Cooperação em sagüis comuns callithrix jacchus: condições e restrições

The cooperative behavior is no longer a dilemma for the theory of evolution, since there are models that explain the evolution of this behavior by means of natural selection at the individual level. However, there have been few studies on the proximal factors that interfere with cooperative behavior. In the study of the influence of cognition on cooperation, many authors have been interested in situations in which individuals decide whether to act cooperatively and select partners with different qualities to cooperate. Of the factors studied, we highlight the need for understanding the apparatus and communication between partners to the occurrence of cooperation. Recently, highlight is the proposal that the ability to cooperate would be greater in species with cooperative breeding system. Thus, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a New World monkey which stands as a valuable species for this type of study because it presents cooperative actions in nature, such as sharing food and protection of the community territory. Our experiment investigated whether common marmosets unrelated females (n = 6) were able to cooperate using an electrical and a mechanical apparatus, if this cooperation is a byproduct of individual actions or involve social attention, if it occurs inter-individual variation in the use of devices and formation of roles (producer / scrounger) in dyads. We use the number of rewards obtained by animals (Ratio of Correct Pulls) as indicators of cooperation and glances for partners (Ratio of Correct Glances) as indicators of social attention and communication. The results indicate that the type of apparatus was not a constraint for the occurrence of cooperation between the marmosets, but still has not been verified formation of roles in the dyads. The performance of animals in the two devices showed a large variation in the learning time, not having relationship with the performance in the tests phase. In both devices the level of social glances at control phases were casually correlated with any other phase, but the data showed that there was not social attention, that is, the monkeys realized that they gave food to the partners, but the partners did

Fatores que influenciam a cooperação em humanos

Human cooperation is fundamentally affected by reciprocal exchange, but it is also remarkably common on the context of large and symbolically marked in-groups, which promote cooperation through the feeling of belonging to a group. In this thesis, two empirical articles were produced in order to investigate how human cooperation is affected by factors such as reciprocity, in-group behavior, in-group markers and gender. We investigated this subject through the administration of online games consisting of token donations, on which the subjects faced virtual players controlled by the experiment. We found that cooperative behavior is strongly influenced by reciprocity, and it is also affected by the in-group behavior, observed on the context of the social variables place of birth, ethnicity, and religions, once all of them acted as in-group markers. The subjects´ in-group behavior was enhanced when they played with generous in-group opponents, but weakened when their in-group opponents were non-generous. It was also found that cooperation is not affected by gender, but men and women cooperated in different ways under the influence of reciprocity and in-group behavior. Women are much more reciprocal on their cooperative behavior and men are less willing to cooperate with outgroupers, even when they act generously. The overall results contribute to a better understanding of the adaptive value of cooperation, reciprocity and in-group behavior on the solution of important challenges through the human evolutionary history

A influência do feedback verbal na cooperação em crianças

Human cooperation is a hallmark of this species due to its wide extension to genetically unrelated individuals and complex division of labor. It is considered an evolutionary puzzle, because the theory of evolution by natural selection predicts that self-interested individuals tend to be selected. Different theories have been proposed to explain the evolution of cooperation, which the most important are kin selection and reciprocal altruism. Considering the evolutionary continuity between species, humans and other primates have several common traits that help to promote cooperation between individuals of these species. Two features, however, seem to be particularly humans: inequality aversion and preferences in relation to others. Although human cooperation is not necessarily related to morality, cooperative traits are the basis for moral tendencies. The development of human morality is a combination of early prosocial tendencies, cooperative skills displayed at different ages, social learning and cultural transmission of norms. The social stimulus seems to be particularly important in promoting cooperative behavior in children and adults. In order to study the influence of social stimuli, as verbal feedback, on children cooperation, a study was conducted with children in a public goods game. 407 children from public schools in Natal / RN, divided into 21 groups, between six and nine years, participated in eight rounds of this game. After each round, seven groups received praise for larger donations, seven groups have been criticized by smaller donations, and the other seven received no comment. Children cooperated more when criticized, without significant differences between sexes, although young children have cooperated more negative than older children. The results are likely related to the anticipation and avoidance of punishment associated with the feedback (although this did not occur), and greater sensitivity to the authority in younger children. Nevertheless, the cooperation decreased in all groups until the last day of play. The results suggest an early sensitivity to moral punishment, whose role in the maintenance of social relations must have been important in the evolution of cooperation in humans

Relações sociais de callithrix jacchus machos: competição ou cooperação?

