Determining, Balancing and Controlling of Pitch and White Pitch at Stora Enso Kabel Production Line 4

Työn ensimmäisenä tarkoituksena oli kartoittaa kiinteä-neste ja neste-neste uuttomenetelmillä pihkan ja valkopihkan määrä Stora Enso Kabelin tuotantolinja 4:llä. Työn kannalta oli myöstärkeää saada selvyys saostumien koostumuksesta. Lopullinen päämäärä oli automatisoida fiksatiivin annostelu uuden, jatkuvatoimisen märänpäänanalysaattorin avulla. Mäntyosuuden kasvattaminen hiokemassassa lisää hydrofobisten partikkeleiden lukumäärää, minkä uskotaan lisäävän saostumariskiä. Työtä varten kehitetty neste-neste uuttomenetelmä, jota ei ole liiemmin paperiteollisuudessa käytetty, voi olla hyvä menetelmä lipofiilisten komponenttien määrän arviointiin tietyssä määrässä massa- tai prosessivesinäytettä. Virtaussytometri-menetelmän avulla tutkittiin pihka- tai valkopihkapartikkeleiden määrää ja kokojakaumaa eri prosessinäytteissä. Virtaussytometri-menetelmällä mitattujen valkopihkapartikkeleiden lukumäärän ja päällystetyn hylyn saostimen suodoksen sameuden välille löytyiselvä korrelaatio. Fiksatiivimäärän vaikutusta päällystetyn hylyn saostimen suodoksen sameuteen tutkittiin koeajojaksolla, jossa fiksatiivin annostelua säädettiin käsin. Käytetyt annosmäärät eivät riittäneet sameuden pitämiseen tasaisena matalalla tasolla.

FITOTOXICIDADE DE FUNGICIDAS, ACARICIDAS E INSETICIDAS, SOBRE O MAMOEIRO (Carica papaya L.) CULTIVAR SUNRISE SOLO IMPROVED LINE 72/12 EM CONDIÇÕES DE CAMPO

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo estudar os efeitos fitotóxicos de fungicidas, acaricidas e inseticidas e algumas associações entre eles, em plantas de mamoeiros (Carica papaya L.) cv. Sunrise Solo Improved Line 72/12, em condições de campo, no município de São Mateus -- ES, pertencente à maior região produtora do Estado. O experimento foi arranjado em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições e 03 plantas úteis por parcela. Foram utilizados os seguintes produtos, com as respectivas doses, para cada 100 L de água: chlorothalonil (Daconil PM-200g); mancozeb (Dithane PM -- 200g); oxicloreto de cobre (Reconil -- 400g); thiabendazole (Tecto 450 -- 100ml); dicofol + tetradifon (Carbax -- 200ml); triazophós (Hostathion 400 BR -- 150ml); óxido de fenbutatina (Torque 500 SC -- 60ml); e abamectin (Vertimec 18 CE -- 50ml): Analisou-se a fitotoxicidade dos produtos testados, em relação à altura da planta, nº de folhas, número de flores e frutos ; diâmetro do caule e queimaduras ou injúrias foliares. As datas das avaliações foram: 01 dia antes das pulverizações, 15 dias e 30 dias após as mesmas. Os fungicidas Daconil BR, Reconil e Tecto 450; o fungicida acaricida Dithane PM; os acaricidas Carbax e Torque 500 SC; e o inseticida-acaricida Vertimec 18 CE, aplicados isoladamente, não afetaram o crescimento e a produção das plantas, nem causaram injúrias nas folhas das mesmas. A associação de fungicidas e fungicida-acaricida, com os acaricidas, ou inseticida-acaricida, não mostrou nenhum efeito fitotóxico sobre os parâmetros de crescimento avaliados, nem causaram queimaduras ou injúrias foliares.

Design of a Condition Monitoring System for a Glass Wool Production Line

Työn tarkoituksena oli suunnitella kunnonvalvontajärjestelmä kahdelle lasivillan tuotantolinjalle. Suunnitteluprosessin lisäksi työssä on esitelty erilaisia kunnonvalvontamenetelmiä. Työn alussa on kerrottu erilaisista kunnonvalvontamenetelmistä, joilla voidaan seurata erilaisten laitteiden ja koneiden toimintakuntoa.Erityisesti työssä on tarkasteltu teollisuudessa yleistyviä kunnonvalvonnan värähtelymittauksia. Työssä suunniteltu kunnonvalvontajärjestelmä perustuu viiteen eri menetelmään, jotka ovat värähtelymittaus, lämpötilanmittaus lämpökameralla, lämpötilanmittaus kannettavalla mittarilla, kuuntelu elektronisella stetoskoopilla ja pyörivien osien kunnontarkkailu stroboskoopilla. Kunnonvalvontajärjestelmän suunnittelu on tehty useassa eri vaiheessa. Ensin työssä on kartoitettu tuotannon kannalta tärkeimmät laitteet ja niiden mahdolliset vikaantumistavat. Seuraavaksi on valittu sopivat kunnonvalvontamenetelmät ja tehty mittaussuunnitelma, jossa on esitetty eri laitteille suoritettavat mittaukset ja mittausten aikavälit.Lopuksi työssä on esitelty muutama esimerkkitapaus kunnonvalvontamenetelmien käytöstä sekä kerrottu mahdollisista tulevaisuuden kehitysmahdollisuuksista.

