The “social” aspect of social-ecological systems: a critique of analytical frameworks and findings from a multisite study of coastal sustainability

We evaluate whether society can adequately be conceptualized as a component of social-ecological systems, given social theory and the current outputs of systems-based research. A mounting critique from the social sciences posits that resilience theory has undertheorized social entities with the concept of social-ecological systems. We trace the way that use of the term has evolved, relating to social science theory. Scientometic and network analysis provide a wide range of empirical data about the origin, growth, and use of this term in academic literature. A content analysis of papers in Ecology and Society demonstrates a marked emphasis in research on institutions, economic incentives, land use, population, social networks, and social learning. These findings are supported by a review of systems science in 18 coastal assessments. This reveals that a systems-based conceptualization tends to limit the kinds of social science research favoring quantitative couplings of social and ecological components and downplaying interpretive traditions of social research. However, the concept of social-ecological systems remains relevant because of the central insights concerning the dynamic coupling between humans and the environment, and its salient critique about the need for multidisciplinary approaches to solve real world problems, drawing on heuristic devices. The findings of this study should lead to more circumspection about whether a systems approach warrants such claims to comprehensiveness. Further methodological advances are required for interdisciplinarity. Yet there is evidence that systems approaches remain highly productive and useful for considering certain social components such as land use and hybrid ecological networks. We clarify advantages and restrictions of utilizing such a concept, and propose a reformulation that supports engagement with wider traditions of research in the social sciences.

Metsäkyliltä: kertomuksia

Kannen signeeraus: HFR.

Exposure Assessment for Formaldehyde and Acetaldehyde in the Workplace

Personal exposure and possible cancer risk to formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were appraised in 8 work places at a university in Brazil. Levels of formaldehyde measured ranged from 22.5 to 161.5 g·m 3 and from 18.3 to 91.2 g·m 3 for acetaldehyde. The personal exposure, expressed as the potential dose in indoor air, was calculated to range from 129.8 to 930.4 g·day 1 (low exposure) and 183.9 to 1318.1 g·day 1 (medium exposure) for formaldehyde and 105.5 to 525.3 g·day 1 (low exposure) and 149.5 to 744.2 g·day 1 (medium exposure) for acetaldehyde. The indoor/outdoor ratio showed the existence of indoor sources of the compounds which were mainly in practical classes and research laboratories. The highest formaldehyde and acetaldehyde levels were found where chemical reagents were manipulated. Relating the levels found to the permissible limit given by the US OSHA showed there was no particular risk although some formaldehyde levels did exceed the lower exposure limit of the US agency NIOSH. Any cancer risk would be highest for female technicians and teaching researchers.

Los diez mandamientos del diablo (O como nunca llegar a ser empresario). Emprendedores latinoamericanos, protagonistas del siglo XXI

Es un verdadero privilegio poderme reunir este día con jóvenes emprendedores, en este VII Congreso Latinoamericano sobre Espiritu Empresarial. Quiero agradecer a las licenciadas María Magdalena Saleme Aguilar y Diana Ayala, por haberme invitado a participar en este foro y en especial a la Licenciada Hilda Rosario Dávila Ibáñez, amiga mia casi de toda la vida y una gran mujer regiomontana, quien fue la que realmente me convenció y es la culpable de que me tengan hoy aquí.

DOCUMENT CONTROL OF MARINE BIODIVERSITY GULF OF NICOYA, COSTA RICA

In Costa Rica, the documentary check is carried out, is insufficient, the increase in book production, making it difficult to keep track of document production in different formats or themes.Therefore it is necessary to have a documentary Control of Marine Biodiversity of the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica, including from 1882 to early 2006, to serve as a contribution to cultural and scientific heritage, benefiting users and researchers concerned in the issue of marine biodiversity.This control will help to rescue the national and individual identity, being a contribution to national and universal document control, performed with standards set at national, regional or international helps to have the information, properly systematized, it is also a legacy to research in marine sciences and coastal favor the National University of Costa Rica currently has two stations in marine biology and coastal area at the sole attraction the Gulf of Nicoya, Costa Rica.

Diversity in intermediate care

This paper discusses the evolution of intermediate care and presents some interim observations from a survey of providers in England being conducted as part of a national evaluation of intermediate care. Telephone interviews covering various issues concerning the level of provision and style of delivery of intermediate care have been conducted with 70 services to date. Data from these are used to discuss the progress, range and nature of intermediate care in relation to clinician viewpoints and academic and official literature on the subject. Intermediate care ‘on the ground’ is a multiplicitous entity, with provision apparently evolving in accordance with the particularities of local need. Whilst protocols for medical involvement in intermediate care generally appear to be well established, there are some tensions concerning integration of services in a locality, care management processes and questions of flexibility and inclusiveness in relation to eligibility criteria. The definitive version is available at www.blackwell-synergy.com

Place, policy and practitioners: on rehabilitation, independence and the therapeutic landscape in the changing geography of care provision to older people in the United Kingdom

