Anelasticidad de la zona estable euroasiática y de la zona europea occidental

La teoria de inversión en su forma estocastica ha sido aplicada a dos conjuntos de coeficientes de atenuación de las ondas de Rayleigh correspondientes a la zona estable Euroasiatica y a la zona Europea Occidental. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que las propiedades anelásticas bajo dichas zonas son distintas. Europa Occidental se halla caracterizada por valores mas bajos de los factores especificos de calidad de las ondas de cizalla(Qbeta) que los correspondientes a la zona Estable Euroasiática. Las profundiades a las que los valores de Qbeta decrecen más rápidamente son alrededorde 60 km para Europa Occidental y de 40 km para la zona Estable Euroasiática. La comparación con un estudio de atenuación en el Océano Atlántico muestra que los coeficientes de atenuación correspondientes a la zona Europea Occidental pueden ser considerados representativos para dicha zona.

Hydrogen sulfide measurement by headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS): application to gaseous samples and gas dissolved in muscle.

The aim of our study was to present a new headspace-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-GC-MS) method applicable to the routine determination of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) concentrations in biological and gaseous samples. The primary analytical drawback of the GC/MS methods for H(2)S measurement discussed in the literature was the absence of a specific H(2)S internal standard required to perform quantification. Although a deuterated hydrogen sulfide (D(2)S) standard is currently available, this standard is not often used because this standard is expensive and is only available in the gas phase. As an alternative approach, D(2)S can be generated in situ by reacting deuterated chloride with sodium sulfide; however, this technique can lead to low recovery yield and potential isotopic fractionation. Therefore, N(2)O was chosen for use as an internal standard. This method allows precise measurements of H(2)S concentrations in biological and gaseous samples. Therefore, a full validation using accuracy profile based on the β-expectation tolerance interval is presented. Finally, this method was applied to quantify H(2)S in an actual case of H(2)S fatal intoxication.

Resultados preliminares obtenidos a partir de una trampa Malaise situada en una zona mediterránea pirenaica

En este estudio se da cuenta de los distintos órdenes de artrópodos capturados mediante una trampa Malaise en Santa Coloma (Andorra) después de un año de muestreo. Han sido colectados 141.522 ejemplares pertenecientes a 20 órdenes distintos. El 99,5% corresponden a insectos, entre los cuales los dípteros (con el 74,1%), juntamente con los himenópteros (15,2%) y los homópteros (5,8%) constituyen más del 95% de las capturas realizadas. Se discute la fenología anual de los distintos grupos en el área de estudio y su relación con las circunstancias meteorológicas del año 1993. En general, las mayores abundancias de los principales grupos se registran entre la segunda mitad de la primavera y la primera mitad del verano debido a las condiciones xerotérmicas de dicha localidad.

Atributos químicos e físicos de um cambissolo háplico Tb distrófico sob diferentes usos na Zona da Mata Mineira

O conhecimento de atributos químicos e físicos de solos nos mares de morros pode fornecer importantes subsídios ao planejamento sustentável dos seus recursos naturais. Nesse sentido, realizou-se a caracterização química e física de um Cambissolo Háplico Tb distrófico sob diferentes usos, no município de Visconde do Rio Branco, na Zona da Mata mineira. Foram avaliadas áreas com seringueira, laranja, cana, pastagem e mata. Seringueira, laranja e pastagem estão instaladas há 15 anos, e a cana, há 1,5 ano, sendo antes pastagem. Todos os usos agrícolas tiveram histórico com cana por aproximadamente 100 anos. A amostragem foi realizada em trincheiras, com três repetições, nas profundidades de 0 a 20 e 20 a 40 cm. Foram analisados as seguintes propriedades químicas: matéria orgânica do solo (MOS), pH em H2O, P, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Al3+, H + Al, SB, CTC efetiva (t), CTC a pH 7,0 (T), V, m e P-rem. As propriedades físicas analisadas foram: granulometria, densidade de partículas, densidade do solo, porosidade total, curva de retenção de água, resistência do solo à penetração e estabilidade de agregados em água, bem como as relações capacidade de água disponível/porosidade total (CAD/PT) e água retida na capacidade de campo/porosidade total (CC/PT). Os resultados demonstraram que o solo, em todos os usos, apresenta baixa fertilidade e caráter distrófico, com Al3+ dominando o complexo de troca, com exceção do solo sob cana, que apresenta fertilidade média e teores negligenciáveis de Al3+ trocável no complexo de troca. O uso agrícola do solo reduziu a MOS. As características físicas nos usos com seringueira e cana assemelharam-se às da mata, ao passo que laranja e pastagem mostraram degradação física, evidenciada pelos maiores valores de densidade e resistência do solo à penetração, e redução do espaço poroso e da estabilidade de agregados em água.