The group Callithrichidae is characterized by the flexibility in its mating system. This fact generates questions about the mechanisms that Callithrix jacchus males reach the breeding position in a group and how they prevent the subordinates reproduction, since the competition apparently happens with less intensity when compared to the females. Studies have shown the importance of social interactions and kinship among individuals in the distribution of mating opportunities in a group. This work aimed to evaluate if dyads of Callithrix jacchus males acted socially different due to kinship. We observed the agonistic and affiliative behaviours made by the males when associated in dyads (Phase 1) and when these dyads received a female (Phase 2), which was introduced in the pair`s cage for 45 minutes. In the phase 2, we also accounted for the sexual interactions between males and female in each trio. We used 16 males, 8 related (brothers-R) and 8 nonrelated (NR), as well as 8 females. Each phase lasted 4 weeks, with 3 observations/week, during 15 min/male in phase 1 and 2. In the first phase, two pairs of R males had a contested dominance and the other two, just like in the NR males, had an uncontested dominance. The NR dominant males were more aggressive than the subordinates. With the female`s entrance in the cage, all male pairs began to have an uncontested dominance. The NR males aggression frequency rose along with the subordinates` submission. In the R males, the frequency of grooming and physical contact was higher than in the NR males. So, we conclude that the low levels of agonism presented by the R males, along with the higher tolerance shown amongst them, lead us to believe that kinship attenuate the competition among these males

Library exceptions in the copyright laws of Ibero-American countries

The development of the digital setting has made it absolutely necessary to revise copyright legislation as a whole, including the exceptions that benefit libraries and similar institutions. Unfortunately, adaptation to the new technological reality is not taking place satisfactorily in most countries - the predominating trend is a refortification of copyright as opposed to user interests, and the maintenance of a certain pre-digital philosophy. In the case of Ibero-America the problem is twofold: aside from obsolescence or a lack of adaptation to the new technological setting, there are countries that have not yet included library-related exceptions in the national laws. Moreover, these happen to be developing countries, whose needs and interests do not coincide with those of the richer nations who paved the path to be followed by international treaties and copy- or copyright agreements. This study looks into the situation of exceptions to copyright to benefit libraries in the countries constituting Ibero-America, with a comparative analysis of the most significant characteristics of their national laws. It is concluded that it is crucial for these countries to take advantage of the options offered through the WIPO Copyright Treaty of 1996 and the results of the WIPO Development Agenda to update their legislation, in order that copyright will be respected, while at the same time making it easier for libraries to continue carrying out their social function in an adequate manner, always with the understanding of the developmental context of these countries.

Cooperação técnica internacional: aportes teóricos

Induzidos por uma mudança estrutural na dinâmica da sociedade internacional, muitos municípios, por meio do exercício da chamada paradiplomacia ou diplomacia federativa, vêm elaborando instrumentos de gestão municipal para captar recursos via experiências de Cooperação Técnica Internacional (CTI). Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste artigo é mapear conceitualmente o fenômeno de CTI, visando a facilitar sua compreensão e suas consequências práticas para a sociedade brasileira.

Origens dos instrumentos de formação da política comercial norte-americana

L'objectif de cet article est de montrer l'existence de traces historiques permettant de lier les concepts de libre-échange et protectionnisme, tous les deux employés dans la politique de commerce extérieur des Etats-Unis. Parallèlement, on cherche à souligner l'importance de la législation et des principes formulés dans ce pays et leur rôle explicatif concernant les motivations de la structure du commerce international après 1945. Ce rôle a en effet contribué à qu'on puisse mieux comprendre les tournées de négociations du GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) jusqu'à la création de l'OMC (Organisation Mondiale du Commerce), en 1995. on traite également des raisons pour lesquelles le commerce international aux Etats-Unis est non seulement une question d'Etat mais encore une question de la société.

