Vieillissement: éléments pour une politique de santé publique

[Table des matières] 1. Résumé. 2. Introduction. 3. Evolution démographique. 4. Evolution épidémiologique : infarctus du myocarde, insuffisance cardiaque, accident vasculaire cérébral, diabète, bronchopneumopathie chronique obstructive, cancer en général, cancer pulmonaire, cancer colorectal, cancer du sein, cancer de la prostate, dépression, démence sénile de type Alzheimer et autres démences, syndrome parkinsonien et maladie de Parkinson, maladie rhumatismale, arthrose, lombalgie, ostéoporose et fractures, déficit et dépendance fonctionnels. 5. Réponses sanitaires. 6. Recommandations. 7. Lexique. 8. Index des tableaux. 9. Index des figures. 10-11. Annexes.

Comparaison internationale des résultats des politiques de lutte contre le VIH/sida : rapport sur mandat de l'Instance d'évaluation de la politique de lutte contre le sida (France)

[Table des matières] 1. Introduction. 2. Epidémiologie. 2.1 Dynamique et structure de l'épidémie de sida. 2.2 L'infection à VIH. 2.3 Evolution des comportements dans les principales populations de référence. 2.4 Conclusions intermédiaires. 3. Les politiques nationales de lutte contre le sida. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Les politiques et leur traduction institutionnelle. 3.3 Aspects spécifiques des politiques de lutte contre le sida. 4. Conclusions générales. 5. Annexes. 6. Tableaux comparatifs.

Addressing non-communicable diseases in the Seychelles: towards a comprehensive plan of action.

This article reviews the different steps taken during the past 20 years for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in the Seychelles. National surveys revealed high levels of several cardiovascular risk factors and prompted an organized response, starting with the creation of an NCD unit in the Ministry of Health. Information campaigns and nationwide activities raised awareness and rallied increasingly broad and high-level support. Significant policy was developed including comprehensive tobacco legislation and a School Nutrition Policy that bans soft drinks in schools. NCD guidelines were developed and specialized 'NCD nurses' were trained to complement doctors in district health centers. Decreasing smoking prevalence is evidence of success, but the raising so-called diabesity epidemic calls for an integrated multi-sector policy to mould an environment conducive to healthy behaviors. Essential components of these efforts include: effective surveillance mechanisms supplemented by focused research; generating broad interest and consensus; mobilizing leadership and commitment at all levels; involving local and international expertise; building on existing efforts; and seeking integrated, multi-disciplinary and multi-sector approaches.

Prévention du sida chez les toxicomanes en Suisse: une évolution encourageante. [Prevention of AIDS in drug addicts in Switzerland: an encouraging development].

Switzerland has adopted a prevention strategy including the promotion of non-sharing injection material and use of condoms. The access to sterile equipment has been made easier, but regional differences still exist. Studies conducted between 1989 and 1992 among drug users in different Swiss regions are reviewed in order to examine if progress in prevention occurred. Syringe sharing diminished everywhere, but rather high sharing rates persist where sterile material is less accessible. Condom use increased, but the situation is still unsatisfactory considering the high HIV prevalence among i.v. drug users. Where several surveys have been conducted consecutively, a stabilization of HIV prevalence was observed. This suggests a slowing down of the progression of the epidemic among drug users. These results, obtained in few years, are encouraging in the light of the pessimism which prevailed at the beginning of the epidemic about the ability of drug users to adopt preventive behaviour.

Politique cantonale vieillissement et santé : rapport du comité d'experts transmis à Monsieur le Conseiller d'Etat Pierre-Yves Maillard le 8 décembre 2011

