882 resultados para Feed conversion rate
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Objetivou-se avaliar, por meio do desempenho animal, silagens de três híbridos de milho (Zea mays, L.): Agroceres AG-5011, Braskalb XL-344 e Cargill C-806. Foram utilizados 27 machos, não-castrados, mestiços Nelore x Charolês, com idade média de 10 meses e peso médio inicial de 252 kg, confinados durante 84 dias, subdivididos em quatro períodos de 21 dias. As silagens dos híbridos testados corresponderam a 70% da matéria seca ofertada. Não houve interação do híbrido de milho testado com o período de avaliação em confinamento, para os parâmetros estudados. A dieta que incluiu a silagem do híbrido AG-5011 resultou em maior consumo voluntário médio diário de matéria seca, expresso por 100 kg de peso vivo e tamanho metabólico, e maior consumo médio diário de fibra em detergente ácido, expresso nas diferentes formas, em relação aos híbridos XL-344 e C-806, que, por sua vez, foram semelhantes entre si. As dietas que incluíram silagens dos híbridos AG-5011, XL-344 e C-806 apresentaram semelhanças quanto ao consumo voluntário de matéria seca, expresso em kg/animal/dia (6,73; 6,05; e 6,19), consumo médio diário de FDN, em kg/dia (3,054; 2,837; e 2,836), e energia digestível, expressa nas diferentes formas, ganho de peso médio diário, em kg/dia (1,283; 1,219; e 1,249), ganho em estado corporal, conversão alimentar (5,26; 4,98; e 4,97) e eficiência energética (14,02; 13,68; e 13,21). Os três híbridos são indicados como materiais genéticos de muito boa qualidade para produção de silagem, promovendo ganhos de peso diário superior a 1,2 kg/animal/dia, quando utilizados em dietas com relação volumoso:concentrado de 70:30.
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Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos dos grãos de milho e sorgo, secos ou ensilados úmidos, sobre o consumo de nutrientes e o desempenho de cordeiros em confinamento. O confinamento teve duração de 77 dias e foi dividido em dois períodos: no primeiro (35 dias), utilizou-se como volumoso capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum.), na proporção de 50:50 e, no segundo (42 dias), feno de capim-braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha), na proporção de 30:70. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em blocos, de acordo com o peso, conforme os tratamentos, que consistiram de diferentes fontes de alimento concentrado energético: silagem de grão úmido de milho; silagem de grão úmido de sorgo; grão seco de milho; e grão seco de sorgo. Os consumos de MS, em g/dia, em %PV e em PV0,75, não diferiram entre os animais alimentados com grãos de milho e sorgo, secos ou úmidos, e capim-elefante cv. Napier, com média de 920,79 g/dia; 3,59% e 81,01 g/kg PV0,75. Os grãos de milho e de sorgo ensilados úmidos, quando comparados aos grãos secos, proporcionaram melhor ganho de peso (0,17 vs 0,13 e 0,19 vs 0,13 kg/dia), conversão (5,57 vs 6,37 e 5,05 vs 6,86) e eficiência alimentar (17,95 vs 15,69 e 19,79 vs 14,74). O uso de grãos de sorgo, secos e úmidos, em dietas à base de feno de capim-braquiária, resultou em maior ganho de peso, ao passo que o de grãos secos de sorgo promoveu melhor conversão alimentar. Na proporção volumoso:concentrado 50:50, os grãos de milho e sorgo ensilados proporcionaram melhores ganhos de peso, conversão e eficiência alimentar que os grãos secos. em dietas com maior participação de concentrado (proporção 30:70), fontes de maior degradabilidade (milho) influenciaram negativamente o ambiente ruminal, resultando em desempenho inferior.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Avaliou-se o efeito da utilização de duas fontes de carboidratos solúveis, amido ou fibra solúvel em detergente neutro, associadas a dois níveis de FDN, sobre o desempenho de novilhos de corte em confinamento na fase de terminação. Foram confinados 24 novilhos ½ Angus x ½ Nelore, com idade inicial de 18 meses e peso de 329 ± 24 kg. As quatro dietas foram calculadas para fornecer nível de PB suficiente para ganho diário de 1,4 kg. As dietas foram constituídas de 40% de silagem de milho e 60% de concentrado (grão de milho, polpa cítrica e casca de soja), além de minerais e uréia, arranjados de forma a promover nível alto de amido associado a dois níveis de FDN (48 e 39%) ou nível alto de fibra solúvel associado aos dois níveis de FDN. Observou-se que os animais alimentados com a dieta com maior nível de polpa cítrica (45%), com baixos teores de fibra solúvel e FDN, apresentaram consumo reduzido e, conseqüentemente, baixo ganho de peso e pior conversão alimentar. Entre as dietas com maior nível de FDN, verificou-se que os animais alimentados com fibra solúvel apresentaram o melhor ganho de peso (1,435 vs 1,262 kg/dia) e a melhor conversão alimentar (7,494 vs 8,651), mas não diferiram daqueles do tratamento com amido e baixo teor de FDN. Os resultados demonstraram que é possível alterar o desempenho animal manipulando a fonte e a concentração dos carboidratos solúveis.
