A Universal Stress Protein (USP) in Mycobacteria Binds cAMP

Mycobacteria are endowed with rich and diverse machinery for the synthesis, utilization, and degradation of cAMP. The actions of cyclic nucleotides are generally mediated by binding of cAMP to conserved and well characterized cyclic nucleotide binding domains or structurally distinct cGMP-specific and -regulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, adenylyl cyclase, and E. coli transcription factor FhlA (GAF) domain-containing proteins. Proteins with cyclic nucleotide binding and GAF domains can be identified in the genome of mycobacterial species, and some of them have been characterized. Here, we show that a significant fraction of intracellular cAMP is bound to protein in mycobacterial species, and by using affinity chromatography techniques, we identify specific universal stress proteins (USP) as abundantly expressed cAMP-binding proteins in slow growing as well as fast growing mycobacteria. We have characterized the biochemical and thermodynamic parameters for binding of cAMP, and we show that these USPs bind cAMP with a higher affinity than ATP, an established ligand for other USPs. We determined the structure of the USP MSMEG_3811 bound to cAMP, and we confirmed through structure-guided mutagenesis, the residues important for cAMP binding. This family of USPs is conserved in all mycobacteria, and we suggest that they serve as ``sinks'' for cAMP, making this second messenger available for downstream effectors as and when ATP levels are altered in the cell.

Universal Hashing for Information-Theoretic Security

The information-theoretic approach to security entails harnessing the correlated randomness available in nature to establish security. It uses tools from information theory and coding and yields provable security, even against an adversary with unbounded computational power. However, the feasibility of this approach in practice depends on the development of efficiently implementable schemes. In this paper, we review a special class of practical schemes for information-theoretic security that are based on 2-universal hash families. Specific cases of secret key agreement and wiretap coding are considered, and general themes are identified. The scheme presented for wiretap coding is modular and can be implemented easily by including an extra preprocessing layer over the existing transmission codes.

Universal buckling kinetics in drying nanoparticle-laden droplets on a hydrophobic substrate

We provide a comprehensive physical description of the vaporization, self-assembly, agglomeration, and buckling kinetics of sessile nanofluid droplets pinned on a hydrophobic substrate. We have deciphered five distinct regimes of the droplet life cycle. Regimes I-III consists of evaporation-induced preferential agglomeration that leads to the formation of a unique dome-shaped inhomogeneous shell with a stratified varying-density liquid core. Regime IV involves capillary-pressure-initiated shell buckling and stress-induced shell rupture. Regime V marks rupture-induced cavity inception and growth. We demonstrate through scaling arguments that the growth of the cavity (which controls the final morphology or structure) can be described by a universal function.

Translation Induction on Indian Language Corpora Using Translingual Themes from Other Languages

Identifying translations from comparable corpora is a well-known problem with several applications, e.g. dictionary creation in resource-scarce languages. Scarcity of high quality corpora, especially in Indian languages, makes this problem hard, e.g. state-of-the-art techniques achieve a mean reciprocal rank (MRR) of 0.66 for English-Italian, and a mere 0.187 for Telugu-Kannada. There exist comparable corpora in many Indian languages with other ``auxiliary'' languages. We observe that translations have many topically related words in common in the auxiliary language. To model this, we define the notion of a translingual theme, a set of topically related words from auxiliary language corpora, and present a probabilistic framework for translation induction. Extensive experiments on 35 comparable corpora using English and French as auxiliary languages show that this approach can yield dramatic improvements in performance (e.g. MRR improves by 124% to 0.419 for Telugu-Kannada). A user study on WikiTSu, a system for cross-lingual Wikipedia title suggestion that uses our approach, shows a 20% improvement in the quality of titles suggested.

Universal anomalous dimensions at large spin and large twist

In this paper we consider anomalous dimensions of double trace operators at large spin (l) and large twist (tau) in CFTs in arbitrary dimensions (d >= 3). Using analytic conformal bootstrap methods, we show that the anomalous dimensions are universal in the limit l >> tau >> 1. In the course of the derivation, we extract an approximate closed form expression for the conformal blocks arising in the four point function of identical scalars in any dimension. We compare our results with two different calculations in holography and find perfect agreement.

