open end of the polymer tube is used to accelerate tungsten micro-particles coated on the other side of the diaphragm or force a liquid jet out of a small cavity filled with the liquid. The micro-particles deposited on a thin metal diaphragm (typically 100-mu m thick) were accelerated to high velocity using micro-shock waves to penetrate the target. Tungsten particles of 0.7 mu m diameter have been successfully delivered into agarose gel targets of various strengths (0.6-1.0 %). The device has been tested by delivering micro-particles into potato tuber and Arachis hypogaea Linnaeus (ground nut) stem tissue. Along similar lines, liquid jets of diameter 200-250 mu m (methylene blue, water and oils) have been successfully delivered into agarose gel targets of various strengths. Successful vaccination against murine salmonellosis was demonstrated as a biological application of this device. The penetration depths achieved in the experimental targets are very encouraging to develop a future device for biological and biomedical applications.

Grafting of Dispersants on MoS2 Nanoparticles in Base Oil Lubrication of Steel

Solid lubricant nanoparticles in suspension in oil are good lubricating options for practical machinery. In this article, we select a range of dispersants, based on their polar moieties, to suspend 50-nm molybdenum disulfide particles in an industrial base oil. The suspension is used to lubricate a steel on steel sliding contact. A nitrogen-based polymeric dispersant (aminopropyl trimethoxy silane) with a free amine group and an oxygen-based polymeric dispersant (sorbital monooleate) when grafted on the particle charge the particle negatively and yield an agglomerate size which is almost the same as that of the original particle. Lubrication of the contact by these suspensions gives a coefficient of friction in the similar to 0.03 range. The grafting of these surfactants on the particle is shown here to be of a chemical nature and strong as the grafts survive mechanical shear stress in tribology. Such grafts are superior to those of other silane-based test surfactants which have weak functional groups. In the latter case, the particles bereft of strong grafts agglomerate easily in the lubricant and give a coefficient of friction in the 0.08-0.12 range. This article investigates the mechanism of frictional energy dissipation as influenced by the chemistry of the surfactant molecule.

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON EFFERVESCENT ATOMIZATION OF BIO-OIL FUELS

This paper presents the work on detailed characterization of effervescent spray of Jatropha and Pongamia pure plant oils. The spray characteristics of these biofuels are compared with those of diesel. Both macroscopic and microscopic spray characteristics at different injection pressures and gas-to-liquid ratio (GLR) have been studied. The particle/droplet imaging analysis (PDIA) technique along with direct imaging methods are used for the purpose of spray characterization. Due to their higher viscosity, pure plant oils showed poor atomization compared to diesel and a blend of diesel and pure plant oil at a given GLR. Pure plant oil sprays showed a lower spray cone angle when compared to diesel and blends at lower GLRs. However, the difference is not significant at higher GLRs. Droplet size measurements at 100 mm downstream of the exit orifice showed reduction in Sauter mean diameter (SMD) diameter with increase in GLR. A radial variation in the SMD is observed for the blend and pure plant oils. Pure oils showed a larger variation when compared to the blend. Spray unsteadiness has been characterized based on the image-to-image variation in the mean droplet diameter and fluctuations in the spray cone angle. Results showed that pure plant oil sprays are more unsteady at lower GLRs when compared to diesel and blend. A critical GLR is identified at which the spray becomes steady. The three regimes of spray operation, namely ``steady spray,'' ``pulsating spray,'' and ``spray and unbroken liquid jet'' are identified in the injection pressure-GLR parameter space for these pure plant oils. Two-phase flow imaging inside the exit orifice shows that for the pure plant oils, the flow is highly transient at low GLRs and the bubbly, slug, and annular two-phase flow regimes are all observed. However, at higher GLRs where the spray is steady, only the annular flow regime is observed.

FLOTATION OF QUARTZ WITH SOAPS OF BOMBAX MALABARICA OIL AND SHARK LIVER OIL AS COLLECTORS

An attempt has been made to use the indigeneous oils-Bombax Malabarica oil and Shark liver oil in the form of sodium soaps as collectors in the flotation of quartz using barium chloride as activator. The effect of pH, collector concentration and activator concentration on the flotation of quartz is studied in a Leaf and knoll flotation cell. The experiments show that it is possible to obtain 98.0 per cent of quartz as float using 10 mg. of Bombax. Malabarica oil and Shark liver oil soaps at pH values of more than 7.0 and when barium ion concentration is in excess of that required to form barium soaps. Bombax Malabarica oil is found to be superior to Shark liver oil as collector in the flotation of quartz.