In-line Monitoring of Precipitation Process using Raman Spectroscopy and ATR-FTIR

Polymorfian jatkuva seuranta saostuksessa on hyödyllistä suunnittelun ja kidetuotteen ominaisuuksien sekä kiteytystä seuraavan jatkoprosessoinnin kannalta. Tässä diplomityössä on tutkittu L-glutamiinihapon kahden (- ja ß) polymorfimuodon liukoisuuden riippuvuutta pH:sta ja lämpötilasta.Tulokseksi saatiin, että kummankin polymorfin liukoisuus kasvoi sekä pH:ta ettälämpötilaa kasvatettaessa. ¿¿muodon liukoisuus oli korkeampi kuin ß-muodon liukoisuus valituilla pH-arvoilla eri lämpötiloissa. Lisäksi seurattiin puolipanostoimisen saostuksen aikana 1-litraisella laboratoriokiteyttimellä muodostuvan kiteisen polymorfiseoksen koostumusta hyödyntäen in-line Raman-spektroskopiaa. Myös liuoksen pH-muutosta seurattiin sekä liuoksen koostumusta ATR FTIR-spektroskopian (Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer) avulla. Tutkittavina muuttujina olivat mm. sekoitusintensiteetti, sekoitintyyppi, reaktanttien (natriumglutamaatti ja rikkihappo) konsentraatiot sekä syötetyn rikkihapon syöttökohta kiteyttimessä. Työhön sisältyi 36 koetta ja osa kokeista toistettiin tulosten oikeellisuuden tarkistamiseksi. Inline-mittaustulosten verifioimiseksi kidenäytteet analysoitiin myös käyttämällä konfokaali Raman-mikroskooppia. Kidemorfologiaa tutkittiin SEM-kuvien (Scanning Eletronic Microscope) avulla. Työ osoitti, että Raman-spektroskopia on joustava ja luotettava menetelmä saostusprosessin jatkuvaan seurantaan L-glutamiinihapolla. Alhaiset lähtöainepitoisuudet tuottivat pääasiassa ¿¿muotoa, kun taas alhainen sekoitusteho edisti ß-muodon muodostumista. Syöttökohta vaikutti merkittävästi polymorfiaan. Kun rikkihapon syöttökohta oli epäideaalisesti sekoitetulla vyöhykkeellä, nousi ylikylläisyystaso korkeaksi ja päätuote oli tällöin ß-muotoa. 6-lapainen vinolapaturbiini (nousukulma 45o) ja 6-lapainen levyturbiini eivät merkittävästi poikenneet toisistaan muodostuvien polymorfien osalta.

Translation and assembly of HLA-DR antigens in Xenopus oocytes injected with mRNA from a human B-cell line.

HLA-DR antigens are polymorphic cell surface glycoproteins, expressed primarily in B lymphocytes and macrophages, which are thought to play an important role in the immune response. Two polypeptide chains, alpha and beta, are associated at the cell surface, and a third chain associates with alpha and beta intracellularly. RNA isolated from the human B-cell line Raji was injected in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Immunoprecipitates of translation products with several monoclonal antibodies revealed the presence of HLA-DR antigens similar to those synthesized in Raji cells. One monoclonal antibody was able to bind the beta chain after dissociation of the three polypeptide chains with detergent. The presence of all three chains was confirmed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The glycosylation pattern of the three chains was identical to that observed in vivo, as evidenced in studies using tunicamycin, an inhibitor of N-linked glycosylation. The presence of alpha chains assembled with beta chains in equimolar ratio was further demonstrated by amino-terminal sequencing. An RNA fraction enriched for the three mRNAs, encoding alpha, beta, and intracellular chains, was isolated. This translation-assembly system and the availability of monoclonal antibodies make it possible to assay for mRNA encoding specific molecules among the multiple human Ia-like antigens.