Falcon: A Graph Manipulation Language for Heterogeneous Systems

Graph algorithms have been shown to possess enough parallelism to keep several computing resources busy-even hundreds of cores on a GPU. Unfortunately, tuning their implementation for efficient execution on a particular hardware configuration of heterogeneous systems consisting of multicore CPUs and GPUs is challenging, time consuming, and error prone. To address these issues, we propose a domain-specific language (DSL), Falcon, for implementing graph algorithms that (i) abstracts the hardware, (ii) provides constructs to write explicitly parallel programs at a higher level, and (iii) can work with general algorithms that may change the graph structure (morph algorithms). We illustrate the usage of our DSL to implement local computation algorithms (that do not change the graph structure) and morph algorithms such as Delaunay mesh refinement, survey propagation, and dynamic SSSP on GPU and multicore CPUs. Using a set of benchmark graphs, we illustrate that the generated code performs close to the state-of-the-art hand-tuned implementations.

Evaluación de los factores de la ecuación universal de pérdidas de suelo en la micro cuenca "D", de la Cuenca Sur del Lago de Managua

El presente estudio se realizó en la micro cuenca "D", de la Cuenca Sur del Lago de Managua. Se determinaron los factores de la E.U.P.S., las pérdidas de suelo reales estimadas por la metodología de Coschoton y la influencia de la cobertura vegetal de los cultivos de maíz (60,81 l pts/ha) y frijol (225,225 pts/ha) en rotaciones únicas sembradas a curvas a nivel. Se utilizaron 6 parcelas de escurrimiento bajo la metodología de Wishmeier, con dimensiones de 2 m de ancho y 22.2 m de largo por cada parcela. Las variables evaluadas fueron las pérdidas de suelo reales por evento lluvioso, y los factores de la E.U.P.S. La información se presenta de forma descriptiva. Según datos obtenidos en el estudio demostraron que las parcelas desnudas presentaron las mayores pérdidas de suelo reales en el ciclo de primera como postrera, las parcelas cultivadas con maíz resultó ser más efectivo que las parcelas cultivadas con frijol en la época de primera, en postrera las pérdidas de suelo disminuyeron sustancialmente siendo las parcelas cultivadas con frijol las más efectivas dado que no presentó pérdidas de suelo. Los meses de Junio, Agosto y Septiembre son los meses con mayor susceptibilidad a las pérdidas de suelo coincidiendo éstas en la fase de germinación y plántula cuando la protección del cultivo es baja o nula Dicha rotación presentó valores de pérdidas de suelo por arriba de los niveles de tolerancia anuales propuestos por Mennering (1981) y Schertz (1993), recomendando implementar otras técnicas de conservación de suelo adicional a la práctica de cultivos en contornos para reducir las pérdidas de suelo.

Discriminative language model adaptation for Mandarin broadcast speech transcription and translation

This paper investigates unsupervised test-time adaptation of language models (LM) using discriminative methods for a Mandarin broadcast speech transcription and translation task. A standard approach to adapt interpolated language models to is to optimize the component weights by minimizing the perplexity on supervision data. This is a widely made approximation for language modeling in automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. For speech translation tasks, it is unclear whether a strong correlation still exists between perplexity and various forms of error cost functions in recognition and translation stages. The proposed minimum Bayes risk (MBR) based approach provides a flexible framework for unsupervised LM adaptation. It generalizes to a variety of forms of recognition and translation error metrics. LM adaptation is performed at the audio document level using either the character error rate (CER), or translation edit rate (TER) as the cost function. An efficient parameter estimation scheme using the extended Baum-Welch (EBW) algorithm is proposed. Experimental results on a state-of-the-art speech recognition and translation system are presented. The MBR adapted language models gave the best recognition and translation performance and reduced the TER score by up to 0.54% absolute. © 2007 IEEE.

Language model combination and adaptation using weighted finite state transducers

In speech recognition systems language model (LMs) are often constructed by training and combining multiple n-gram models. They can be either used to represent different genres or tasks found in diverse text sources, or capture stochastic properties of different linguistic symbol sequences, for example, syllables and words. Unsupervised LM adaptation may also be used to further improve robustness to varying styles or tasks. When using these techniques, extensive software changes are often required. In this paper an alternative and more general approach based on weighted finite state transducers (WFSTs) is investigated for LM combination and adaptation. As it is entirely based on well-defined WFST operations, minimum change to decoding tools is needed. A wide range of LM combination configurations can be flexibly supported. An efficient on-the-fly WFST decoding algorithm is also proposed. Significant error rate gains of 7.3% relative were obtained on a state-of-the-art broadcast audio recognition task using a history dependently adapted multi-level LM modelling both syllable and word sequences. ©2010 IEEE.

