Compact ion-source based on superionic rubidium silver iodide (RbAg4I5) solid electrolyte

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Física

Characterization and surface reconstruction of objects in tomographic images of composite materials

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Informática

Ancient materials and techniques to improve the earthen building durability

A substantial part of the world building heritage has been performed by earthen building. The durability of this existing heritage and mainly of the new buildings built with earth is particularly conditioned by the erosion caused by water action, especially in countries with high levels of rainfall. This research aims to contribute to the increase of knowledge about the ancient building techniques that provide enhanced durability. It is possible to analyse the ancestral practices used to protect the earth material from the water action in order to understand how the old earthen buildings were preserved over the centuries, resisting to harsh weather conditions. Among these techniques are: the incorporation of biopolymers (such as oils or fats from animal or vegetable origin); the addition of some minerals; and the earth stabilization with lime. However, this knowledge seems to be forgotten, probably due to the prejudice related to earthen constructions, which several times are associated with a poor building. This research also focuses on the study of new methods of earth stabilization with lime and biopolymers, adapting the ancient knowledge to improve the durability related to the water action. Therefore, alternative solutions can be obtained to improve the performance of earthen buildings, mainly the resistance of the material in the presence of water, reducing its permeability to water. In addition, with the proposed solutions it is possible to obtain good levels of water vapour permeability, one of the major advantages of the construction with earth.

Carbonation front progress in mortars containing fly ash considering the presence of chloride ions

The incorporation of fly ash (FA) in cementitious matrices have been frequently used in order to make the matrix more resistant to the action of chlorides. On the other hand, it is known that Ca (OH)2 existing in the matrix is partially consumed by the pozzolanic reactions, which facilitates the advancement of carbonation. Given that the combined action between carbonation and chloride penetration is a fact little known, we speculate about the behaviour of the matrix in this context. This study investigates the influence of the presence of chlorides on the carbonation in mortars with FA. Samples with 0% and 40% replacement of cement CEM I 42.5 R for FA were molded with water/binder 0.56 and 0.52 respectively. After 90 days of curing the specimens were subjected to cycles of immersion/drying for 56 days. Half of the samples was subjected to the following cycle: two days in a solution containing NaCl (concentration equal to 3.5 %); 12 days in the carbonation chamber (4% of CO2). The other half was: two days in water; 12 days in the carbonation chamber. Then, the development of carbonation was evaluated. The results indicate that the presence of chlorides influences the carbonation. The specimens submitted to the exclusive action of CO2 showed a greater depth of carbonation compared to that presented by the specimens subjected to combined action. This may be related to changes in properties of the matrix which may lead to further refinement of the pores and related to the presence of the salt that can lead to partial filling of the pores and the increase in moisture content.

Development of polymer wicks for the fabrication of bio-medical sensors

Polymer based wicking structures were fabricated by sintering powders of polycarbonate (PC), ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene and polyamide 12, aiming at selecting a suitable material for an innovative electroencephalography (EEG) bio-electrode. Preliminary experiments showed that PC based wicks displayed the best mechanical properties, therefore more detailed studies were carried out with PC to evaluate the influence of powder granulometry and processing parameters (pressure, temperature and time) on the mechanical properties, porosity, mean pore radius and permeability of the wicks. It was concluded that the mechanical properties are significantly enhanced by increasing the processing time and pressure, although at the expense of a significant decrease of porosity and mean pore diameter (and thus permeability), particularly for the highest applied pressures (74kPa). However, a good compromise between porosity/permeability and mechanical properties could be obtained by sintering PC powders of particle sizes below 500μm at 165°C for 5min, upon an applied pressure of 56kPa. Moreover, PC proved to be chemically stable in contact with an EEG common used disinfectant. Thus, wicking structures with appropriate properties for the fabrication of reusable bio-electrodes could be fabricated from the sintering of PC powders.

Self-compacting concrete and conventional concrete in the arena Pernambuco: comparative study of durability indicators and economic feasibility

This study addressed the application, strength and durability of self-compacting concrete (SCC) in a large-scale construction site, comparing its performance with vibrated conventional concrete (CC) with similar characteristics, assessing its economic feasibility. The studies were undertaken in the Arena Pernambuco project and involved the concreting during May, June and July 2012, for data collection, accompanying the routine concrete control tests and performing specific strength and durability tests. The SCC compressive strength was on average 4.5% higher than the CC one, and its formwork reinforced to withstand greater lateral pressure of the fresh concrete. The durability indicators results were in favour of SCC, which cost was 13.5% higher than CC.