Effect of aminoethoxyvinilglycine (AVG) on preharvest fruit drop and maturity of apples

Apple trees cultivars Gala and Fuji were sprayed four weeks before commercial harvest with aminoethoxyvinilglycine (AVG), at doses of 0, 125, or 250 mg L-1, and assessed for preharvest fruit drop, fruit growth, and maturation on tree. In 'Gala', 64 days after AVG spraying, fruit drop for control treatment was 85%, and AVG (at 125 and 250 mg L-1) reduced it to 10%. In 'Fuji', 64 days after AVG spraying, fruit drop for control was 6%, while treatments with AVG (at 125 and 250 mg L-1) increased fruit drop to 10%. AVG was a powerful retardant of fruit maturation for 'Gala' but not for 'Fuji'. In 'Gala', the most affected attribute was the skin background color, followed, in decreasing order, by soluble solids content, the starch index, skin red color, the flesh firmness, and titratable acidity. In 'Gala', only flesh firmness retention was improved by increasing AVG dose from 125 mg L-1 to 250 mg L-1. The AVG at 250 mg L-1 inhibited "Gala" late fruit growth but not 'Fuji'.

The maximum voltage drop in an on-chip power distribution network: analysis of square, triangular and hexagonal power pad arrangements

A mathematical model of the voltage drop which arises in on-chip power distribution networks is used to compare the maximum voltage drop in the case of different geometric arrangements of the pads supplying power to the chip. These include the square or Manhattan power pad arrangement, which currently predominates, as well as equilateral triangular and hexagonal arrangements. In agreement with the findings in the literature and with physical and SPICE models, the equilateral triangular power pad arrangement is found to minimize the maximum voltage drop. This headline finding is a consequence of relatively simple formulas for the voltage drop, with explicit error bounds, which are established using complex analysis techniques, and elliptic functions in particular.

Fitotoxicidade de fungicidas, acaricidas e inseticidas sobre o mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.) cultivar sunrise solo improved line 72/12

Estudaram-se os efeitos fitotóxicos de fungicidas, acaricidas e inseticidas e algumas associações entre eles, em plantas de mamoeiros (Carica papaya L.) cv. Sunrise Solo Improved Line 72/12, em condições de verão, no município de São Mateus - ES, localizado na região produtora do Estado. O experimento foi arranjado em delineamento de blocos casualizados, com 4 repetições e 03 plantas úteis por parcela experimental. Foram utilizados os seguintes produtos, com as respectivas doses, para cada 100 l de água: abamectin (Vertimec 18 CE - 50 ml); dicofol + tetradiphon (Carbax - 200 ml), fenbutatin oxide (Torque 500 SC - 60 ml); mancozeb (Dithane PM - 200g); oxicloreto de cobre (Reconil - 400g) e thiabendazole (Tecto 450 - 100ml). Analisou-se a fitotoxicidade dos produtos em relação à altura da planta, nº de folhas, número de flores e frutos ; diâmetro do caule e queimaduras ou injúrias foliares. As medições e contagens foram feitas um dia antes das pulverizações, 15 e 30 dias após. Constatou-se que o Vertimec 18 CE, associado ao Reconil ou ao Tecto 450, ocasionou leves injúrias foliares, detectadas aos 15 dias após as pulverizações, que se tornaram praticamente imperceptíveis, aos 30 dias após as pulverizações; e que Dithane PM, Reconil, Tecto 450, Carbax, Torque 500 SC, Dithane PM + Carbax, Dithane PM + Torque 500 SC, Dithane PM + Vertimec 18 CE, Reconil + Carbax, Reconil + Torque 500 SC, Tecto 450 + Carbax e, Tecto 450 + + Torque 500 SC não interferiram nos parâmetros de desenvolvimento e de produção estudados, bem como não causaram injúrias ou queimaduras nas folhas dos mamoeiros.

SIMULATION OF AMB SUPPORTED ROTOR DURING DROP ON RETAINER BEARINGS

The active magnetic bearings present a new technology which has many advantages compared to traditional bearing designs. Active magnetic bearings, however, require retainer bearings order to prevent damages in the event of a component, power or a control loop failure. In the dropdown situation, when the rotor drops from the magnetic bearings to the retainer bearings, the design parameters of the retainer bearings have a significant influence on the behaviour of the rotor. In this study, the dynamics of an active magnetic bearings supported electric motor during rotor drop on retainer bearings is studied using a multibody simulation approach. Various design parameters of retainer bearings are studied using a simulation model while results are compared with those found in literature. The retainer bearings are modelled using a detailed ball bearing model, which accounts damping and stiffness properties, oil film and friction between races and rolling elements. The model of the ball bearings includes inertia description of rollingelements. The model of the magnetic bearing system contains unbalances of the rotor and stiffness and damping properties of support. In this study, a computationally efficient contact model between the rotor and the retainer bearings is proposed. In addition, this work introduces information for the design of physicalprototype and its retainer bearings.