SWEETENING OF BIOGAS IN SPRAY TOWERS FOR POWER GENERATION

This paper presents the experience of the new design of using impinging jet spray columns for scrubbing hydrogen sulfide from biogas that has been developed by Indian Institute of Science and patented. The process uses a chelated polyvalent metal ion which oxidizes the hydrogen sulfide to sulfur as a precipitate. The sulfur generated is filtered and the scrubbing liquid recycled after oxidation. The process involves in bringing contact the sour gas with chelated liquid in the spray columns where H2S reacts with chelated Fe3+ and precipitates as sulfur, whereas Fe3+ gets reduced to Fe2+. Fe2+ is regenerated to Fe3+ by reaction of oxygen in air in a separate packed column. The regenerated liquid is recirculated. Sulfur is filtered and separated as a byproduct. The paper presents the experience in using the spray towers for hydrogen sulfide removal and further use of the clean gas for generating power using gas engines. The maximum allowable limit of H2S for the gas engine is 200 ppm (v/v) in order to prevent any corrosion of engine parts and fouling of the lubricating oil. With the current ISET process, the hydrogen sulfide from the biogas is cleaned to less than 100 ppm (v/v) and the sweet gas is used for power generation. The system is designed for 550 NM3/hr of biogas and inlet H2S concentration of 2.5 %. The inlet concentration of the H2S is about 1 - 1.5 % and average measured outlet concentration is about 30 ppm, with an average gas flow of about 300 - 350 NM3/hr, which is the current gas production rate. The sweet gas is used for power generation in a 1.2 MWe V 12 engine. The average power generation is about 650 - 750 kWe, which is the captive load of the industry. The plant is a CHP (combined heat power) unit with heat from the cylinder cooling and flue being recovered for hot water and steam generation respectively. The specific fuel consumption is 2.29 kWh/m(3) of gas. The system has been in operation for more than 13,000 hours in last one year in the industry. About 8.4 million units of electricity has been generated scrubbing about 2.1 million m3 of gas. Performance of the scrubber and the engine is discussed at daily performance level and also the overall performance with an environment sustenance by precipitating over 27 tons of sulfur.

EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON AIR-ASSISTED ATOMIZATION OF JATROPHA PURE PLANT OIL

The present study focuses on exploring air-assisted atomization strategies for effective atomization of high-viscosity biofuels, such as pure plant oils (PPOs). The first part of the study concerns application of a novel air-assisted impinging jet atomization for continuous spray applications, and the second part concerns transient spray applications. The particle/droplet imaging analysis (PDIA) technique along with direct imaging methods are used for the purpose of spray characterization. In the first part, effective atomization of Jatropha PPO is demonstrated at gas-to-liquid ratios (GLRs) on the order 0.1. The effect of liquid and gas flow rates on the spray characteristics is evaluated, and results indicate a Sauter mean diameter (SMD) of 50 mu m is achieved with GLRs as low as 0.05. In the second part of the study, a commercially available air-assisted transient atomizer is evaluated using Jatropha PPO. The effect of the pressure difference across the air injector and ambient gas pressure on liquid spray characteristics is studied. The results indicate that it is possible to achieve the same level of atomization of Jatropha as diesel fuel by operating the atomizer at a higher pressure difference. Specifically, a SMD of 44 mu m is obtained for the Jatropha oil using injection pressures of <1 MPa. A further interesting observation associated with this injector is the near constancy of a nondimensional spray penetration rate for the Jatropha oil spray.

Micro/Nanomechanical and Tribological Properties of thin Diamond-Like Carbon Coatings

The diamond-like carbon (DLC) films with different thicknesses on 9Crl8 bearing steels were prepared using vacuum magnetic-filtering arc plasma deposition. Vickers indentation. nanoin-dentation and nanoscratch tests were used to characterize the DLC films with a wide range of applied loads. Mechanical and tribological behaviors of these submicron films were investigated and interpreted. The hardnesses of 9Crl8 and DLC, determined by nanoindentation, are approximately 8GPa and 60GPa respectively; their elastic moduli are approximately 25OGPa and 600GPa respectively. The friction coefficients of 9Crl8, DLC. organic coating, determined by nanoscratch, are approximately 0. 35, 0. 20 and 0. 13 respectively. It is demonstrated that nanoindentation and nanoscratch tests can provide more information about the near-surface elastic-plastic deformation, friction and wear properties. The correlation of mechanical properties and scratch resistance of DLC films on 9Crl8 steels can provide an assessment for the load-carrying capacity and wear resistance

In vitro activities of natural products against oral Candida isolates from denture wearers

