Desvios de erupção dos caninos superiores permanentes

Os caninos superiores permanentes possuem um longo e difícil trajeto de erupção, desde a sua formação até à sua posição final de erupção. Deste modo, estão susceptíveis a desvios de erupção por fatores etiológicos genéticos, ambientais ou locais. Quando se fala em desvios de erupção, a literatura remete-nos para casos de inclusão do canino permanente. Estes problemas clínicos são muito frequentes, sendo que o diagnóstico e tratamento desses problemas necessitam de uma abordagem multidisciplinar. Sendo de enorme importância o conhecimento dos padrões de normalidade que se estabelecem nos diferentes estágios de crescimento e desenvolvimento da dentição decídua, mista e permanente para um diagnóstico adequado e, posteriormente, para o sucesso do tratamento clínico. Quando não diagnosticado ou tratado inadequadamente, podem resultar no desenvolvimento de problemas, como: más oclusões, reabsorções dos dentes adjacentes, formação cística, infecções e problemas estéticos.

Patologias associadas a caninos inclusos

Os caninos permanentes exercem um papel importante na dentição tanto por razões estéticas quanto funcionais. Os dentes seguem uma sequência de erupção favorável no desenvolvimento da oclusão normal, mas algum distúrbio desse mecanismo, nesse período de transição da dentição decídua para a permanente, pode levar a alterações na sequência ou mesmo no trajeto de erupção, levando a impactação de dentes. São os caninos superiores permanentes, depois dos terceiros mo lares que apresentam maior ocorrência de impactação. Na impossibilidade do diagnóstico precoce, esforços serão empregues para reposicionar o dente no arco dentário evitando sua extração, dada a sua importância no equilíbrio, harmonia e função. Nos casos não diagnosticados ou tratados inadequadamente podem ocorrer perturbações mecânicas, infecciosas ou neoplásicas. O prognóstico depende da posição do canino em relação às estruturas adjacentes e à possibilidade de movimentação ortodôntica. O presente trabalho aborda os principais fatores a serem considerados nos casos de caninos superiores permanentes impactados, tais como processo de erupção, etiologia, diagnóstico, tratamento e principalmente patologias associadas a caninos inclusos.

Tratamento cirúrgico convencional da peri-implantite

Introdução: A peri-implantite, um processo inflamatório que destroi e afeta tanto os tecidos moles como o tecido osseo em redor de um implante dentário Esta patologia vai ter grande influência a quando da escolha de uma solução terapêutica, sendo as principais opções terapêuticas a cirurgia regenerativa e ressetiva. Objetivo: Efetuar uma revisão bibliográfica no que diz respeito á peri-implantite e aos seus tratamentos cirurgicos convencionais, abordando tambem questões epidemiologicas da patologia e fatores de risco. Metodologia: A presente revisão bibliográfica foi baseada em informação ciêntifica publicada. Recorreu-se ás seguintes bases de dados: “MEDLINE/Pubmed”, “SciELO”, “EBSCO HOST” e “Science Direct”, através da introdução das seguintes palavras-chave: “Peri-implantitis”, “Mucositis”, “Peri-implant infections”, “Diagnosis”, “Treatment���, “Risk factors”, “Surgical treatment���. Conclusão: Para cada situação clínica de peri-implantite, é importante recorrer a diversos parâmetros de diagnóstico, como por exemplo o índice de placa, profundidade e hemorragia à sondagem, supuração e a evidência de perda óssea radiográfica. Aquando de reabilitação oral com implantes, o paciente deverá obedecer a um programa de manutenção eficaz, com o objetivo de manter a integridade dos tecidos peri-implantares. Na literatura científica são descritas diversas possibilidades de tratamento, existe enumero protocolos terapêuticos a efetuar. O médico dentista deve adoptar com base no diagnostico rigoroso o melhor tratamento a efetuar. Nesta linha de pensamentos existem várias aborgens terapêuticas que podemos efetuar, sendo a cirurgia ressetiva e a cirurgia regenerativa soluções têrapeuticas de elevada importância no que diz respeito ao sucesso no tratamento da peri-implantite.

