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D'une manière très synthétique, une agence est une entité publique qui bénéficie d'une certaine autonomie dans l'exécution des tâches qui lui sont assignées. La création d'agences ne constitue pas un phénomène nouveau au niveau de l'administration car de telles entités existent depuis très longtemps en Suisse comme dans d'autres pays. En revanche, leur nombre a augmenté très sensiblement dans les pays membres de l'Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques (OCDE) depuis les années 1980, consécutivement à une forte tendance à l'externalisation de l'exécution de tâches publiques (Pollitt et al. 2001; OCDE 2002; Pollitt et Bouckaert 2004; Verhoest et al. 2011).

IL2RA/CD25 gene polymorphisms: uneven association with multiple sclerosis (MS) and type 1 diabetes (T1D).

BACKGROUND: IL-2 receptor (IL2R) alpha is the specific component of the high affinity IL2R system involved in the immune response and in the control of autoimmunity. METHODS AND RESULTS: Here we perform a replication and fine mapping of the IL2RA gene region analyzing 3 SNPs previously associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 5 SNPs associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in a collection of 798 MS patients and 927 matched Caucasian controls from the south of Spain. We observed association with MS in 6 of 8 SNPs. The rs1570538, at the 3'- UTR extreme of the gene, previously reported to have a weak association with MS, is replicated here (P = 0.032). The most associated T1D SNP (rs41295061) was not associated with MS in the present study. However, the rs35285258, belonging to another independent group of SNPs associated with T1D, showed the maximal association in this study but different risk allele. We replicated the association of only one (rs2104286) of the two IL2RA SNPs identified in the recently performed genome-wide association study of MS. CONCLUSIONS: These findings confirm and extend the association of this gene with MS and reveal a genetic heterogeneity of the associated polymorphisms and risk alleles between MS and T1D suggesting different immunopathological roles of IL2RA in these two diseases.

IL-10 release by bovine epithelial cells cultured with Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus

Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus are parasitic protists of the human and bovine urogenital tracts, respectively. Several studies have described the cytotoxic effects of trichomonads on urogenital tract epithelial cells. However, little is known about the host cell response against trichomonads. The aim of this study was to determine whether T. foetus and T. vaginalis stimulated the release of the cytokine interleukin (IL)-10 from cultured bovine epithelial cells. To characterise the inflammatory response induced by these parasites, primary cultures of bovine oviduct epithelial cells were exposed to either T. vaginalis or T. foetus. Within 12 h after parasite challenge, supernatants were collected and cytokine production was analysed. Large amounts of IL-10 were detected in the supernatants of cultures that had been stimulated with T. foetus. Interestingly, T. vaginalis induced only a small increase in the release of IL-10 upon exposure to the same bovine cells. Thus, the inflammatory response of the host cell is species-specific. Only T. foetus and not T. vaginalis induced the release of IL-10 by bovine oviduct epithelial cells.

Official Positions for FRAX(®) clinical regarding glucocorticoids: the impact of the use of glucocorticoids on the estimate by FRAX(®) of the 10 year risk of fracture from Joint Official Positions Development Conference of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and International Osteoporosis Foundation on FRAX(®).