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Com esta pesquisa buscou-se avaliar diferentes níveis de arraçoamento, em porcentagem de peso corporal (PC), para juvenis de trairão em início do período de engorda. Peixes com comprimento de 15,0 ± 1,0 cm e peso de 38,5 ± 8,2 g foram distribuídos em seis aquários com 250 litros de água cada, em densidade de cinco juvenis/aquário. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualisado com três tratamentos (níveis de arraçoamento diário: 2, 4 e 6% PC) e duas repetições. Os juvenis foram alimentados com ração comercial extrusada (42% PB), às 8 e 13 h. Ao final de 45 dias, avaliaram-se a sobrevivência, a conversão alimentar aparente e os ganhos em biomassa, peso diário e comprimento. Não houve diferença para sobrevivência e ganhos em biomassa, peso diário e comprimento. Houve diferença para a conversão alimentar aparente em função do manejo adotado. Os melhores resultados de desempenho foram encontrados nos peixes alimentados com níveis de 2 e 4% PC de ração por dia. Conclui-se que a melhor taxa de arraçoamento para juvenis de trairão é de 4% PC.
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Avaliaram-se os efeitos de três dietas e dois regimes alimentares sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de cordeiros em confinamento. Trinta e seis cordeiros com peso inicial de 18,7 ± 2,4 kg foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 × 2 e receberam dietas sem inclusão de lipídio e com inclusão de grãos de girassol ou gordura protegida. Seis cordeiros de cada dieta foram submetidos a restrição alimentar e posterior ganho compensatório, enquanto a outra metade foi alimentada à vontade por todo o período de confinamento. Foram avaliados o consumo de matéria seca, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar, os níveis de ureia e colesterol sanguíneos, as características de carcaça e os subprodutos do abate. No período de realimentação, o consumo dos cordeiros que passaram por restrição alimentar não diferiu do consumo dos animais alimentados sempre à vontade. Também não foi afetado pela dieta, no entanto, ao final desse período, o consumo acumulado foi 11,8% menor que nos animais submetidos previamente à restrição. O consumo até o peso de abate não foi alterado pelo regime alimentar. No período de restrição, o nível de colesterol sanguíneo nos cordeiros em restrição alimentar foi 24% superior ao daqueles sem restrição, mas, durante o período de realimentação, não houve diferença. A composição lipídica da dieta aumentou o colesterol sanguíneo em ambos os períodos, de restrição e de realimentação, e reduziu a ureia durante o período de realimentação. O desempenho avaliado ao peso de abate foi prejudicado pela restrição alimentar. Não houve efeito de regime alimentar ou da dieta sobre os parâmetros de carcaça. Fontes de lipídios elevaram a proporção de gorduras totais e reduziram o conteúdo do trato gastrintestinal. O regime alimentar com restrição prejudica o ganho e a conversão alimentar de cordeiros até o abate.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Experiments were carried out on the antibacterial effects of a commercial formic acid-propionic acid mixture (Bio-add(TM)) against different Salmonella serptj pes. The preparation exerted a strong antibacterial effect on S. typhimurium strain F98 in artificially contaminated feed. After 28 days storage, the bactericidal effect was still considerable. When chickens were reared on feed that had been treated with Bio-add(TM) and artificially contaminated with different serotypes, S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium and S. agona were not isolated from the caecal contents, but S. infantis was. No organisms of this strain were isolated when a lower feed-contamination rate of bacteria was used.