Dynamic Simulations of Rotors during Drop on Retainer Bearings

The active magnetic bearings have recently been intensively developed because of noncontact support having several advantages compared to conventional bearings. Due to improved materials, strategies of control, and electrical components, the performance and reliability of the active magnetic bearings are improving. However, additional bearings, retainer bearings, still have a vital role in the applications of the active magnetic bearings. The most crucial moment when the retainer bearings are needed is when the rotor drops from the active magnetic bearings on the retainer bearings due to component or power failure. Without appropriate knowledge of the retainer bearings, there is a chance that an active magnetic bearing supported rotor system will be fatal in a drop-down situation. This study introduces a detailed simulation model of a rotor system in order to describe a rotor drop-down situation on the retainer bearings. The introduced simulation model couples a finite element model with component mode synthesis and detailed bearing models. In this study, electrical components and electromechanical forces are not in the focus. The research looks at the theoretical background of the finite element method with component mode synthesis that can be used in the dynamic analysis of flexible rotors. The retainer bearings are described by using two ball bearing models, which include damping and stiffness properties, oil film, inertia of rolling elements and friction between races and rolling elements. Thefirst bearing model assumes that the cage of the bearing is ideal and that the cage holds the balls in their predefined positions precisely. The second bearing model is an extension of the first model and describes the behavior of the cageless bearing. In the bearing model, each ball is described by using two degrees of freedom. The models introduced in this study are verified with a corresponding actual structure. By using verified bearing models, the effects of the parameters of the rotor system onits dynamics during emergency stops are examined. As shown in this study, the misalignment of the retainer bearings has a significant influence on the behavior of the rotor system in a drop-down situation. In this study, a stability map of the rotor system as a function of rotational speed of the rotor and the misalignment of the retainer bearings is presented. In addition, the effects of parameters of the simulation procedure and the rotor system on the dynamics of system are studied.

Computational Analysis and Optimization of Real Gas Flow In Small Centrifugal Compressors

Small centrifugal compressors are more and more widely used in many industrialsystems because of their higher efficiency and better off-design performance comparing to piston and scroll compressors as while as higher work coefficient perstage than in axial compressors. Higher efficiency is always the aim of the designer of compressors. In the present work, the influence of four partsof a small centrifugal compressor that compresses heavy molecular weight real gas has been investigated in order to achieve higher efficiency. Two parts concern the impeller: tip clearance and the circumferential position of the splitter blade. The other two parts concern the diffuser: the pinch shape and vane shape. Computational fluid dynamics is applied in this study. The Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes flow solver Finflo is used. The quasi-steady approach is utilized. Chien's k-e turbulence model is used to model the turbulence. A new practical real gas model is presented in this study. The real gas model is easily generated, accuracy controllable and fairly fast. The numerical results and measurements show good agreement. The influence of tip clearance on the performance of a small compressor is obvious. The pressure ratio and efficiency are decreased as the size of tip clearance is increased, while the total enthalpy rise keeps almost constant. The decrement of the pressure ratio and efficiency is larger at higher mass flow rates and smaller at lower mass flow rates. The flow angles at the inlet and outlet of the impeller are increased as the size of tip clearance is increased. The results of the detailed flow field show that leakingflow is the main reason for the performance drop. The secondary flow region becomes larger as the size of tip clearance is increased and the area of the main flow is compressed. The flow uniformity is then decreased. A detailed study shows that the leaking flow rate is higher near the exit of the impeller than that near the inlet of the impeller. Based on this phenomenon, a new partiallyshrouded impeller is used. The impeller is shrouded near the exit of the impeller. The results show that the flow field near the exit of the impeller is greatly changed by the partially shrouded impeller, and better performance is achievedthan with the unshrouded impeller. The loading distribution on the impeller blade and the flow fields in the impeller is changed by moving the splitter of the impeller in circumferential direction. Moving the splitter slightly to the suction side of the long blade can improve the performance of the compressor. The total enthalpy rise is reduced if only the leading edge of the splitter ismoved to the suction side of the long blade. The performance of the compressor is decreased if the blade is bended from the radius direction at the leading edge of the splitter. The total pressure rise and the enthalpy rise of thecompressor are increased if pinch is used at the diffuser inlet. Among the fivedifferent pinch shape configurations, at design and lower mass flow rates the efficiency of a straight line pinch is the highest, while at higher mass flow rate, the efficiency of a concave pinch is the highest. The sharp corner of the pinch is the main reason for the decrease of efficiency and should be avoided. The variation of the flow angles entering the diffuser in spanwise direction is decreased if pinch is applied. A three-dimensional low solidity twisted vaned diffuser is designed to match the flow angles entering the diffuser. The numerical results show that the pressure recovery in the twisted diffuser is higher than in a conventional low solidity vaned diffuser, which also leads to higher efficiency of the twisted diffuser. Investigation of the detailed flow fields shows that the separation at lower mass flow rate in the twisted diffuser is later than in the conventional low solidity vaned diffuser, which leads to a possible wider flow range of the twisted diffuser.

