Analgesics:a comparison of therapeutic knowledge and inter-professional liaison between general practitioners and community pharmacists

The aim of this study was to ascertain general practitioners' (GPs') and pharmacists' knowledge of analgesics, to establish professional opinion on their use, and to assess the extent of pharmacist input into the prescribing of analgesics. Pharmacists displayed a better knowledge of analgesics than their colleagues in general practice, but had little input into the prescribing decisions made by GPs. Pharmacists' knowledge is not being put to best use in contributing to the preparation of practice formularies, and links between these two health professional groups need to be developed further.

Corpus callosum size and inter-hemispheric function in schizophrenia

We studied the relationship between corpus callosum area and both inter-hemispheric facilitation and interference in schizophrenics and controls. Mid-sagittal sections through the corpus callosum were measured using structural magnetic resonance imaging on 42 patients and 43 normal controls, along with symptom profiles. In a sub-sample, a modified version of the Stroop Test was also performed (27 patients and 29 controls) to assess inter-hemispheric facilitation and interference of colour naming. In the larger sample (total subjects, n=85), there were no significant differences between patients and controls in CC area but a trend towards smaller values in patients in all but the posterior segment. In the sub-sample, bilateral facilitation was greater, and interference, less in schizophrenics compared with controls. There was a positive correlation between facilitation and posterior CC area, parallelled by a negative correlation between interference and posterior CC area, in both patients and controls, which only reached statistical significance when both groups were combined. These findings suggest that the link, between CC size and neuropsychological processes involving inter-hemispheric transfer of information, is common to both schizophrenics and normal controls. There were significant negative correlations between anterior CC area and psychomotor poverty (avolition, anhedonia and affective flattening), and a suggestion that the negative correlation between age and CC size in controls was not present in patients.

Characterization of Inter-Body Interference in Context Aware Body Area Networking (CABAN)

The characterization and understanding of body to body communication channels is a pivotal step in the development of emerging wireless applications such as ad-hoc personnel localisation and context aware body area networks (CABAN). The latter is a recent innovation where the inherent mobility of body area networks can be used to improve the coexistence of multiple co-located BAN users. Rather than simply accepting reductions in communication performance, sensed changes in inter-network co-channel interference levels may facilitate intelligent inter-networking; for example merging or splitting with other BANs that remain in the same domain. This paper investigates the inter-body interference using controlled measurements of the full mesh interconnectivity between two ambulatory BANs operating in the same environment at 2.45 GHz. Each of the twelve network nodes reported received signal strength to allow for the creation of carrier to interference ratio time series with an overall entire mesh sampling period of 54 ms. The results indicate that even with two mobile networks, it is possible to identify the onset of co-channel interference as the BAN users move towards each other and, similarly, the transition to more favourable physical layer channel conditions as they move apart. © 2011 IEEE.

Inter-observer agreement in evaluating the anterior chamber angle by ultrasound biomicroscopy

Purpose. To determine the agreement between observers in estimating the configuration of the human anterior chamber angle (ACA) using ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM). Methods. Two masked clinicians used UBM images to estimate, in 41 eyes, the configuration of the ACA, especially (1) the position of contact between the peripheral iris and the inside of the eye wall, (2) the angularity of the approach to the ACA, and (3) the curvature of the peripheral iris. Agreement between observers was evaluated by the kappa statistic. Results. Inter-observer agreement in assessing the iris insertion (kappa = 0.79), angular width (Kappa = 0.95), and the peripheral iris curvature (kappa = 0.84) was high. Conclusions. The agreement between observers in evaluating the anterior chamber angle configuration by UBM was excellent.