Nanosized Nb-TiO2 gas sensors derived from alkoxides hydrolization

Nanocrystalline TiO2 modified with Nb has been produced through the sol-gel technique. Nanopowders have been obtained by means of the hydrolysis of pure alkoxides with deionized water and peptization of the resulting hydrolysate with diluted acid nitric at 100 C. The addition of Nb stabilizes the anatase phase to higher temperatures. XRD spectra of the undoped and the Nb-doped samples show that the undoped sample has been almost totally converted to rutile at 600 C, meanwhile the doped samples present still a low percentage of rutile phase. Nanocrystalline powders stabilized at 600 C with grain sizes of about 17 nm have successfully been synthesized by the addition of Nb with a concentration of 2% at., which appears to be an adequate additive concentration to improve the gas sensor performances, such as it is suggested by the catalytic conversion efficiency experiments performed from FTIR measurements. FTIR absorbance spectra show that catalytic conversion of CO occurs at lower temperatures when niobium is introduced. The electrical response of the films to different concentrations of CO and ethanol has been monitored in dry and wet environments in order to test the influence of humidity in the sensor response. The addition of Nb decreases the working temperature and increases the stability of the layers. Also, large enhancement of the response time is obtained even with lower working temperatures. Moreover, humidity effects on the gas sensor response toward CO and ethanol are less important in Nb-doped samples than in the undoped ones.

Mineralogia de um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo da zona úmida costeira do Estado de Pernambuco

A mineralogia do solo constitui uma excelente ferramenta para o conhecimento e a avaliação da gênese do solo e do seu comportamento físico e químico, além de ser um dos parâmetros utilizados na distinção de classes do Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos e um indicativo da reserva potencial mineral de nutrientes para as plantas. Nesse contexto, este trabalho apresenta a caracterização mineralógica das frações cascalho, areia grossa e areia fina (sob lupa binocular e microscópio petrográfico) e das frações silte e argila (difratometria de raios X) de todos os horizontes do solo, e o estudo petrográfico da rocha matriz, a partir dos quais estabelece considerações sobre a evolução mineralógica de um Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, típico da Zona Úmida Costeira do Estado de Pernambuco. As frações grossas ao longo de todo o Argissolo estudado são constituídas, essencialmente, por quartzo (> 95 %) anguloso a muito anguloso, o que denota a ausência de transporte de material na formação desse tipo de solo. Foram observados fragmentos de rocha (constituídos por quartzo, feldspatos e minerais opacos), feldspatos e biotita que apresentam alteração intempérica mais evidente nos horizontes mais superficiais, além de minerais opacos, como magnetita e hematita, e traços de clorita, zircão, epidotos e apatita, todos de mineralogia compatível com a rocha matriz. A fração silte é constituída por minerais do grupo das micas, dos feldspatos, do quartzo e da caulinita, além da clorita observada apenas nos horizontes mais inferiores. A fração argila mostrou a mesma mineralogia da fração silte, sendo ainda detectados minerais interestratificados nos horizontes mais inferiores. A petrografia da rocha matriz mostrou que esta é um biotita-gnaisse de granulometria média, constituído por feldspatos (plagioclásio, pertita e microclina), quartzo, biotita e, como acessórios, epidotos, zircão e minerais opacos. A análise dos resultados permite concluir que o Argissolo estudado é autóctone, bem desenvolvido e altamente intemperizado devido às condições de clima, relevo e vegetação, apresentando baixa reserva potencial mineral de nutrientes para as plantas.

Green manure in coffee systems in the region of Zona da Mata, Minas Gerais: characteristics and kinetics of carbon and nitrogen mineralization

The use of green manure may contribute to reduce soil erosion and increase the soil organic matter content and N availability in coffee plantations in the Zona da Mata, State of Minas Gerais, in Southeastern Brazil. The potential of four legumes (A. pintoi, C. mucunoides, S. aterrimum and S. guianensis) to produce above-ground biomass, accumulate nutrients and mineralize N was studied in two coffee plantations of subsistence farmers under different climate conditions. The biomass production of C. mucunoides was influenced by the shade of the coffee plantation. C. mucunoides tended to mineralize more N than the other legumes due to the low polyphenol content and polyphenol/N ratio. In the first year, the crop establishment of A. pintoi in the area took longer than of the other legumes, resulting in lower biomass production and N2 fixation. In the long term, cellulose was the main factor controlling N mineralization. The biochemical characteristics, nutrient accumulation and biomass production of the legumes were greatly influenced by the altitude and position of the area relative to the sun.

