Circulating leukocyte heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and oxidative stress markers in rats after a bout of exhaustive exercise

A novel method to measure oxidative stress resulting from exhaustive exercise in rats is presented. In this new procedure we evaluated the erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes, catalase ( CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR), the plasma oxidative attack markers, reactive carbonyl derivatives (RCD) and thiobarbituric reactive substances (TBARS). Muscular tissue damage was evaluated by monitoring plasma creatine kinase (CK) and plasma taurine ( Tau) concentrations. Also, we monitored total sulphydryl groups (TSG) and uric acid (UA), and the level of the 70 kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) in leukocytes as a marker of oxidative stress. In the study we found a correspondence between erythrocyte CAT and GR activities and leukocyte HSP70 levels, principally 3 h after the acute exercise, and this suggested an integrated mechanism of antioxidant defense. The increase in levels of plasma Tau was coincident with the increasing plasma levels of CK and TBARS, principally after two hours of exercise. Thus tissue damage occurred before the expression of any anti-oxidant system markers and the monitoring of Tau, CK or TBARS may be important for the estimation of oxidative stress during exhaustive exercise. Furthermore, the integrated analyses could be of value in a clinical setting to quantify the extent of oxidative stress risk and reduce the need to perform muscle biopsies as a tool of clinical evaluation.

Cardioprotective effects of Dan-Yang-Fu-Xin decoction on chronic heart failure in rats

Purpose: To evaluate the cardioprotective effects and possible mechanisms of Dan-Yang-Fu-Xin decoction (DYFX) in a rat chronic heart failure (CHF). Methods: A CHF rat model induced by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery was used to investigate the cardioprotective effects of DYFX. After intragastric administration for 8 weeks, several functional cardiac indices, including fractional shortening (FS), ejection fraction (EF), heart rate (HR) and cardiac output (CO) were assessed by ultrasound examination. Subsequently, inflammatory markers, viz, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), myocardial enzymes, namely, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK), were also assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: Intragastric administration of DYFX (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) significantly reversed the decrease in body weight and increase in cardiac weight (p < 0.05) induced by CHF. Treatment with DYFX also significantly reversed EF, FS, HR, and CO changes in CHF rats. In addition, DYFX inhibited the two inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6) and myocardial enzymes (CK and LDH), suggesting that these effects may include the mechanisms of cardioprotectiion involved in attenuation of CHF. Conclusion: DYFX possesses cardioprotective effects involving CHF. The protective mechanisms may include the suppression of expression of inflammatory mediators and myocardial enzymes.

Early intravenous beta-blockers in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction before primary percutaneous coronary intervention

The impact of intravenous (IV) beta-blockers before primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) on infarct size and clinical outcomes is not well established. This study sought to conduct the first double-blind, placebo-controlled international multicenter study testing the effect of early IV beta-blockers before PPCI in a general ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) population. STEMI patients presenting <12 h from symptom onset in Killip class I to II without atrioventricular block were randomized 1:1 to IV metoprolol (2 × 5-mg bolus) or matched placebo before PPCI. Primary endpoint was myocardial infarct size as assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) at 30 days. Secondary endpoints were enzymatic infarct size and incidence of ventricular arrhythmias. Safety endpoints included symptomatic bradycardia, symptomatic hypotension, and cardiogenic shock. A total of 683 patients (mean age 62 ± 12 years; 75% male) were randomized to metoprolol (n = 336) or placebo (n = 346). CMR was performed in 342 patients (54.8%). Infarct size (percent of left ventricle [LV]) by CMR did not differ between the metoprolol (15.3 ± 11.0%) and placebo groups (14.9 ± 11.5%; p = 0.616). Peak and area under the creatine kinase curve did not differ between both groups. LV ejection fraction by CMR was 51.0 ± 10.9% in the metoprolol group and 51.6 ± 10.8% in the placebo group (p = 0.68). The incidence of malignant arrhythmias was 3.6% in the metoprolol group versus 6.9% in placebo (p = 0.050). The incidence of adverse events was not different between groups. In a nonrestricted STEMI population, early intravenous metoprolol before PPCI was not associated with a reduction in infarct size. Metoprolol reduced the incidence of malignant arrhythmias in the acute phase and was not associated with an increase in adverse events.