Calorimetry of dehydrogenation and dangling-bond recombination in several hydrogenated amorphous silicon materials

Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the dehydrogenation processes that take place in three hydrogenated amorphous silicon materials: nanoparticles, polymorphous silicon, and conventional device-quality amorphous silicon. Comparison of DSC thermograms with evolved gas analysis (EGA) has led to the identification of four dehydrogenation processes arising from polymeric chains (A), SiH groups at the surfaces of internal voids (A'), SiH groups at interfaces (B), and in the bulk (C). All of them are slightly exothermic with enthalpies below 50 meV/H atoms , indicating that, after dissociation of any SiH group, most dangling bonds recombine. The kinetics of the three low-temperature processes [with DSC peak temperatures at around 320 (A),360 (A'), and 430°C (B)] exhibit a kinetic-compensation effect characterized by a linea relationship between the activation entropy and enthalpy, which constitutes their signature. Their Si-H bond-dissociation energies have been determined to be E (Si-H)0=3.14 (A), 3.19 (A'), and 3.28 eV (B). In these cases it was possible to extract the formation energy E(DB) of the dangling bonds that recombine after Si-H bond breaking [0.97 (A), 1.05 (A'), and 1.12 (B)]. It is concluded that E(DB) increases with the degree of confinement and that E(DB)>1.10 eV for the isolated dangling bond in the bulk. After Si-H dissociation and for the low-temperature processes, hydrogen is transported in molecular form and a low relaxation of the silicon network is promoted. This is in contrast to the high-temperature process for which the diffusion of H in atomic form induces a substantial lattice relaxation that, for the conventional amorphous sample, releases energy of around 600 meV per H atom. It is argued that the density of sites in the Si network for H trapping diminishes during atomic diffusion

Bone regeneration and stem cells.

?  Introduction ?  Bone fracture healing and healing problems ?  Biomaterial scaffolds and tissue engineering in bone formation -  Bone tissue engineering -  Biomaterial scaffolds -  Synthetic scaffolds -  Micro- and nanostructural properties of scaffolds -  Conclusion ?  Mesenchymal stem cells and osteogenesis -  Bone tissue -  Origin of osteoblasts -  Isolation and characterization of bone marrow derived MSC -  In vitro differentiation of MSC into osteoblast lineage cells -  In vivo differentiation of MSC into bone -  Factors and pathways controlling osteoblast differentiation of hMSC -  Defining the relationship between osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation from MSC -  MSC and sex hormones -  Effect of aging on osteoblastogenesis -  Conclusion ?  Embryonic, foetal and adult stem cells in osteogenesis -  Cell-based therapies for bone -  Specific features of bone cells needed to be advantageous for clinical use -  Development of therapeutic biological agents -  Clinical application concerns -  Conclusion ?  Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), growth factors and osteogenesis -  PRP effects in vitro on the cells involved in bone repair -  PRP effects on osteoblasts -  PRP effects on osteoclasts -  PRP effects on endothelial cells -  PRP effects in vivo on experimental animals -  The clinical use of PRP for bone repair -  Non-union -  Distraction osteogenesis -  Spinal fusion -  Foot and ankle surgery -  Total knee arthroplasty -  Odontostomatology and maxillofacial surgery -  Conclusion ?  Molecular control of osteogenesis -  TGF-β signalling -  FGF signalling -  IGF signalling -  PDGF signalling -  MAPK signalling pathway -  Wnt signalling pathway -  Hedgehog signalling -  Notch signalling -  Ephrin signalling -  Transcription factors regulating osteoblast differentiation -  Conclusion ?  Summary This invited review covers research areas of central importance for orthopaedic and maxillofacial bone tissue repair, including normal fracture healing and healing problems, biomaterial scaffolds for tissue engineering, mesenchymal and foetal stem cells, effects of sex steroids on mesenchymal stem cells, use of platelet-rich plasma for tissue repair, osteogenesis and its molecular markers. A variety of cells in addition to stem cells, as well as advances in materials science to meet specific requirements for bone and soft tissue regeneration by addition of bioactive molecules, are discussed.