Learning transfer in multinational companies:Explaining inter-organisation variation

This article addresses the extent to which multinational companies (MNCs) in Ireland deploy practices aimed at the transfer of learning in their operations and the factors explaining inter-organisation variation in so doing. Using data from 260 MNCs, we find that comparatively large numbers of firms deploy practices to transfer learning in their Irish operations. Most notably, we find that almost half of all MNCs have a formal policy on organisational learning, while more than six in every ten MNCs in Ireland utilise three or more learning transfer mechanisms. In investigating inter-organisation variation with respect to these, we test a number of hypotheses involving nationality, sectoral, MNC (e.g. organisation structure) and HR factors. Our results show that the presence of international HR structures is a significant factor in explaining learning transfer in MNCs. We also find support that employment size, sector and integration between the MNC's global operations are useful variables in explaining variation in the deployment of practices on learning transfer in MNCs. © 2009 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

A composite pollen-based stratotype for inter-regional evaluation of climatic events in New Zealand over the past 30,000 years (NZ-INTIMATE project)

Our review of paleoclimate information for New Zealand pertaining to the past 30,000 years has identified a general sequence of climatic events, spanning the onset of cold conditions marking the final phase of the Last Glaciation, through to the emergence to full interglacial conditions in the early Holocene. In order to facilitate more detailed assessments of climate variability and any leads or lags in the timing of climate changes across the region, a composite stratotype is proposed for New Zealand. The stratotype is based on terrestrial stratigraphic records and is intended to provide a standard reference for the intercomparison and evaluation of climate proxy records. We nominate a specific stratigraphic type record for each climatic event, using either natural exposure or drill core stratigraphic sections. Type records were selected on thebasis of having very good numerical age control and a clear proxy record. In all cases the main proxy of the type record is subfossil pollen. The type record for the period from ca 30 to ca 18 calendar kiloyears BP (cal. ka BP) is designated in lake-bed sediments from a small morainic kettle lake (Galway tarn) in western South Island. The Galway tarn type record spans a period of full glacial conditions (Last Glacial Coldest Period, LGCP) within the Otira Glaciation, and includes three cold stadials separated by two cool interstadials. The type record for the emergence from glacial conditions following the termination of the Last Glaciation (post-Termination amelioration) is in a core of lake sediments from a maar (Pukaki volcanic crater) in Auckland, northern North Island, and spans from ca 18 to 15.64±0.41 cal. ka BP. The type record for the Lateglacial period is an exposure of interbedded peat and mud at montane Kaipo bog, eastern North Island. In this high-resolution type record, an initial mild period was succeeded at 13.74±0.13 cal. ka BP by a cooler period, which after 12.55±0.14 cal. ka BP gave way to a progressive ascent to full interglacial conditions that were achieved by 11.88±0.18 cal. ka BP. Although a type section is not formally designated for the Holocene Interglacial (11.88±0.18 cal. ka BP to the present day), the sedimentary record of Lake Maratoto on the Waikato lowlands, northwestern North Island, is identified as a prospective type section pending the integration and updating of existing stratigraphic and proxy datasets, and age models. The type records are interconnected by one or more dated tephra layers, the ages of which are derived from Bayesian depositional modelling and OxCal-based calibrations using the IntCal09 dataset. Along with the type sections and the Lake Maratoto record, important, well-dated terrestrial reference records are provided for each climate event. Climate proxies from these reference records include pollen flora, stable isotopes from speleothems, beetle and chironomid fauna, and glacier moraines. The regional composite stratotype provides a benchmark against which to compare other records and proxies. Based on the composite stratotype, we provide an updated climate event stratigraphic classification for the New Zealand region. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.

Inter-Agency Evidence Sharing in Competition Law Enforcement

While transnational antitrust enforcement is becoming only more common, the access to foreign-based evidence remains a considerable practical challenge. This article appraises considerations and concerns surrounding confidentiality, and looks into ways of their possible accommodation. It further identifies and critically evaluates the existing mechanisms allowing for inter-agency confidential information/ evidence sharing in competition law enforcement. The article outlines the shortcomings of the current framework and points to novel unilateral approaches. In the latter regard the focus is devoted to Australia, where the competition agency is empowered to share confidential information with foreign counterparts, also without any underlying bilateral agreement and on a non-reciprocal basis. This solution shows that a pragmatic and workable approach to inter-agency evidence sharing can be achieved.