Trombose venosa profunda em idade pediátrica – estudo retrospetivo de 10 anos

Introdução e Objetivos: A trombose venosa profunda (TVP) e o tromboembolismo pulmonar são os componentes do tromboembolismo venoso (TEV) que, embora infrequente, é uma entidade emergente na pediatria. Apresentamos uma casuística cujo objetivo é a avaliação dos aspetos mais relevantes da TVP em idade pediátrica e da sua abordagem terapêutica. Metodologia: Revisão retrospetiva descritiva dos processos dos doentes internados na última década com o diagnóstico de TVP no Serviço de Pediatria da ULSAM. Resultados: Identificaram-se seis doentes, cinco deles do sexo feminino. A mediana de idades foi 17 anos. O edema do membro afetado esteve sempre presente e o segmento venoso mais atingido foi o ileofemoral (2/6). Houve concomitância de pelo menos dois fatores de risco adquiridos em três doentes, sendo o mais frequente o contracetivo oral combinado. Foi excluída trombofilia hereditária em cinco doentes mas ainda aguardamos o resultado do estudo de um doente. O tempo médio de tratamento foi de 9,8 meses. Discussão e Conclusão: A TVP na criança tem sido reconhecida como uma patologia rara, mas importante causa de morbilidade. A maior incidência de TVP foi documentada na adolescência com compromisso do membro inferior, tal como referido na literatura. Verificamos uma conjugação de fatores de risco que, provavelmente, se potenciaram entre si levando à ocorrência do TEV e colocamos a possibilidade do Pediatra se estar a deparar com uma nova realidade anteriormente excluída do atendimento pediátrico. O aumento na incidência desta patologia levanta a questão do acréscimo de risco trombótico nos adolescentes do sexo feminino devido à utilização de contracetivos orais combinados. Salientamos a importância de um consenso nacional no diagnóstico, tratamento e prevenção desta entidade em Pediatria.

Candidaemia or Candidasis: Controversy of Staphylococcus Sexually Transmitted Infection?

Herbal medications are becoming increasingly popular but a most-extraordinary claim by traditional/herbal medical practitioners relates to a Gram-positive bacterium, Staphylococcus , which has been depicted as a deadly sexually transmitted disease that manifest in the form of worms and other symptoms; with contributory roles including infertility, sexual dysfunction and impotency. They further boasted that they are the only ones that possessed the remedy (herbal) for the Staphylococcus sexually transmitted scourge. In the absence of distinguishing phenotypic taxonomic tools, Staphylococcus and Candida spp. may be confused for each other. However, Staphylococcus is a bacterium and not an infection; therefore, there must be more to the traditional medical practitioners’ boasts in ability to cure an infection that was not an infection in the first place. In conclusion, the common sense is that candiaemia or candidiasis is most likely the misdiagnosed sexually transmitted Staphylococcus disease, which is of significant human clinical health issue.

Falls and other geriatric syndromes in Blantyre, Malawi: a community survey of older adults

Background The prevalence of geriatric syndromes (falls, immobility, intellectual or memory impairment, and incontinence) is unknown in many resource-poor countries. With an aging population such knowledge is essential to develop national policies on the health and social needs of older people. The aim of this study was to provide a preliminary survey to explore the prevalence of falls and other geriatric syndromes and their association with known risk factors in people aged > 60 years in urban Blantyre, Malawi. Methods This was a cross-sectional, community survey of adults aged > 60 years. Subjects were recruited at home or in the waiting areas of chronic care clinics. They were interviewed to complete a questionnaire on ageassociated syndromes and comorbid problems. The Abbreviated Mental Test (AMT) and Timed Up and Go (TUG) tests were carried out. Results Ninety-eight subjects were studied; 41% reported falling in the past 12 months, 33% of whom (13% of all subjects) were recurrent fallers. Twenty-five percent reported urine incontinence, 66% self-reported memory difficulties, and 11% had an AMT score < 7. A history of falling was significantly associated with urine incontinence (p=0.01), selfreported memory problems (p=0.004) and AMT score < 7 (p=0.02). Conclusions Geriatric syndromes, including falls, appear to be prevalent in older people in Blantyre, Malawi. Falling is associated with cognitive impairment and urinary incontinence. There is an urgent need for more understanding of geriatric problems in this setting to develop national policies on health and social needs of older people. It is likely that many of the contributory factors to falls would be amenable to multifactorial interventions similar to those found to be effective in developed countries.