Given the significant impact the use of glucocorticoids can have on fracture risk independent of bone density, their use has been incorporated as one of the clinical risk factors for calculating the 10-year fracture risk in the World Health Organization's Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX(®)). Like the other clinical risk factors, the use of glucocorticoids is included as a dichotomous variable with use of steroids defined as past or present exposure of 3 months or more of use of a daily dose of 5 mg or more of prednisolone or equivalent. The purpose of this report is to give clinicians guidance on adjustments which should be made to the 10-year risk based on the dose, duration of use and mode of delivery of glucocorticoids preparations. A subcommittee of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry and International Osteoporosis Foundation joint Position Development Conference presented its findings to an expert panel and the following recommendations were selected. 1) There is a dose relationship between glucocorticoid use of greater than 3 months and fracture risk. The average dose exposure captured within FRAX(®) is likely to be a prednisone dose of 2.5-7.5 mg/day or its equivalent. Fracture probability is under-estimated when prednisone dose is greater than 7.5 mg/day and is over-estimated when the prednisone dose is less than 2.5 mg/day. 2) Frequent intermittent use of higher doses of glucocorticoids increases fracture risk. Because of the variability in dose and dosing schedule, quantification of this risk is not possible. 3) High dose inhaled glucocorticoids may be a risk factor for fracture. FRAX(®) may underestimate fracture probability in users of high dose inhaled glucocorticoids. 4) Appropriate glucocorticoid replacement in individuals with adrenal insufficiency has not been found to increase fracture risk. In such patients, use of glucocorticoids should not be included in FRAX(®) calculations.

[10 phot. de France: Montbéliard, Montoire (phot. Yvon-Abel, phot. à Loches), la Mer de glace près Chamonix (phot. ancienne maison Martinet, 172, rue de Rivoli, Paris), le lac Chambon (Puy-de-Dôme), La Rochelle (phot. D. Tallon Larente, phot. dans cette ville), un dolmen près de Lodève (Hérault) (phot. E. Cartailhac), environs de Chambéry (phot. J.L. Perrot, phot. à Chambéry), le Pont du Gard, la Maladetta et le Port de Vénasque (Haute-Garonne Aragon), Cirque de Gavarnie (Hautes-Pyrénées). Don E. Reclus en 1886]

Donateur : Reclus, Élisée (1830-1905)

26/10/19, Croix Catelan [bois de Boulogne], départ du [prix] Roosevelt [course de 4827 m] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 56658

26/10/19, Longchamp, Shah de Perse aux courses : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 56630

Síntesi de la molècula ML-10 i del seu precursor immediat per poder obtenir 18F-ML-10, d'ús en tècniques PET

El 18F-ML-10 és un radiofàrmac utilitzat com a traçador de cèl·lules apoptòtiques mitjançant la tècnica del PET (Positron Emission Tomography). En el present treball de recerca s’ha dut a terme la síntesi de dos precursors del 18F-ML-10, i del producte final no marcat isotòpicament, el ML-10. S’ha plantejat una síntesi convergent per l’obtenció del compost final 3, partint del malonat de di-tert-butil i l’1,5-pentandiol. Tant el precursor tosilat 1 com el mesilat 2 s’han sintetitzat en 3 etapes amb un 29% i un 36% de rendiment, respectivament. El compost 3, utilitzat com a referència en la síntesi del 18F-ML-10, s’ha sintetitzat en 2 etapes a partir del precursor 2 amb un rendiment total de la síntesi del 31%. El procés de radiomarcació s’està portant a terme a l’Institut d’Alta Tecnologia – Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona (IAT–PRBB), on posteriorment es faran estudis neurològics i oncològics on el seguiment de processos apoptòtics és clau.

2/6/19, remise du traité de paix aux Autrichiens [préliminaires au traité de Saint-Germain-en-Laye du 10 septembre, au château], maréchal Foch : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 54218

2/6/19, remise du traité de paix aux Autrichiens [préliminaires du traité de Saint-Germain-en-Laye du 10 septembre, au château], sortie de M. [nom barré et illisible] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 54217

2/6/19, remise des conditions de paix aux Autrichiens [préliminaires au traité de Saint-Germain-en-Laye du 10 septembre, au château] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 54223

2/6/19, remise des conditions de paix aux Autrichiens à St Germain [préliminaires au traité de Saint-Germain-en-Laye du 10 septembre, au château] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 54222

2/6/19, remise des conditions de paix aux Autrichiens [préliminaires au traité de Saint-Germain-en-Laye du 10 septembre, au château] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 54221

10-8-19, Deauville [promeneurs] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 55422