Evolução da terminoliga princípio contábil baseada na Escola Norte-Americana

This research has as objective of study the evolution of the accountancy princliple terminology which is present in the accounting conceptual framework. The scene of this research will have as target the North American School of Accounting. The choice of the searched terminology is its relevance in the study of the Accounting Theory. To understand the evolution of the accountancy thought, will be boarded: the influence of the Feudal System and the Mercantilism in the European economic conception; the importance of the Industrial Revolution in the beginning of the accounting standards and the influence of England in the formation of the North American School of Accounting. With relation to U.S.A., the development of the economic-financial scene of the American society will be evaluated, focusing the contribution in the search of the construction of an applied theoretical framework to the Accounting. The economic-financial development of U.S.A. provided the sprouting of new users with specific necessities. The necessity of the user for useful information for the decision taking, unchained the process of research directed toward the establishment of an applied Accountancy terminology. In this process, the paper exerted for the responsible accountancy organisms for the accounting standards will be boarded, as well as the professionals associations which had invested in researches, aiming at to elaborate a body of accountancy principles and to adjust the accountancy procedures to the necessities of the users. To reach the research objective, a bibliographical revision in specialized literature will be effected, adopting the historical method, in the period that understands the development of the North American School of Accounting. As result of the research, it can conclude that the evolution process of the terminology which is studied presents a structural logical problem, because the impossibility of the construction of a theoretical framework, having as bases the principle terminology. The impossibility occurred in function of the reach attributed to the term, which made a difficult in its application in the elaboration of the accountancy procedures

Surto de leishmaniose tegumentar americana em Itaporanga, São Paulo (Brasil)

O presente trabalho relata os aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos de surto de leishmaniose tegumentar americana na região Sudoeste do estado de São Paulo, área de colonização antiga, não associada a derrubadas de matas. Foram examinados 231 indivíduos, observando-se: a) Sessenta e sete indivíduos (29%) apresentavam leishmaniose confirmada pela histopatologia das lesões cutâneas e intradermorreação de Montenegro. Destes casos, 40 (59,7%) eram homens; b) a idade variou entre 2 (5 casos) e 86 anos (1 caso); c) de acordo com o tipo de lesão, observou-se: 54 (80, 6%) pacientes apresentavam úlceras, 13 (19,4%) nódulos, 4 (5,9%) lesões úlcero-vegetantes e 3 (4,4%) cicatrizes típicas; d) a intradermorreção de Montenegro apresentou 94,7% de positividade nos casos de leishmaniose-doença. Este estudo reforça observações prévias de que, além da forma clássica de transmissão, a leishmaniose pode ser transmitida no intra e peri-domicílio.

O circuito espacial de produção e os círculos de cooperação da soja no Maranhão no período técnico-científico informacional

The study in screen it has as objective the understanding of the space circuit of production and the circles of cooperation of the soy that if develop in the Maranhão in the technician-scientific-informational period. Characterized for the material and incorporeal flows if they develop in the Maranhão, from the moment where it had a process of integration of the maranhense territory while peripheral space of the capitalist dynamics, that if gave through the politics of regional integration created by the State, but when it had a process of selective modernization, also partial and conservative of the agriculture, that made possible the significant increase of the production and reproduction of the capital. The study sample that with the advent of the soy, had a concentration of the production techniques, mainly in the agricultural region of Balsas, due to bigger it offers of lands, time of implantation of the culture, technique accumulated in the production, whereas in the agricultural region of Chapadinha, these indices still are without representation. Moreover, the intensification of the agricultural credit, the agrarian politics and tax incentives are elements that have propitiated increase of the production of the soy. The development of the space circuit and circles of cooperation of the soy, a side, create new forces politics in the Maranhão that can result in the creation of a new state, the other, are responsible, for the elimination of part of the subsistence agriculture, producing social problems as, agrarian concentration and unemployment. The study it still evidences the appropriation of the place for a small number of companies that has generated, beyond an intense concentration of income, an alienation of the territory, in view of that this is used for a strange purpose to the place and the yearning of the population does not stop

O circuito espacial produtivo e os círculos de cooperação da carcinicultura do Rio Grande do Norte