Endoscopy as a diagnostic and therapeutic alternative technique of taeniasis

Despite a low incidence in developed countries, gastrointestinal taeniasis should be suspected in patients with abdominal pain, diarrhea, anemia, and/or malabsorption of unknown origin, even more so if they come from endemic regions or areas with poor hygienic and alimentary habits. Diagnosis is traditionally reached by identifying the parasite in stools, but more recently both serological and immunological approaches are also available. Based on a patient diagnosed by gastroscopy, a literature review was undertaken of patients diagnosed by endoscopy. We discuss endoscopy as diagnostic modality, and the effectiveness and safety that endoscopic treatment may provide in view of the potential risk for neurocysticercosis.

Insulinoma em furões

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária

Ebola virus disease 2014

Ebola virus disease was irst described in 1976 originating from the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Since then, Ebola virus has become an important public health threat in Africa, and now it is of great concern worldwide due to the recent outbreaks (9216 cases with 4555 deaths up to October 20th, 2014), and it is so far the largest and deadliest recorded in history. Five Ebola virus species have been identiied (including Zaire, Sudan, Ivory Coast, Reston, and Bundibugyo Ebola virus), and four of them have proved to be highly pathogenic for both human and non-human primates, causing viral hemorrhagic fever with case fatality rates of up to 90%, for which no approved therapeutics or vaccines are currently available. Ebola virus infections are characterized by immune suppression and a systemic inlammatory response that causes impairment of the vascular, coagulation, and immune systems, leading to multiorgan failure and shock, and thus, in some ways, resembling septic shock. The major affected countries, Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia, and Nigeria, have been struggling to contain and to mitigate the outbreak. Gene sequencing of the 2014 virus (2014WA) outbreak has demonstrated 98% homology with the Zaire Ebola virus, with a 49% case fatality ratio across the affected countries. In this review the characteristics of the viruses, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and the cases reported in health care workers (HCW) are described, as well as a summary of outbreaks of the virus since its discovery, including these last two outbreaks in Africa.

Prevalencia y factores de riesgo de la incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo en mujeres atendidas en consulta externa de urología y ginecología del Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso. Periodo enero 2012 - diciembre 2014

Antecedentes. La incontinencia urinaria de esfuerzo (IUE) es el tipo más común en mujeres, no es una enfermedad que ponga en peligro la vida del paciente, pero deteriora significativamente la calidad de vida. Objetivo: Establecer la prevalencia y factores de riesgo de la IUE en mujeres que fueron atendidas en consulta externa de Urología y Ginecología del Hospital Vicente Corral Moscoso. Material y métodos. Con un diseño transversal se recopiló información de las historias clínicas de 2418 mujeres atendidas en el período enero 2012 a diciembre 2014. Se describen características demográficas y se analiza: multiparidad, edad mayor a 45 años, obesidad y diabetes, como factores de IUE. Resultados. El 52.4% (n = 1268) de la población de estudio fue mayor a los 45 años, 88% (n = 2128) multíparas, 28.2% (n = 682) obesas y el 11.1% (n = 268) diabéticas. La prevalencia de la IUE fue del 10.3%. Se encontró asociación significativa de la IUE con: multiparidad [OR 2.2 (IC95% 1.3 – 3.8)] P = 0.002, edad mayor a 45 años [OR 1.8 (IC95% 1.4 – 2.4)] P < 0.001 y obesidad [OR 1.5 (IC95% 1.2 – 2.0)] P = 0.001. No se encontró asociación con la diabetes [OR 0.9 (IC95% 0.6 – 1.4)] P = 0.880. Conclusión. Las características de la población de estudio fueron similares a las reportadas por la literatura médica. La no asociación con diabetes se explicaría por la baja prevalencia global de IUE en pacientes diabéticos mayores de 65 años