Practical Criterion for Universal Laws and Practical Methods for Construction of Co-variance Sets

给出相对论力学中普遍定律的实用判别法和协变集的实用构造法,还给出实现非普遍定律的“可导出性”的一种实用方法．

El Liber Sancti Jacobi y la sacralización universal de las reliquias compostelanas

Resumen: La leyenda franca del descubrimiento de los restos de Santiago plantea una serie de problemas que trascienden la historia del Camino en sí mismo. Desde hace más de quince años he trabajado sobre los vínculos culturales entre Hispania y Galia. Coincidí con la tesis de Rucquoi, sobre las rutas del saber y retrotraje su hipótesis de trabajo hasta el siglo VIII. En este artículo intento exponer mi hipótesis sobre la posible relación entre las reliquias compostelanas y la Sacralización del Imperio Alemán durante el reinado de Federico I Barbarroja.

Las claves narrativas del poema caballeresco en Ludovico Ariosto

Integran este número de la revista ponencias presentadas en Studia Hispanica Medievalia VIII: Actas de las IX Jornadas Internacionales de Literatura Española Medieval, 2008, y de Homenaje al Quinto Centenario de Amadis de Gaula

Dasher - A data entry interface using continuous gestures and language models

Existing devices for communicating information to computers are bulky, slow to use, or unreliable. Dasher is a new interface incorporating language modelling and driven by continuous two-dimensional gestures, e.g. a mouse, touchscreen, or eye-tracker. Tests have shown that this device can be used to enter text at a rate of up to 34 words per minute, compared with typical ten-finger keyboard typing of 40-60 words per minute. Although the interface is slower than a conventional keyboard, it is small and simple, and could be used on personal data assistants and by motion-impaired computer users.

Lecturas contemporáneas de la ley natural

Resumen: la teoría de la ley natural ha tenido un extenso desarrollo en la ética, más allá de lo jurídico, por lo que bien puede hablarse de una ética de la ley natural, con una vigencia desde su nacimiento en el pensamiento griego hasta la filosofía contemporánea. En este trabajo se atiende a la especial lectura que hacen los moralistas neo-analíticos de habla inglesa, quienes tratan, sistemática y/o históricamente, el tema de la ley natural, sea traduciéndola a su proceder epistemológico, sea en confrontación o crítica, sea desde una forma «sui generis» de reivindicación. Esto nos permite hablar de una vigencia de lo que su concepto significa: ser una ley que se sustenta en la naturaleza racional y universal de la humanidad

Evaluación de los factores de la ecuación universal de perdida de suelo: Municipio San José de los Remates

El área experimental está ubicada en el departamento de Boaco, municipio de San José de los Remate, finca La Primavera cuya ubicación es latitud norte 12°36'43" y longitud oeste 85°44'07". El objetivo del presente estudio es determinar los factores de la E.U.P.S durante la estación lluviosa del 2006, bajo diferentes estrategias de cubierta vegetal (Grama natural y Bosque nativo). Se estableció un experimento en bloques, con tres repeticiones y dos tratamientos. Cada parcela tiene una dimensión de 50 metros de largo y 15 metros de ancho para un área útil de 750 m2 con un área total por tratamiento de 2,250 m2. El estudio demuestra que las mayores pérdidas de suelo se dieron en las parcelas de Bosque nativo con un valor promedio de 0.068 ton/ha y en las parcelas de Grama natural resultaron con perdidas menores con 0.0264 ton/ha. Además las pérdidas de suelos en todos los eventos fueron relativamente bajo en comparación a los niveles de tolerancia propuestos por Mennering (1981) y Schertz (1983). Se utilizo la Ecuación Universal de Pérdida de Suelo (E.U.P.S) el cual está compuesta por un total de 6 parámetro como R = 285.13 MJmm/hah,K = 0.017-0.019 ton ha h /ha MJ mm, S = 1.6, L = 4.27 a 8.89, C = Grama natura l0.01 y Bosque nativo 0.001, P = no se asumió por no existir práctica. Para el análisis de la información; se utilizó como método estadística T student con un grado de significancia del 95 % los efectos de las diferentes variables relacionada a los procesos de erosión del suelo y del escurrimiento superficial resultando no significativos para dichos cálculos establecidos. El uso de relación entre algunas variables no fue sensible a su relación como la erosividad vs. Intensidad de la lluvia o erosividad vs. Pérdida de suelo debido a los pocos eventos de lluvia que fueron analizados en este período de estudio. Recomendando que estos estudios deberán de ser proyectado a mediano y largo plazo para reconocer los procesos de erosión de suelo y el efecto del escurrimiento superficial en tierras escarpadas bajo la aplicación de modelos de predicción de erosión.