Efectos regionales de la política monetaria : implicaciones para los países de la zona euro

De acuerdo con la teoría de las áreas monetàrias óptimas,los shocks asimétricos tienen un papel fundamental en la determinación de los beneficios y los costes derivados del establecimiento de una área monetaria. En este sentido, diferentes estudios recientes señalan una importante reducción del grado de asimetría de los shocks en términos reales a lo largo de los últimos años entre los países europeos como consecuencia de la mayor coordinación de las políticas económicas y de la aproximación de las estructuras productivas. De todas maneras, una de las cuestiones clave en el nuevo entorno económico, y que no ha sido demasiado considerada a la literatura reciente, es el posible papel desestabilitzador de la política monetaria común como consecuencia de las diferencias en los mecanismos de transmisión de la política monetaria en los distintos países y regiones de la Zona Euro. En este trabajo se considera la mencionada cuestión desde un punto de vista teórico y se analiza empíricamente la existencia de diferencias regionales en los efectos de la política monetaria llevada a término en España a lo largo de los últimos años con la finalidad d identificar los principales determinantes de esta asimetría en el ámbito europeo

Gas collisions and pressure quenching of the photoluminescence of silicon nanopowder grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition

The quenching of the photoluminescence of Si nanopowder grown by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition due to pressure was measured for various gases ( H2, O2, N2, He, Ne, Ar, and Kr) and at different temperatures. The characteristic pressure, P0, of the general dependence I(P) = I0¿exp(¿P/P0) is gas and temperature dependent. However, when the number of gas collisions is taken as the variable instead of pressure, then the quenching is the same within a gas family (mono- or diatomic) and it is temperature independent. So it is concluded that the effect depends on the number of gas collisions irrespective of the nature of the gas or its temperature.

Structural and gas-sensing properties of WO3 nanocrystalline powders obtained by a sol-gel method from tungstic acid

WO3 nanocrystalline powders were obtained from tungstic acid following a sol-gel process. Evolution of structural properties with annealing temperature was studied by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. These structural properties were compared with those of WO3 nanopowders obtained by the most common process of pyrolysis of ammonium paratungstate, usually used in gas sensors applications. Sol-gel WO3 showed a high sensor response to NO2 and low response to CO and CH4. The response of these sensor devices was compared with that of WO3 obtained from pyrolysis, showing the latter a worse sensor response to NO2. Influence of operating temperature, humidity, and film thickness on NO2 detection was studied in order to improve the sensing conditions to this gas.

Nanosized Nb-TiO2 gas sensors derived from alkoxides hydrolization

Nanocrystalline TiO2 modified with Nb has been produced through the sol-gel technique. Nanopowders have been obtained by means of the hydrolysis of pure alkoxides with deionized water and peptization of the resulting hydrolysate with diluted acid nitric at 100 C. The addition of Nb stabilizes the anatase phase to higher temperatures. XRD spectra of the undoped and the Nb-doped samples show that the undoped sample has been almost totally converted to rutile at 600 C, meanwhile the doped samples present still a low percentage of rutile phase. Nanocrystalline powders stabilized at 600 C with grain sizes of about 17 nm have successfully been synthesized by the addition of Nb with a concentration of 2% at., which appears to be an adequate additive concentration to improve the gas sensor performances, such as it is suggested by the catalytic conversion efficiency experiments performed from FTIR measurements. FTIR absorbance spectra show that catalytic conversion of CO occurs at lower temperatures when niobium is introduced. The electrical response of the films to different concentrations of CO and ethanol has been monitored in dry and wet environments in order to test the influence of humidity in the sensor response. The addition of Nb decreases the working temperature and increases the stability of the layers. Also, large enhancement of the response time is obtained even with lower working temperatures. Moreover, humidity effects on the gas sensor response toward CO and ethanol are less important in Nb-doped samples than in the undoped ones.

Gas-sensing properties of sprayed films of (CdO)x(ZnO)1-x mixed oxide

A novel NO2 sensor based on (CdO)x(ZnO)1-x mixed-oxide thin films deposited by the spray pyrolysis technique is developed. The sensor response to 3-ppm NO2 is studied in the range 50°C-350°C for three different film compositions. The device is also tested for other harmful gases, such as CO (300 ppm) and CH4 (3000 ppm). The sensor response to these reducing gases is different at different temperatures varying from the response typical for the p-type semiconductor to that typical for the n-type semiconductor. Satisfactory response to NO2 and dynamic behavior at 230°C, as well as low resistivity, are observed for the mixed-oxide film with 30% Cd. The response to interfering gas is poor at working temperature (230°C). On the basis of this study, a possible sensing mechanism is proposed.