Scoping review of adherence promotion theories in pelvic floor muscle training : 2011 ics state-of-the-science seminar research paper I of IV

Aims This paper, the first of four emanating from the International Continence Society's 2011 State-of-the-Science Seminar on pelvic-floor-muscle training (PFMT) adherence, aimed to summarize the literature on theoretical models to promote PFMT adherence, as identified in the research, or suggested by the seminar's expert panel, and recommends future directions for clinical practice and research. Methods Existing literature on theories of health behavior were identified through a conventional subject search of electronic databases, reference-list checking, and input from the expert panel. A core eligibility criterion was that the study included a theoretical model to underpin adherence strategies used in an intervention to promote PFM training/exercise. Results A brief critique of 12 theoretical models/theories is provided and, were appropriate, their use in PFMT adherence strategies identified or examples of possible uses in future studies outlined. Conclusion A better theoretical-based understanding of interventions to promote PFMT adherence through changes in health behaviors is required. The results of this scoping review and expert opinions identified several promising models. Future research should explicitly map the theories behind interventions that are thought to improve adherence in various populations (e.g., perinatal women to prevent or lessen urinary incontinence). In addition, identified behavioral theories applied to PFMT require a process whereby their impact can be evaluated.

Pelvic-floor-muscle-training adherence “modifiers” : a review of primary qualitative studies : 2011 ICS State-of-the-Science Seminar research paper III of IV

Aims This review aims to locate and summarize the findings of qualitative studies exploring the experience of and adherence to pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) to recommend future directions for practice and research. Methods Primary qualitative studies were identified through a conventional subject search of electronic databases, reference-list checking, and expert contact. A core eligibility criterion was the inclusion of verbatim quotes from participants about PFMT experiences. Details of study aims, methods, and participants were extracted and tabulated. Data were inductively grouped into categories describing “modifiers” of adherence (verified by a second author) and systematically displayed with supporting illustrative quotes. Results Thirteen studies (14 study reports) were included; eight recruited only or predominantly women with urinary incontinence, three recruited postnatal women, and two included women with pelvic organ prolapse. The quality of methodological reporting varied. Six “modifiers” of adherence were described: knowledge; physical skill; feelings about PFMT; cognitive analysis, planning, and attention; prioritization; and service provision. Conclusions Individuals' experience substantial difficulties with capability (particularly knowledge and skills), motivation (especially associated with the considerable cognitive demands of PFMT), and opportunity (as external factors generate competing priorities) when adopting and maintaining a PFMT program. Expert consensus was that judicious selection and deliberate application of appropriate behavior change strategies directed to the “modifiers” of adherence identified in the review may improve PFMT outcomes. Future research is needed to explore whether the review findings are congruent with the PFMT experiences of antenatal women, men, and adults with fecal incontinence.

Scoping review of adherence promotion theories in pelvic floor muscle training : 2011 ics state-of-the-science seminar research paper I of IV

Aims This paper, the first of four emanating from the International Continence Society's 2011 State-of-the-Science Seminar on pelvic-floor-muscle training (PFMT) adherence, aimed to summarize the literature on theoretical models to promote PFMT adherence, as identified in the research, or suggested by the seminar's expert panel, and recommends future directions for clinical practice and research. Methods Existing literature on theories of health behavior were identified through a conventional subject search of electronic databases, reference-list checking, and input from the expert panel. A core eligibility criterion was that the study included a theoretical model to underpin adherence strategies used in an intervention to promote PFM training/exercise. Results A brief critique of 12 theoretical models/theories is provided and, were appropriate, their use in PFMT adherence strategies identified or examples of possible uses in future studies outlined. Conclusion A better theoretical-based understanding of interventions to promote PFMT adherence through changes in health behaviors is required. The results of this scoping review and expert opinions identified several promising models. Future research should explicitly map the theories behind interventions that are thought to improve adherence in various populations (e.g., perinatal women to prevent or lessen urinary incontinence). In addition, identified behavioral theories applied to PFMT require a process whereby their impact can be evaluated.