Direct-on-line axial flux permanent magnet synchronous generator static and dynamic performance

In distributed energy production, permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG) are often connected to the grid via frequency converters, such as voltage source line converters. The price of the converter may constitute a large part of the costs of a generating set. Some of the permanent magnet synchronous generators with converters and traditional separately excited synchronous generators couldbe replaced by direct-on-line (DOL) non-controlled PMSGs. Small directly networkconnected generators are likely to have large markets in the area of distributed electric energy generation. Typical prime movers could be windmills, watermills and internal combustion engines. DOL PMSGs could also be applied in island networks, such as ships and oil platforms. Also various back-up power generating systems could be carried out with DOL PMSGs. The benefits would be a lower priceof the generating set and the robustness and easy use of the system. The performance of DOL PMSGs is analyzed. The electricity distribution companies have regulations that constrain the design of the generators being connected to the grid. The general guidelines and recommendations are applied in the analysis. By analyzing the results produced by the simulation model for the permanent magnet machine, the guidelines for efficient damper winding parameters for DOL PMSGs are presented. The simulation model is used to simulate grid connections and load transients. The damper winding parameters are calculated by the finite element method (FEM) and determined from experimental measurements. Three-dimensional finite element analysis (3D FEA) is carried out. The results from the simulation model and 3D FEA are compared with practical measurements from two prototype axial flux permanent magnet generators provided with damper windings. The dimensioning of the damper winding parameters is case specific. The damper winding should be dimensioned based on the moment of inertia of the generating set. It is shown that the damper winding has optimal values to reach synchronous operation in the shortest period of time after transient operation. With optimal dimensioning, interferenceon the grid is minimized.

Cardiovascular effects of short term exposure to electric and magnetic fields of electricity power transmission

In the electrical industry the 50 Hz electric and magnetic fields are often higher than in the average working environment. The electric and magnetic fields can be studied by measuring or by calculatingthe fields in the environment. For example, the electric field under a 400 kV power line is 1 to 10 kV/m, and the magnetic flux density is 1 to 15 µT. Electricand magnetic fields of a power line induce a weak electric field and electric currents in the exposed body. The average current density in a human being standing under a 400 kV line is 1 to 2 mA/m2. The aim of this study is to find out thepossible effects of short term exposure to electric and magnetic fields of electricity power transmission on workers' health, in particular the cardiovascular effects. The study consists of two parts; Experiment I: influence on extrasystoles, and Experiment II: influence on heart rate. In Experiment I two groups, 26 voluntary men (Group 1) and 27 transmission-line workers (Group 2), were measured. Their electrocardiogram (ECG) was recorded with an ambulatory recorder both in and outside the field. In Group 1 the fields were 1.7 to 4.9 kV/m and 1.1 to 7.1 pT; in Group 2 they were 0.1 to 10.2 kV/m and 1.0 to 15.4 pT. In the ECG analysis the only significant observation was a decrease in the heart rate after field exposure (Group 1). The drop cannot be explained with the first measuring method. Therefore Experiment II was carried out. In Experiment II two groups were used; Group 1 (26 male volunteers) were measured in real field exposure, Group 2 (15 male volunteers) in "sham" fields. The subjects of Group 1 spent 1 h outside the field, then 1 h in the field under a 400 kV transmission line, and then again 1 h outside the field. Under the 400 kV linethe field strength varied from 3.5 to 4.3 kV/m, and from 1.4 to 6.6 pT. Group 2spent the entire test period (3 h) in a 33 kV outdoor testing station in a "sham" field. ECG, blood pressure, and electroencephalogram (EEG) were measured by ambulatory methods. Before and after the field exposure, the subjects performed some cardiovascular autonomic function tests. The analysis of the results (Experiments I and II) showed that extrasystoles or arrythmias were as frequent in the field (below 4 kV/m and 4 pT) as outside it. In Experiment II there was no decrease detected in the heart rate, and the systolic and diastolic blood pressure stayed nearly the same. No health effects were found in this study.