A growing body of literature in geography and other social sciences considers the role of place in the provision of healthcare. Authors have focused on various aspects of place and care, with particular interests emerging around the role of the psychological, social and cultural aspects of place in care provision. As healthcare stretches increasingly beyond the traditional four walls of the hospital, so questions of the role of place in practices of care become ever more pertinent. In this paper, we examine the relationship between place and practice in the care and rehabilitation of older people across a range of settings, using qualitative material obtained from interviews and focus groups with nursing, care and rehabilitation staff working in hospitals, clients’ homes and other sites. By analysing their testimony on the characteristics of different settings, the aspects of place which facilitate or inhibit rehabilitation and the ways in which place mediates and is mediated by social interaction, we consider how various dimensions of place relate to the power-inscribed relationships between service users, informal carers and professionals as they negotiate the goals of the rehabilitation process. We seek to demonstrate how the physical, psychological and social meanings of place and the social processes engendered by the rehabilitation encounter interact to produce landscapes that are more or less therapeutic, considering in particular the structuring role of state policy and formal healthcare provision in this dynamic.

The organization, form and function of intermediate care services and systems in England: results from a national survey

This paper reports the results of a postal survey of intermediate care co-ordinators (ICCs) on the organization and delivery of intermediate care services for older people in England, conducted between November 2003 and May 2004. Questionnaires, which covered a range of issues with a variety of quantitative, ‘tick-box’ and open-ended questions, were returned by 106 respondents, representing just over 35% of primary care trusts (PCTs). We discuss the role of ICCs, the integration of local systems of intermediate care provision, and the form, function and model of delivery of services described by respondents. Using descriptive and statistical analysis of the responses, we highlight in particular the relationship between provision of admission avoidance and supported discharge, the availability of 24-hour care, and the locations in which care is provided, and relate our findings to the emerging evidence base for intermediate care, guidance on implementation from central government, and debate in the literature. Whilst the expansion and integration of intermediate care appear to be continuing apace, much provision seems concentrated in supported discharge services rather than acute admission avoidance, and particularly in residential forms of post-acute intermediate care. Supported discharge services tend to be found in residential settings, while admission avoidance provision tends to be non-residential in nature. Twenty-four hour care in non-residential settings is not available in several responding PCTs. These findings raise questions about the relationship between the implementation of intermediate care and the evidence for and aims of the policy as part of NHS modernization, and the extent to which intermediate care represents a genuinely novel approach to the care and rehabilitation of older people.

Aspectos econômicos da produção de bovinos de corte

O Brasil ocupa as posições de maior produtor e exportador mundial de carne bovina, com a região Centro-Oeste respondendo por 35% do abate nacional, em 2010. Entretanto, faz-se necessário valorizar o planejamento, o controle e a gestão empresarial nas propriedades produtoras, visando ao lucro na atividade. O presente estudo objetivou analisar e avaliar a viabilidade econômica da produção de bovinos de corte, em Camapuã (MS), a fim de identificar os itens relevantes aos custos da atividade. Como direcionador dos custos variáveis, no custo operacional efetivo, o suplemento mineral fornecido aos animais e a mão de obra mostraram-se relevantes para a gestão do sistema de produção, representando, aproximadamente, 71% dos custos. Com base nos resultados apresentados, pôde-se concluir que a propriedade apresenta boa lucratividade (superior a 20%). Verificou-se, ainda, com base no fluxo de caixa, taxa interna de retorno de 13,13% e capital inicial investido retornando em, aproximadamente, 7 anos, com resultados atrativos para o investimento, neste segmento agropecuário. O estudo proporcionou um parâmetro de custo para o produtor pecuarista, podendo contribuir para um melhor planejamento de atividades, em que, apesar dos altos investimentos iniciais, possivelmente, poderá reduzir seus custos, com o manejo racional no sistema produtivo, o que seria mais atrativo para o mercado, tornando mais viáveis as suas atividades de produção e comercialização do produto.

Att slänga sökord : studerandes informationssökningsbeteende med fokus på ämnesord