Handbook of instrumental techniques for materials, chemical and biosciences research

This Handbook contains a collection of articles describing instrumental techniques used for Materials, Chemical and Biosciences research that are available at the Scientific and Technological Centers of theUniversity of Barcelona (CCiTUB). The CCiTUB are a group of facilities of the UB that provide both the research community and industry with ready access to a wide range of major instrumentation.Together with the latest equipment and technology, the CCiTUB provide expertise in addressing the methodological research needs of the user community and they also collaborate in R+D+i Projectswith industry. CCiTUB specialists include technical and Ph.D.-level professional staff members who are actively engaged in methodological research. Detailed information on the centers’ resources andactivities can be found at the CCiTUB website www.ccit.ub.edu ...

Els nous materials s'inspiren en taurons i flors

Els nous materials sintètics, els més revolucionaris, s"inspiraran en la natura, capaç de crear per ella mateixa estructures amb propietats úniques

Materials developed by mechanical alloying and melt spinning

Materials science is a multidisciplinary research topic related to the development of physics and technology. Mechanical alloying of ribbon flakes is a two steps route to develop advanced materials. In this work, a Fe based alloy was obtained using three pathways: mechanical alloying, melt-spinning and mechanical alloying of previously melt-spun samples. Processing conditions allow us to obtain amorphous or nanocrystalline structures. Furthermore, a bibliographic revision of mechanical alloying is here presented

Découverte et application de nouveaux motifs d'association propres à l'hexaphénylbenzène et à ses dérivés

Les propriétés des matériaux moléculaires proviennent à la fois de la structure des composantes individuelles et de la façon dont elles s’associent. Ce dernier aspect reste difficile à contrôler, malgré de grandes avancées en science des matériaux. Pour mieux comprendre la relation structure-propriétés, nous avons entrepris une étude systématique de l'hexaphénylbenzène et de ses dérivés, qui offrent une charpente symétrique et rigide. En premier lieu, nous avons attaché six groupements diaminotriazinyles sur l’hexaphénylbenzène afin de produire des réseaux tridimensionnels hautement poreux maintenus par des ponts hydrogène. En modifiant systématiquement le coeur moléculaire, nous avons excisé près du tiers de la molécule-mère, générant des réseaux supramoléculaires dont la porosité s’est élevée graduellement jusqu’à 75%, équivalant ainsi le record pour ce type de matériaux. Ensuite, nous avons étudié le comportement de l’hexakis(4-nitrophényl)benzène. Dans les structures cristallines obtenues, des interactions non-covalentes entre groupements nitro démontrent leur potentiel en chimie supramoléculaire. Le coeur moléculaire ne joue qu’un rôle secondaire dans l’empilement des molécules : seules quelques interactions C-H•••π impliquant le cycle aromatique central de l’hexaphénylbenzène sont évidentes. Cette dernière observation nous a poussés à étudier le comportement à l’état cristallin de l’hexaphénylbenzène et ses dérivés. En scrutant attentivement neuf structures cristallines de ces composés, nous avons décerné la présence récurrente d’interactions C-H•••π impliquant le cycle aromatique central. Cette association caractéristique a été exploitée pour créer des réseaux supramoléculaires maintenus par des interactions C-H•••π sélectives entre un groupement éthynyle et le cycle aromatique central de l’hexaphénylbenzène. Finalement, nous avons joint le côté sombre de l’ingénierie cristalline en utilisant nos connaissances dans le but d’empêcher la formation d’interactions directionnelles. En protégeant le cycle aromatique central de l’hexaphénylbenzène à l’aide de groupements alkyles, les interactions C-H•••π ont été pratiquement éliminées. Ces résultats offrent la possibilité de créer de nouveaux matériaux amorphes. Dans ces études, focalisées sur le système hexaphénylbenzène, nous avons mis en relief des phénomènes qui sont obscurcis dans d'autres familles de molécules. De plus, ce système a grandement facilité l’utilisation d’une approche méthodique pour explorer la relation structure-propriétés. Nos travaux nous ont amenés à des conclusions de valeur universelle en science des matériaux moléculaires.

Surface acidity/basicity of yttria and its mixed oxides with alumina catalysts

Acid/base strength distribution of Y2O3 and its mixed oxides with alumina catalysts are measured on Hammett acidity function scale and expressed in terms of H0max value. Basicity of Y2O3 increases with increase in activation temperature and for mixed oxides the basicity increases with increase in concentration of Y2O3, in the catalyst.