Background: Candida-associated denture stomatitis is a frequent infectious disease. Treatment of this oral condition is difficult because failures and recurrences are common. The aim of this study was to test the in vitro antifungal activity of pure constituents of essentials oils. -- Methods: Eight terpenic derivatives (carvacrol, farnesol, geraniol, linalool, menthol, menthone, terpinen-4-ol, and aterpineol), a phenylpropanoid (eugenol), a phenethyl alcohol (tyrosol) and fluconazole were evaluated against 38 Candida isolated from denture-wearers and 10 collection Candida strains by the CLSI M27-A3 broth microdilution method. -- Results: Almost all the tested compounds showed antifungal activity with MIC ranges of 0.03-0.25% for eugenol and linalool, 0.03-0.12% for geraniol, 0.06-0.5% for menthol, a-terpineol and terpinen-4-ol, 0.03-0.5% for carvacrol, and 0.06-4% for menthone. These compounds, with the exception of farnesol, menthone and tyrosol, showed important in vitro activities against the fluconazole-resistant and susceptible-dose dependent Candida isolates. -- Conclusions: Carvacrol, eugenol, geraniol, linalool and terpinen-4-ol were very active in vitro against oral Candida isolates. Their fungistatic and fungicidal activities might convert them into promising alternatives for the topic treatment of oral candidiasis and denture stomatitis.

Review: Trans-forming beef to provide healthier fatty acid profiles

[EN]Trans fatty acids are found naturally in foods, particularly in those derived from ruminant animals, such as beef and dairy cattle. Over the past few decades, human consumption of trans fatty acids has increased, but this has been mainly from products containing partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. The correlation of trans fatty acid consumption with diseases such as coronary heart disease has been cause for concern, and led to recommendations to reduce their consumption. Trans fatty acids, however, have differing effects on human health. Therefore, in foods produced from ruminant animals, it is important to know their trans fatty acid composition, and how to enrich or deplete fatty acids that have positive or negative health effects. This review will cover the analysis of trans fatty acids in beef, their origin, how to manipulate their concentrations, and give a brief overview of their health effects.

La cerámica de la Segunda Edad del Hierro en el País Vasco: Estudio tecnológico, funcional y social

670 p. Capítulos de introducción, metodología, discusión y conclusiones en castellano e inglés.

Aplicação da técnica de eletrofloculação utilizando corrente alternada de frequência variável no tratamento de água de produção da indústria do petróleo

O principal objetivo da tese está relacionado ao tratamento de águas oleosas através da eletrofloculação utilizando corrente alternada de frequência variável, o qual procurou explorar as potencialidades desta técnica. Com a crescente demanda por petróleo e seus derivados, é cada vez maior a produção dessas águas residuárias que, antes de serem descartadas, precisam ser submetidas a tratamento que satisfaçam aos requisitos legais. O trabalho apresentado descreve o levantamento bibliográfico e os resultados dos ensaios realizados, empregando o tratamento de eletrofloculação com a finalidade de remover as substâncias consideradas poluentes presentes nestes efluentes. O processo de eletrofloculação foi testado tanto para o tratamento em corrente continua quanto em corrente alternada de frequência variável em efluentes sintéticos e reais de alta salinidade, contendo teores elevados de óleos e graxas, turbidez e cor. Eficiências de redução de 99% para óleos e graxas, cor e turbidez foram obtidos utilizando eletrodos de alumínio. O processo de eletrofloculação demonstrou-se bastante vantajoso em função da alta condutividade que permite o tratamento com menor consumo energético. A tecnologia de eletrofloculação com corrente alternada quando comparada com a tecnologia de corrente contínua se mostrou muito eficiente em relação a economia no desgaste de massa de eletrodos, o que, dependendo do tempo de aplicação da corrente elétrica nas mesmas condições de estudo, houve redução de mais da metade do consumo.

Caracterização geológica da ocorrência de óleo na Formação Rio Bonito associada a um modelo não convencional de geração