Suponiendo que la dinámica territorial del período histórico actual se caracteriza por la nueva división territorial del trabajo, por la especialización regional productiva y por la racionalidad que preside el movimiento de las mercancías y de la información, la teoría de los circuitos espaciales de producción se convierte fundamental para la comprensión de la organización, regulación y del uso de territorios por las actividades productivas. Así, teniendo en cuenta este supuesto y aplicando esta teoría para analizar el área de la producción de camarón en el estado de Rio Grande do Norte, se llega a comprender la dinámica del territorio Potiguar. Por lo tanto, en nuestro trabajo pretendemos entender el movimiento, la secuencia de los casos que geográficos que separan la producción, distribución, intercambio y consumo de camarón Potiguar, en este momento, sobre todo a partir de la década de 1990, sucede la expansión del cultivo de camarón en la costa norte Riograndense. La investigación ha demostrado que a pesar de la presencia de un gran número de agentes en la actividad, hay un control y una concentración del circuito en las manos de grandes empresas. Este control se pasa por el reducido número de agentes de venta de larvas, alimentación, maquinaria e insumos. Y con respecto a la concentración, esto ocurre sobre todo en la etapa de producción en las haciendas de engorde. En este caso, podemos decir que hay un predominio de los pequeños productores en números absolutos en el cultivo de camarón potiguar, ya que gran parte de los emprendimientos tienen dimensiones inferiores a 10 ha. Sin embargo, cuando analizamos las empresas de gran escala, éstos, a pesar de representar un porcentaje menor del total, concentran casi la mitad de las áreas cultivadas, además de tener en el control de gran parte del movimiento establecido por el circuito espacial productivo de la producción de camarón. Así, aparecen en el circuito espacial productivo de la producción de camarón de Rio Grande do Norte, las diferencias cualitativas de los usos del territorio entre los agentes que participan de este circuito. Porque un número limitado de agentes tienen las mayores áreas productivas, son dotados de un mayor nivel de tecnificación y tienen, hasta cierto punto, el control del movimiento de su producto, mientras que, eso no se reproducen por otros agentes, especialmente aquellos dedicados a la producción, efectiva, en las haciendas de engorde

The anti-ulcerogenic effects of Curatella americana L.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Thermal requirements for the embryonic development of Periplaneta americana (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattidae) with potential application in mass-rearing of egg parasitoids

The embryonic development of oothecae of Periplaneta americana was evaluated under four different constant temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35 degrees C and also at different exposure times at <5 degrees C. Their suitability as hosts after the treatment for the parasitoids Evania appendigaster and Aprostocetus hagenowii was also assessed. Temperatures of 5, 10, 15, and 35 degrees C adversely affected the development of the cockroaches, and exposure times to <5 degrees C longer than 5 days sufficed to kill all the embryos in the oothecae. The lower thermal threshold for complete development of P. americana was estimated to be 6.8 degrees C, with a required total amount of 900.9 degree-days. Cold-killed oothecae were still fit for the development of parasitoids. Parasitism rates of A hagenowii were higher than those of E appendigaster, although with lower emergence rates. Our results can be useful in aiding mass-rearing of these parasitoids for biological control programmes of A americana, and may help forecast the time of emergence of nymphs of American cockroaches in infested areas. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Morphology and anatomy of developing fruits and seeds of Mammea americana L. (Clusiaceae)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Respostas morfológicas em Guibourtia hymenifolia (Moric.) J. Leonard (Fabaceae) e Genipa americana L. (Rubiaceae), submetidas ao estresse por deficiência nutricional e alagamento do substrato

Foram estudadas as respostas plásticas em duas espécies nativas. em G. hymenifolia, não foram verificadas modificações morfológicas significativas, exceto quanto ao conteúdo de amido de reserva, que foram menores nos lotes capacidade de campo desnutrido (CCD) e alagamento desnutrido (ALD). em Genipa americana os indivíduos do lote (CCN - capacidade de campo nutrido) exibiram raízes adventícias com aerênquima distinto, mais freqüentes nas plantas do lote controle submetidas ao alagamento (ALN - alagado nutrido). Nessa última espécie, nos lotes ALN, verificou-se o surgimento de aerênquima lisógeno no caule, além da hipertrofia lenticelar. A diversidade de respostas às condições de alagamento, aliada à uma larga ocorrência de populações de Genipa americana em áreas sazonalmente inundadas, como por exemplo no Pantanal de Miranda-MS, sugere um complexo de interações entre caractes adaptativos morfológicos e fisiológicos, sendo o potencial gênico fundamental neste tipo de resposta.