Augmentation de l’expression de la chaine α1 de la laminine 111, un potentiel traitement pour la Dystrophie musculaire de Duchenne

La protéine hétérotrimérique laminine-111 permet le lien entre la matrice-extracellulaire et l’intégrine α7β1 du sarcolemme, remplaçant ainsi dans les muscles dystrophiques, des liens normalement assurés par le complexe de la dystrophine. L’injection de laminine-111 dans des souris mdx a permis, entre autre, l’augmentation de l’expression de l’intégrine α7β1, d’empêcher les bris du sarcolemme lors de la contraction musculaire, de restaurer un niveau normal de la créatine kinase sérique, ainsi que d’augmenter la résistance et la force dans les muscles déficients en dystrophine. Ces résultats suggèrent que l’augmentation de la laminine-111 est un potentiel traitement pour la DMD. Les chaines β1 et γ1 de la laminine sont déjà exprimées dans le muscle humain adulte, mais la chaine α1 de la laminine (Lamα1) est exprimée uniquement pendant le stade très précoce 16 cellules de l’embryogenèse. Nous avons donc développé une méthode alternative à l’injection répétée de Laminine-111 en induisant l’expression endogène du gène LAMA1, afin de reformer le complexe trimérique α1β1γ1, la laminine 111. Ceci a été réalisé avec une technologie récente, le système CRISPR/Cas9, dont la Cas9 a été désactivée (dCas9) puis couplée à un domaine d’activation de la transcription, le VP160 (dCas9-VP160). L’utilisation d’un ou plusieurs ARN guides (ARNg) a permis de cibler le promoteur du gène LAMA1. L’ARNm de Lamα1 (qRT-PCR) ainsi que la protéine (immunohistochimie et immunobuvardage) n’ont pas été détecté dans le contrôle négatif, des myoblastes murins (C2C12). Cependant, une expression significative a été observée dans ces myoblastes transfectés avec des plasmides codant pour dCas9-VP160 et un ARNg. L’analyse protéique in vivo, dans des muscles de souris électroporés avec le même plasmide, a démontré une forte augmentation de la chaine α1 de la laminine. Des augmentations plus importantes de l’ARNm de Lamα1 ont été observées en utilisant 2 ARNg, suggérant un effet synergique. L’augmentation de l’expression de Lamα1 par le système de CRISPR/Cas9 devrait être étudiée d’avantage afin de vérifier si cette stratégie pourrait s’avérer efficace dans des cas de myopathies.

MSTN, CKM, and DMRT3 gene variants in different lines of quarter horses.

and creatine kinase muscle (CKM) (g.22999655C>A) genes have been associated with optimum racing distance and muscle development and racing performance in Thoroughbred horses, respectively. Considering that, since its formation, the Quarter Horse breed has received important genetic influence from the English breed, the genes cited become important candidates for athletic performance in the racing line of the American breed. An SNP in the equine doublesex and mab-3-related transcription factor 3 (DMRT3) gene (g.22999655C>A) has been described, which is responsible for the gait phenotype in homozygous individuals. Using a sample of 296 Quarter Horses of the racing line and 68 animals of the cutting line, the objective of this study was to compare the frequencies of the three SNPs cited above between a random subsample of animals of the cutting line (n ¼ 20) and animals with extreme phenotypes for racing performance (n ¼ 20 per extreme phenotype). The MSTN SNP showed practically no variation, with the observation of only one heterozygous animal (CT) in the cutting line, suggesting that this gene has been under great selective pressure within the racing segment. The CKM gene variant studied was found to be polymorphic, but no significant associates were observed between its alleles and the different lines or groups. Two animals carrying the CA heterozygous DMRT3 genotype were identified in the group with poor racing performance and one in the cutting line, indicating that this variant can be a limiting factor for the development of greater speeds.