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In intubation experiments (643-1168 mg per animal), most of the stevioside administered to chickens was recovered unchanged in the excreta, and only about 2% was converted into steviol. Neither stevioside nor steviol could be found in the blood. In chronic studies (667 mg of stevioside/kg of feed) with laying hens and meat-type chickens, no significant differences were found in feed uptake, weight gain, and feed conversion as the result of stevioside administration. The egg production and egg composition of laying hens were not influenced. Most of the stevioside taken up was found untransformed in the excreta, and about 21.5% or 7.3% was converted to steviol by meat-type chickens or laying hens, respectively. No stevioside or steviol could be detected in the blood or in the eggs of the different groups of animals. In anaerobic incubation experiments with chicken excreta, only a 20% conversion of stevioside into steviol was found. No harmful effects were observed in the chronic stevioside supplementation experiments nor in the intubation experiments in which very high stevioside doses were given.
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Three pens of male broiler chicks were raised under standard conditions and fed from 7 to 42 days of age three isocaloric diets each with 15.8; 19.6 and 19.5% of CP; and 51, 51, and 44% of CHO; and 6.5; 3.0 and 7.7% of fat, and designated as the low protein (LowCP), low lipid (LowL) and low carbohydrate (LowCHO) diets, respectively. Body weights and feed intake were monitored weekly and blood samples were collected at the same time for posterior analysis of hormone and metabolite content. Chickens fed the LowCP diet were characterized by a reduced body weight gain and feed intake and poorer feed conversion efficiency compared to those fed the LowL and LowCHO diets, which were very similar in this respect. Plasma corticosterone and glucose levels and creatine kinase activity were not significantly changed by diet composition. LowCP chickens were characterised by the lowest plasma T-4 and uric acid levels (indicative for reduced protein breakdown and lower protein ingestion) but highest plasma triglyceride levels (congruent with their higher fat deposition) compared to the LowL and LowCHO chickens. LowL chickens had on average higher plasma T-3 and free fatty acid levels compared to the LowCP and LowCHO chickens.In conclusion, a limited substitution of carbohydrate for fat in iso-nitrogenous, iso-energetic diets has no pronounced effects on plasma hormone and metabolite levels, except for the elevation in T-3 (may enhance glucose uptake) and free fatty acid levels in the plasma of the chickens fed the LowL diet. The protein content of the diet has a greater impact on zootechnical performance, and underlying endocrine regulation of the intermediary metabolism compared to the dietary lipid and CHO fraction. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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Digestibility of diets based on corn and soybean meal or soybeans treated by roasting or extrusion, with or without an enzyme supplementation, was measured by true (Sibbald) methods, by analysis of excreta, and by analysis of ileal digesta. Only analysis of ileal digesta was able to consistently measure differences between soybean and enzyme treatments in the digestibility of CP, starch, fat, and ME. The amino acid (AA) digestibility of the diets was measured by analysis of the ileal contents. Whereas enzyme supplementation improved overall CP digestibility by 2.9%, this improvement was not equal for all AA. of the AA most important for broilers fed corn-soybean diets, the digestibilities of Lys, Met, and Arg were not improved or not improved significantly by the enzyme supplementation; however, that of Val was improved by 2.3% and that of Thr was improved by 3.0%. A performance trial demonstrated that enzyme supplementation with equal diet formulation improved BW and the feed conversion ratio by 1.9 and 2.2%, respectively. A second performance trial compared standard diet formulations with formulations using enzyme supplementation and energy levels that were reduced by the amount of improvement provided by the inclusion of enzyme in the first performance trial. No difference was seen between treatments, showing that the improvement of nutrient utilization brought about by enzyme supplementation completely compensated for the reduced energy content. Whereas enzyme supplementation should allow a reduction in CP formulation as well, individual AA were not improved equally by supplementation and should also be balanced.