Notre système de soins vaudois propose de nombreuses prestations de qualité aux personnes âgées. Le canton a été pionnier pour la mise en oeuvre de nombreuses initiatives : aide et soins à domicile, centres de traitements et de réadaptation, unités d'accueil temporaires, bureaux régionaux d'information et d'orientation. Autant de réalisations qui, preuve de leur intérêt, ont largement diffusé au-delà des frontières cantonales. Néanmoins, le vieillissement de la population vaudoise impose d'évaluer ce qui doit être entrepris pour adapter et consolider ces prestations afin de faire face le mieux possible aux formidables enjeux sanitaires liés à ce vieillissement. Ensuite, ces enjeux nécessitent aussi d'imaginer. Imaginer de nouvelles structures, de nouvelles missions, de nouvelles prestations et pratiques. Certaines mesures proposées visent le court terme et sont rapidement réalisables. D'autres nécessitent de modifier notre culture sanitaire, un défi qui demande du temps. Nous souhaitons, dans la politique proposée, initier ce processus dynamique. L'année 2012 marque symboliquement l'entrée en retraite des premiers baby-boomers et annonce la vague démographique qui culminera en 2030 déjà, lorsque un vaudois sur cinq aura plus de 65 ans. La politique "Vieillissement et Santé" proposée ici n'est pas figée. Si ce rapport a pour ambition d'être un outil de référence pour la communauté sanitaire, il ne représente qu'une étape dans les réflexions sur la santé et les soins aux aînés que le canton conduit depuis longtemps, et devra continuer à conduire. La politique qui y est décrite devra être périodiquement évaluée et adaptée. [Auteurs]

Cost-effectiveness of surgery in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: There is increasing interest in provision of essential surgical care as part of public health policy in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Relatively simple interventions have been shown to prevent death and disability. We reviewed the published literature to examine the cost-effectiveness of simple surgical interventions which could be made available at any district hospital, and compared these to standard public health interventions. METHODS: PubMed and EMBASE were searched using single and combinations of the search terms "disability adjusted life year" (DALY), "quality adjusted life year," "cost-effectiveness," and "surgery." Articles were included if they detailed the cost-effectiveness of a surgical intervention of relevance to a LMIC, which could be made available at any district hospital. Suitable articles with both cost and effectiveness data were identified and, where possible, data were extrapolated to enable comparison across studies. RESULTS: Twenty-seven articles met our inclusion criteria, representing 64 LMIC over 16 years of study. Interventions that were found to be cost-effective included cataract surgery (cost/DALY averted range US$5.06-$106.00), elective inguinal hernia repair (cost/DALY averted range US$12.88-$78.18), male circumcision (cost/DALY averted range US$7.38-$319.29), emergency cesarean section (cost/DALY averted range US$18-$3,462.00), and cleft lip and palate repair (cost/DALY averted range US$15.44-$96.04). A small district hospital with basic surgical services was also found to be highly cost-effective (cost/DALY averted 1 US$0.93), as were larger hospitals offering emergency and trauma surgery (cost/DALY averted US$32.78-$223.00). This compares favorably with other standard public health interventions, such as oral rehydration therapy (US$1,062.00), vitamin A supplementation (US$6.00-$12.00), breast feeding promotion (US$930.00), and highly active anti-retroviral therapy for HIV (US$922.00). CONCLUSIONS: Simple surgical interventions that are life-saving and disability-preventing should be considered as part of public health policy in LMIC. We recommend an investment in surgical care and its integration with other public health measures at the district hospital level, rather than investment in single disease strategies.

A la recherche d'une dynamique perdue: la politique suisse des drogues à l'épreuve du temps.

Le modèle des 4 piliers de notre politique drogues sert volontiers d'exemple dans les discussions en cours sur une politique intégrée des substances psychotropes. Si des succès importants ont été obtenus, il convient cependant de ne pas sombrer dans un satisfecit complaisant sur la réalité de notre politique drogues. Malgré l'ancrage législatif des 4 piliers, de nombreux défis demeurent.

Evaluation des technologies médicales : travaux présentés pendant le Congrès TEKMED 87 = Assessment of medical technologies : the papers presented during the TEKMED 87 Congress

[Table des matières] Technology assessment in health care in the United States: an historical review / S. Perry. - The aims and methods of technology assessment / JH Glasser. - Evaluation des technologies de la santé / A. Griffiths. - Les données nécessaires pour l'évaluation des technologies médicales / R. Chrzanowski, F. Gutzwiller, F. Paccaud. - Economic issues in technology assessment/DR Lairson, JM Swint. - Two decades of experience in technology assessment: evaluating the safety, performance, and cost effectiveness of medical equipment / JJ Nobel. - Demography and technology assessment / H. Hansluwka. - Méthodes expérimentale et non expérimentale pour l'évaluation des innovations technologiques / R. Chrzanowski, F. Paccaud. - Skull radiography in head trauma: a successful case of technology assessment / NT Racoveanu. - Complications associées à l'anesthésie: une étude prospective en France / L. Tiret et al. - Impact de l'information publique sur les taux opératoires: le cas de l'hystérectomie / G. Domenighetti, P. Luraschi, A. Casabianca. - The clinical effectiveness of acupuncture for the relief of chronic pain / MS Patel, F. Gutzwiller, F. Paccaud, A. Marazzi. - Soins à domicile et hébergement à long terme: à la recherche d'un développement optimum / G. Tinturier. - Economic evaluation of six scenarios for the treatment of stones in the kidney and ureter by surgery or ESWL / MS Patel et al. - Technology assessment and medical practice / F. Gutzwiller. - Technology assessment and health policy / SJ Reiser. - Global programme on appropriate technology for health, its role and place within WHO / K. Staehr Johansen.