Syftet med avhandlingen var att undersöka hurdan roll ämnesord har i studerandes naturliga informationssökningsbeteende och om studerandena förstår vad ämnesord och indexering är och har som funktion. Studerandes informationsbeteende undersöktes allmänt för att kunna se vilka egenskaper i informationssökningsbeteendet bidrar till hur ämnesord används. Ämnesord i informationssökning har tidigare undersökts enbart lite. Studerandes informationsbeteende har också blivit allt ytligare och otåligare, medan användning av ämnesord kräver djupare kunskaper. Undersökningen genomfördes kvalitativt. Sex logopedistuderande som skrev på sin pro gradu-avhandling intervjuades. Under intervjuerna visade studerandena informationssökningsuppdrag som baserade sig på deras egna informationsbehov. Det visade sig att studerande använder relativt lite ämnesordssökningar. Om de söker på ämnesord använder de ingen kontrollerad vokabulär, och de väljer sökfunktionen intuitivt när det inte finns andra lämpliga alternativ. De använder ämnesord ändå inte konsekvent. Studerande tycks delvis förstå vad ämnesord är men inte tillräckligt bra för att kunna skickligt använda dem i informationssökning. De har inte kunskap att ifrågasätta eller evaluera indexering. Studerande litar mycket på intuition när de fattar beslut under informationssökning. De evaluerar inte konsekvent sina resultat eller informationssökningar. De söker på så enkla sätt som behövs för att hitta tillräckligt med relevant information. Dessa egenskaper kan förklara varför ämnesord och ämnesordssökningar, som studerande kan uppleva som för krångliga eller främmande, används relativt lite. Studerandes informationssökningsbeteende påverkas av undervisning i informationssökning, användargränssnitt och ämne. Genom att utveckla undervisning och samarbete med ämnet samt användargränssnittsdesign kan deras informationskompetens förbättras. En del av informationskompetensen är att vara medveten om hur information organiseras och vad man själv gör under informationssökning. Undervisning i tekniska kunskaper räcker därför inte, utan informationssökning som en process och tillämpning av kunskaper bör understrykas. Databaser kunde ha inbyggda kontrollerade vokabulärer som föreslår termer, men bättre databaser gör studerande inte automatiskt mer informationskompetenta. Det märktes speciellt att terminologin som används i databaser och i indexering kan vara svår för studerande. Om de inte förstår begrepp kan de också ha problem med att använda olika sökfunktioner. Därför är det viktigt att ta i beaktande vad studerandena är medvetna om och hur denna medvetenhet kan ökas.

Plan de capacitación para fortalecer el desempeño de los empleados en el área de atención al cliente de las empresas outsourcing en el municipio de San Salvador. Caso ilustrativo.

El presente trabajo de investigación se originó debido a la falta de un plan de capacitación en atención al cliente, por petición de los empleados y Gerente general, tiene como principal objetivo la elaboración de un plan de capacitación para fortalecer el desempeño de los empleados en el área de atención al cliente de las empresas Outsourcing Municipio de San Salvador. La capacitación es el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje orientado a dotar a una persona de conocimientos, desarrollar habilidades intelectuales y adecuarle actitudes para que alcancen los objetivos de su puesto de trabajo, además tiene un papel vital creciente en la implementación de los planes estratégicos de la organización se centra en identificar metas y objetivos, así como también las habilidades y el conocimiento necesario para lograrlo. La investigación da origen ya que la empresa en estudio no cuenta con un plan de capacitación en el área de atención al cliente, esto genera poca competitividad con aquellas empresas dedicadas a ofrecer servicios similares debido a que cada día las exigencias de los consumidores son mayores, la investigación ayudará a mejorar la productividad; y a su vez desarrollará procesos para la agilización y mejora de la atención brindada. Las empresas en estudio cumplen con un marco legal institucional dictados por instituciones que regulan las actividades Laborales, Mercantiles y Tributarias. La metodología utilizada en la investigación fue el Método Científico, por medio del. Analítico y deductivo. Al realizar la investigación de campo se utilizaron las técnicas de: Encuesta, entrevista, guía de preguntas y de observación directa, el instrumento que sirvió de base en el estudio fue el cuestionario, proporcionando una muestra que sirvió como parámetro para la distribución del mismo. Obteniendo información necesaria que permitió continuar con la investigación. Una vez recolectados los datos, se realizó la tabulación e interpretación de los resultados obtenidos lo cual permitió la elaboración del diagnóstico de necesidades y situación actual; posteriormente se realizaron las conclusiones y recomendaciones de la investigación. Las limitaciones que se encontraron en el desarrollo de la investigación fueron el tiempo debido a que solo se podía visitar una empresa al día por la distancia, ubicación geográfica y recursos económicos limitados se logró recopilar la información necesaria. Se concluyó que las empresas de Outsourcing del Municipio de San Salvador, carecen de un Plan de Capacitación para el Recurso Humano. Es por esto que se recomienda crear planes de capacitación, también dar a conocer a los empleados la misión, visión y valores a fin de que ellos contribuyan al logro de los objetivos que persigue la empresa y diseñar una estructura organizativa que les permita facilitar a cada uno de los empleados sus funciones y así mejorar en sus procesos administrativos. De acuerdo al diagnóstico realizado se presentan las principales conclusiones: Tomando como referencia de los resultados obtenidos, se logró determinar que las empresas Outsourcing en el Municipio de San Salvador no realizan en su totalidad un diagnóstico de las necesidades de capacitación que les permita identificar los conocimientos, destrezas y habilidades que necesita su personal para desempeñarse de forma eficiente. Según las condiciones expuestas anteriormente se recomienda lo siguiente: Realizar un diagnóstico de necesidades de capacitación por lo menos una vez al año para lograr identificar destrezas y habilidades dentro del personal en los cuales necesita capacitarse.