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The objective was to evaluate the effects of genetic group and age on growth, carcass, and meat traits of rabbits. A total of 144 straightbred Botucatu and White German Giant x Botucatu crossbred rabbits were involved. Rabbits were weaned at 35 d and sequentially, slaughtered, four per genetic group x sex combination, at: 42, 49, 56, 63, 70, 77, 84 and 91 d. A 2x2 factorial arrangement was employed in a completely randomized design with repeated measures for growth traits, and a split-plot for carcass and meat traits. Crossbred rabbits were heavier (2032 vs. 1962 g; P < 0.01), consumed more feed (143.5 vs. 131.0 g/d; P < 0.01), and presented higher slaughter weight (2169 vs. 2093 g, P=0.02) and dressing percentage (59.0 vs. 58.2%; P=0.07) than straightbreds throughout the experiment. No difference between genetic groups was detected for feed conversion and empty gastrointestinal weight corrected for slaughter weight (SW). Crossbreds showed higher skin weight (308.2 vs. 299.7 g, P = 0.06) and distal parts of leg weight (75.7 vs. 71.4 g; P < 0.01), both corrected for SW. No genetic group effect was detected on dissectible fat and hind part weights. Chilled commercial carcass (1284 vs. 1229 g: P=0.02), chilled reference carcass (1036 vs. 1000 g, P=0.06), fore part (297.9 vs. 283.3 g; P=0.01) and loin (308.7 vs. 295.5 g; P=0.05) were heavier in crossbreds than in straightbreds, but these differences were attributed to differences in SW. Uncorrected weights of head, kidneys, liver and thoracic viscera were higher in the crossbred group, but only head (116.6 vs. 113.6 g; P=0.06) and thoracic viscera (30.4 vs. 28.6 g; P=0.01) were, in fact, proportionately heavier in crossbreds than in straightbreds. No effect of genetic group was detected on meat to bone ratio, muscle ultimate pH and chemical composition of the Longissimus dorsi muscle. All traits, except for ash and fat contents of the Longissimus muscle, showed age effects (P < 0.01). Crossbreeding may be recommended for the production of whole commercial carcasses, but it is not clearly advantageous for the production of retail cuts. Slaughter should take place between 63 and 70 d of age for both genetic groups.
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The effect of dietary vitamin (VS) and mineral (MS) mix withdrawal between 42 and 49 d of age on broiler chicken performance was evaluated. The diets were formulated based on corn and soybean meal, and the experiments were conducted in floor pens using wood shavings as litter. Trial I evaluated withdrawal of VS and MS mix at 42, 45, and 49 d. The results of this trial showed that VS and MS mix withdrawal at 42 d of age did not impair feed intake (FI) or weight gain (WG), but feed conversion (FC) was improved (P = 0.043) when both mixes were maintained in the diets until 49 d of age. Trial 2 assessed the withdrawal of VS or MS mix at 42 d of age. FI and WG were not affected by withdrawal, but FC was poorer (P = 0.035) for the broilers fed the diet without VS. The relative liver weight was reduced by VS or MS mix withdrawal (P = 0.014 and P = 0.001, respectively). Carcass, breast, and leg yields were not affected by VS or MS mix withdrawals in either trial. The findings of the study suggested that VS mix withdrawal during the final period of broiler chicken growth was more deleterious than the withdrawal of MS mix, because it affected FC ratio. VS or MS withdrawal during this period did not affect carcass yield.
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To verify the potential of lipids and carbohydrates to spare dietary protein and to understand the intermediary metabolism of interaction of these nutrients in pacu juveniles, an experiment was carried out to evaluate pacu physiological and performance parameters. The experimental design was completely randomized with 12 treatments in a 2 x 2 x 3 factorial arrangement, consisting of diets containing two digestible protein levels (200 and 230 g kg(-1) PD), two lipid levels (40 and 80 g kg(-1)) and three carbohydrate levels (410, 460 and 500 g kg(-1)). Fish-fed 230 g kg(-1) digestable protein (DP) showed increased glycaemia, decreased hepatic glycogen, as well as a smaller intake index and better feed conversion ratio. The higher dietary lipid level (80 g kg(-1)) reduced protein intake and serum protein concentration, increased liver and body fat content, but did not affect growth. At a lipid level of 80 g kg(-1), the increase in dietary carbohydrate levels promoted greater weight gain (WG), crude protein intake (CPI) and better feed conversion ratio (FCR). For fish fed diets containing 40 g kg(-1) lipid, the best energy-productive values (EPV) were obtained at 460 g kg(-1) carbohydrate. Increased levels of the main nutrients in the diets reduced the levels of serum triglycerides, while the increase in energy concentration increased the hepatosomatic (HSI) and glycaemia index values. Pacu used lipids as effectively as carbohydrates in the maximization of protein usage, as long as dietary protein was at a level of 230 g kg(-1) DP. The physiological parameters indicated that the best balance between the DP, dietary lipid and carbohydrate levels within the ranged this trial was obtained at 230, 40 and 460 g kg(-1), respectively, without lower growth.