O trabalho teve como escopo a caracterização geológica, em termos estruturais e estratigráficos, do sistema petrolífero responsável pela ocorrência de óleos encontrados na Formação Rio Bonito, na região carbonífera de Santa Catarina. Atualmente, especula-se que a assinatura geoquímica destes óleos relaciona-se à Formação Irati associado a um modelo não convencional de geração, vinculando a maturação térmica à intrusão de diabásio, devido a um soterramento insuficiente da rocha geradora. Como a Formação Irati encontra-se posicionada estratigraficamente acima da Formação Rio Bonito, o sistema está associado a um forte controle estrutural para o modelo de migração. A preparação de um mapa geológico integrado para a área de estudo envolvendo dados geológicos de campo, dados aeromagnetométricos e informações de furos de sondagem permitiu um entendimento mais aprofundado do arcabouço tectônico-estratigráfico da região. Seções geológicas mostraram a presença de falhas de grandes rejeitos que promoveram um sistema de Horsts e Grabens relacionados às NE-SW e secundariamente a falhas E-W, que permitiram a colocação da Formação Irati em contato lateral ou em um posicionamento abaixo da Formação Rio Bonito. A partir das seções cronoestratigráficas elaboradas foi possível reconhecer prováveis selos, trapas estratigráficos e estruturais, associados ao sistema petrolífero Irati-Rio Bonito. A análise geoquímica (isótopos e biomarcadores) dos óleos coletados na Formação Rio Bonito apontaram que os mesmos estão associadas aos folhelhos do Membro Assistência da Formação Irati, por possuírem uma razão pristano/fitano menor que 1, gamacerano, e a presença de isoprenóides pentametileicosano (i-25) e esqualano (i-30). A partir de análises geoquímicas realizadas em extratos orgânicos extraídos de folhelhos da Formação Irati intrudidos por diabásio, obteve-se valores da relação entre biomarcadores correspondentes e valores de Ro que indicam que foi alcançado o pico de geração de óleo. Contudo, não há registro na área de estudo de um soterramento suficiente que favorecesse essa situação, levando-nos, assim, a acreditar em um modelo de geração não convencional, por meio da intrusão de diabásio nas rochas geradoras. O arcabouço estrutural e os óleos estudados na região sugerem um processo migratório de sudoeste para o nordeste, ao longo de um sistema de falhas NE-SW, encontradas na região, que foram geradas anteriormente ou concomitantemente ao derrame basáltico associado à Formação Serra Geral.

Bioestímulo e bioaumento na remediação de solo contaminado com óleo lubrificante usado escala piloto

O óleo lubrificante mineral é amplamente utilizado no cenário mundial no funcionamento de máquinas e motores. No entanto, o ciclo de vida deste petro-derivado resulta na geração de um resíduo (óleo lubrificante usado), o qual é nocivo ao meio ambiente quando não descartado adequadamente ou reciclado. No Brasil, apesar das normas que tratam especificamente do armazenamento, recolhimento e destino de óleo lubrificante usado, grande parte do mesmo ainda é despejado diretamente no meio ambiente, sem qualquer tratamento, sendo de grande importância estudos que visem o entendimento dos processos e o desenvolvimento de tecnologias de remediação de áreas contaminadas por esse resíduo. O objetivo geral do presente trabalho foi conduzir estudos de tratabilidade de solo arenoso contaminado experimentalmente com 5% (m m-1 seco) de óleo lubrificante usado, através de duas diferentes estratégias de biorremediação: bioestímulo e bioaumento. Foram conduzidos dois experimentos. No primeiro, foi avaliada a atividade microbiana aeróbia na biodegradação do OLU através do método respirométrico de Bartha. No segundo, foram montados três biorreatores de fase sólida simulando biopilhas estáticas com aeração forçada, cada um contendo 125 kg de solo e 5% (m m-1 seco) de óleo lubrificante automotivo usado, os quais receberam como tratamento: bioestímulo por ajuste de pH e umidade (BIOSca); bioestímulo por ajuste de pH e umidade associado ao bioaumento com a adição de composto maduro (BIOA1ca) ; e bioestímulo por ajuste de pH e umidade associado ao bioaumento com a adição de composto jovem (BIOA2ca). Foram também montados três biorreatores de bancada simulando biopilhas estáticas sem aeração forçada, cada um contendo 3 kg de solo e 5% (m m-1) do mesmo contaminante, sendo que o primeiro continha solo sem contaminação - CONTsa, o segundo, solo contaminado com ajuste de pH BIOSsa e o terceiro, solo contaminado com adição de 0,3% de azida sódica - ABIOsa. Os tratamentos foram avaliados pela remoção de hidrocarbonetos totais de petróleo (HTPs) e após 120 dias de experimento obteve-se remoções de HTPs de 84,75%, 99,99% e 99,99%, com BIOS, BIOA1 e BIOA2, respectivamente, demonstrando que a estratégia de bioestímulo associada ao bioaumento foram promissoras na remediação do solo contaminado pelo óleo lubrificante usado. Os tratamentos que receberam composto (BIOA1 e BIOA2) não apresentaram diferenças quanto à remoção de HTPs, evidenciando que a fase de maturação dos compostos não apresentou influência na eficiência do processo. No entanto, verificou-se uma eficiência nos tratamentos que receberam composto quando comparado ao tratamento sem adição de composto