Mehrsprachigkeit im Mittelalter. Kulturelle, literarische, sprachliche und didaktische Konstellationen in europäischer Perspektive. Mit Fallstudien zu den "Disticha Catonis"

Communication and the literary production of the Middle Ages were an integral part of a complex linguistic situation. Latin, the Western European language of education and administration, stood in contrast to the vernacular languages, which in turn were divided into different dialects. Different vernacular languages often existed in the same geographic area. This anthology approaches this topic, which has not been systematically covered until now, from an interdisciplinary perspective. It discusses fundamental methodological issues and surviving linguistic and literary documents from the 8th up to the 16th century.

Application of the Mutual Information Minimization to speaker recognition / identification improvement

In this paper we propose the inversion of nonlinear distortions in order to improve the recognition rates of a speaker recognizer system. We study the effect of saturations on the test signals, trying to take into account real situations where the training material has been recorded in a controlled situation but the testing signals present some mismatch with the input signal level (saturations). The experimental results for speaker recognition shows that a combination of several strategies can improve the recognition rates with saturated test sentences from 80% to 89.39%, while the results with clean speech (without saturation) is 87.76% for one microphone, and for speaker identification can reduce the minimum detection cost function with saturated test sentences from 6.42% to 4.15%, while the results with clean speech (without saturation) is 5.74% for one microphone and 7.02% for the other one.

Die Schweizer Parteien im politischen Raum : eine Analyse der politischen Positionen ihrer Kandidierenden bei den Nationalratswahlen 2007

mesurer les positionnements politiques des candidats lors des élections, ce qui permet par la suite de déterminer les différences entre les partis politiques en termes de positionnements dans l'espace politique. Lors des élections au Conseil national de 2007, 85% d'environ 3000 candidats à l'élection au Conseil national ont répondu à 63 questions portant sur différents sujets politiques. Ces réponses ont été collectées et sont donc disponibles pour l'analyse. Ces données nous montrent que des différences considérables concernant de nombreuses questions existent toujours entre les candidats des différents partis. Les différences les plus faibles en termes de positionnements politiques ont été recensées entre le PS et les Verts, ainsi qu'entre les deux grands partis historiquement antagonistes, le PDC et le PRD. L'homogénéité interne des Verts et du PS est plus forte que celle du PRD et du PDC. Parmi les partis bourgeois, les candidats de l'UDC reflète une homogénéité interne plus forte que celle du PRD ou du PDC. Les candidats de l'UDC, du PS, du PRD et du PDC qui sont issus de la Suisse romande et du Tessin se positionnent plus volontiers à l'aile gauche de leur parti, la tendance vers un positionnement encore plus marqué à gauche ayant été constatée chez les candidats tessinois du PRD, du PDC et de l'UDC. A l'inverse, les candidats verts issus de la Suisse allemande ont en moyenne un positionnement politique plus marqué à gauche que leurs collègues romands et tessinois. Il en va autrement pour les positionnements politiques sur l'axe libéral-conservateur. Les candidats suisses allemands sont plus libéraux que leurs homologues romands et tessinois. Il ressort des réponses des candidats aux questions posées par smartvote que des différences de contenu en termes de positionnements politiques existent de manière suffisante, au moins entre les quatre grands partis siégeant au Conseil fédéral (PDC, PRD, PS, UDC), pour justifier un système comportant un nombre aussi élevé de partis. Savoir si ces différences en termes de positionnements politiques correspondent aux besoins des électeurs est une autre question.

Needs, expectations, and concerns of medical students regarding end-of-life issues before the introduction of a mandatory undergraduate palliative care curriculum.

BACKGROUND: In the past, implementation of effective palliative care curricula has emerged as a priority in medical education. In order to gain insight into medical students' needs and expectations, we conducted a survey before mandatory palliative care education was introduced in our faculty. METHODS: Seven hundred nine students answered a questionnaire mainly consisting of numeric rating scales (0-10). RESULTS: Participants attributed a high importance to palliative care for their future professional life (mean, 7.51 ± 2.2). For most students, symptom control was crucial (7.72 ± 2.2). However, even higher importance was assigned to ethical and legal issues (8.16 ± 1.9). "Self-reflection regarding their own role as a physician caring for the terminally ill along with psychological support" was also regarded as highly important (7.25 ± 2.4). Most students were moderately concerned at the prospect of being confronted with suffering and death (5.13 ± 2.4). This emotional distress was rated significantly higher by female students (5.4 ± 2.4 versus 4.6 ± 2.4; p < 0.001). Seventeen percent of all students rated their distress as being 7 of 10 or higher, which indicates a considerable psychological strain in terms of dealing with end-of-life issues in the future. Professional or personal experience with terminally ill persons lowered these anxieties significantly (4.99 ± 2.34 versus 5.47 ± 2.5, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Medical students stated a remarkably high interest in learning palliative care competencies. Responding to their specific concerns and needs-especially with regard to the acquisition of emotional coping skills-may be key for the development of successful palliative care curricula.

The ambiguous disruption of gender-role expectations in the law and the lady name

The main purpose of this research project is to analyse the major female figures in Wilkie Collins' work of fiction The Law and the Lady, in relation to the times in which the novel was produced and the situation of women in the Victorian era. After taking into account the major events of the life of the author, as well as the sociohistorical conditions of the Victorian period, I try to reach conclusions about whether the author challenges gender-role expectations, presenting the readers with a new form of femininity, of if, on the contrary, he preserves and maintains a conservative, traditional perspective of femininity and female conventions proper to the established parameters of the times in which he lived. Keywords:

Instruments for investigating fitness to drive - needs and expectations in primary care: a qualitative study

Background: Primary care physicians are often requested to assess their patients' fitness to drive. Little is however known on their needs to help them in this task. Aims: The aim of this study is to develop theories on needs, expectations, and barriers for clinical instruments helping physicians assess fitness to drive in primary care. Methods: This qualitative study used semi-structured interviews to investigate needs and expectations for instruments used to assess fitness to drive. From August 2011 to April 2013, we recorded opinions from five experts in traffic medicine, five primary care physicians, and five senior drivers. All interviews were integrally transcribed. Two independent researchers extracted, coded, and stratified categories relying on multi-grounded theory. All participants validated the final scheme. Results: Our theory suggests that for an instruments assessing fitness to drive to be implemented in primary care, it need to contribute to the decisional process. This requires at least five conditions: 1) it needs to reduce the range of uncertainty, 2) it needs to be adapted to local resources and possibilities, 3) it needs to be accepted by patients, 4) choices of tasks need to adaptable to clinical conditions, 5) and interpretation of results need to remain dependant of each patient's context. Discussion and conclusions: Most existing instruments assessing fitness to drive are not designed for primary care settings. Future instruments should also aim to support patient-centred dialogue, help anticipate driving cessation, and offer patients the opportunity to freely take their own decision on driving cessation as often as possible.