Moving to the development of an HIA methodology : the effects of air pollution in Ticino, Switzerland

This chapter describes the profile of the HIA, provides insight into the process and gives an example of how political decisions may be made on behalf of a concerned population through an HIA approach. [Introduction p. 284]

Survey of prenatal screening policies in Europe for structural malformations and chromosome anomalies, and their impact on detection and termination rates for neural tube defects and Down's syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To 'map' the current (2004) state of prenatal screening in Europe. DESIGN: (i) Survey of country policies and (ii) analysis of data from EUROCAT (European Surveillance of Congenital Anomalies) population-based congenital anomaly registers. SETTING: Europe. POPULATION: Survey of prenatal screening policies in 18 countries and 1.13 million births in 12 countries in 2002-04. METHODS: (i) Questionnaire on national screening policies and termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly (TOPFA) laws in 2004. (ii) Analysis of data on prenatal detection and termination for Down's syndrome and neural tube defects (NTDs) using the EUROCAT database. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Existence of national prenatal screening policies, legal gestation limit for TOPFA, prenatal detection and termination rates for Down's syndrome and NTD. RESULTS: Ten of the 18 countries had a national country-wide policy for Down's syndrome screening and 14/18 for structural anomaly scanning. Sixty-eight percent of Down's syndrome cases (range 0-95%) were detected prenatally, of which 88% resulted in termination of pregnancy. Eighty-eight percent (range 25-94%) of cases of NTD were prenatally detected, of which 88% resulted in termination. Countries with a first-trimester screening policy had the highest proportion of prenatally diagnosed Down's syndrome cases. Countries with no official national Down's syndrome screening or structural anomaly scan policy had the lowest proportion of prenatally diagnosed Down's syndrome and NTD cases. Six of the 18 countries had a legal gestational age limit for TOPFA, and in two countries, termination of pregnancy was illegal at any gestation. CONCLUSIONS: There are large differences in screening policies between countries in Europe. These, as well as organisational and cultural factors, are associated with wide country variation in prenatal detection rates for Down's syndrome and NTD.

Offer and use of complementary and alternative medicine in hospitals of the French-speaking part of Switzerland.

Background: In 2004, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) was offered by physicians in one third of Swiss hospitals. Since then, CAM health policy has considerably changed. This study aims at describing the present supply and use of CAM in hospitals of the French-speaking part of Switzerland, and qualitatively explores the characteristics of this supply. Methods: Between June 2011 and March 2012, a short questionnaire was sent to the medical directors of hospitals (N=46), asking them whether a CAM was offered, where and by whom. Then, a semi-directive interview was conducted with 10 CAM therapists. Results: Among 37 responses (return rate 80%), 19 medical directors indicated that their hospital offered at least one CAM and 18 reported that they did not. Acupuncture was the most frequently proposed CAM, followed by manual therapies, osteopathy and aromatherapy. The disciplines that offered CAM most frequently were rehabilitation, gynaecology- obstetrics, palliative care, psychiatry and anaesthesiology. In eight out of ten interviews, it appeared that the procedures for introducing a CAM in the hospital were not tightly supervised by the hospital but were mainly based on the goodwill of the therapists, rather than clinical/scientific evidence. Conclusion: Hospitals offering CAM in the French-speaking part of Switzerland seems to have risen since 2004. The selection of CAM to be offered in a hospital should be based on the same procedure of evaluation and validation as conventional care, and if their safety and efficiency is evidence-based, they should receive the same structural resources.

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[Contient] 2.1. Access to dental care: an indicator of performance of health care systems. 21.2. Data on individuals and health systems. 21.3 Lifetime underuse of dental care in European countries. 21.4. Elements of health policy regarding dental care in European Countries. 21.5. Reasons for missing routine dental controls in European countries.21.6. Conclusions.