Pelvic-floor-muscle-training adherence “modifiers” : a review of primary qualitative studies : 2011 ICS State-of-the-Science Seminar research paper III of IV

Aims This review aims to locate and summarize the findings of qualitative studies exploring the experience of and adherence to pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) to recommend future directions for practice and research. Methods Primary qualitative studies were identified through a conventional subject search of electronic databases, reference-list checking, and expert contact. A core eligibility criterion was the inclusion of verbatim quotes from participants about PFMT experiences. Details of study aims, methods, and participants were extracted and tabulated. Data were inductively grouped into categories describing “modifiers” of adherence (verified by a second author) and systematically displayed with supporting illustrative quotes. Results Thirteen studies (14 study reports) were included; eight recruited only or predominantly women with urinary incontinence, three recruited postnatal women, and two included women with pelvic organ prolapse. The quality of methodological reporting varied. Six “modifiers” of adherence were described: knowledge; physical skill; feelings about PFMT; cognitive analysis, planning, and attention; prioritization; and service provision. Conclusions Individuals' experience substantial difficulties with capability (particularly knowledge and skills), motivation (especially associated with the considerable cognitive demands of PFMT), and opportunity (as external factors generate competing priorities) when adopting and maintaining a PFMT program. Expert consensus was that judicious selection and deliberate application of appropriate behavior change strategies directed to the “modifiers” of adherence identified in the review may improve PFMT outcomes. Future research is needed to explore whether the review findings are congruent with the PFMT experiences of antenatal women, men, and adults with fecal incontinence.

Evaluación del desempeño de pruebas diagnósticas de tuberculosis en pacientes VIH positivo en dos hospitales públicos de Bogotá

La tuberculosis TB es una de las principales causas de muerte en el mundo en individuos con infección por VIH. En Colombia esta coinfección soporta una carga importante en la población general convirtiéndose en un problema de salud pública. En estos pacientes las pruebas diagnósticas tienen sensibilidad inferior y la enfermedad evoluciona con mayor frecuencia hacia formas diseminadas y rápidamente progresivas y su diagnóstico oportuno representa un reto en Salud. El objetivo de este proyecto es evaluar el desempeño de las pruebas diagnósticas convencionales y moleculares, para la detección de TB latente y activa pacientes con VIH, en dos hospitales públicos de Bogotá. Para TB latente se evaluó la concordancia entre las pruebas QuantiFERON-TB (QTF) y Tuberculina (PPD), sugiriendo superioridad del QTF sobre la PPD. Se evaluaron tres pruebas diagnósticas por su sensibilidad y especificidad, baciloscopia (BK), GenoType®MTBDR plus (Genotype) y PCR IS6110 teniendo como estándar de oro el cultivo. Los resultados de sensibilidad (S) y especificidad (E) de cada prueba con una prevalencia del 19,4 % de TB pulmonar y extrapulmonar en los pacientes que participaron del estudio fue: BK S: 64% E: 99,1%; Genotype S: 77,8% E: 94,5%; PCRIS6110 S: 73% E: 95,5%, de la misma forma se determinaron los valores predictivos positivos y negativos (VPP y VPN) BK: 88,9% y 94,8%, Genotype S: 77,8% E: 94,5%; PCRIS6110 S: 90% y 95,7%. Se concluyó bajo análisis de curva ROC que las pruebas muestran un rendimiento diagnóstico similar por separado en el diagnóstico de TB en pacientes con VIH, aumentando su rendimiento diagnostico cuando se combinan