Underreporting of Energy Intake in Brazilian Women Varies According to Dietary Assessment: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Doubly Labeled Water

Objective Underreporting of energy intake is prevalent in food surveys, but there is controversy about which dietary assessment method provides greater underreporting rates. Our objective is to compare validity of self-reported energy intake obtained by three dietary assessment methods with total energy expenditure (TEE) obtained by doubly labeled water (DLW) among Brazilian women. Design We used a cross-sectional study. Subjects/setting Sixty-five females aged 18 to 57 years (28 normal-weight, 10 over-weight, and 27 obese) were recruited from two universities to participate. Main outcome measures TEE determined by DLW, energy intake estimated by three 24-hour recalls, 3-day food record, and a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Statistical analyses performed Regression and analysis of variance with repeated measures compared TEE and energy intake values, and energy intake-to-TEE ratios and energy intake-TEE values between dietary assessment methods. Bland and Altman plots were provided for each method. chi(2) test compared proportion of underreporters between the methods. Results Mean TEE was 2,622 kcal (standard deviation [SD] =490 kcal), while mean energy intake was 2,078 kcal (SD=430 kcal) for the diet recalls; 2,044 kcal (SD=479 kcal) for the food record and 1,984 kcal (SD=832 kcal) for the FFQ (all energy intake values significantly differed from TEE; P<0.0001). Bland and Altman plots indicated great dispersion, negative mean differences between measurements, and wide limits of agreement. Obese subjects underreported more than normal-weight subjects in the diet recalls and in the food records, but not in the FFQ. Years of education, income and ethnicity were associated with reporting accuracy. Conclusions The FFQ produced greater under- and overestimation of energy intake. Underreporting of energy intake is a serious and prevalent error in dietary self-reports provided by Brazilian women, as has been described in studies conducted in developed countries.

Under-reporting of energy intake is more prevalent in a healthy dietary pattern cluster

The aim of the present study was to determine whether under-reporting rates vary between dietary pattern Clusters. Subjects were sixty-five Brazilian women. During 3 weeks, anthropometric data were collected. total energy expenditure (TEE) was determined by the doubly labelled water method and diet Was Measured. Energy intake (El) and the daily frequency of consumption per 1000 kJ of twenty-two food groups were obtained from a FFQ. These frequencies were entered into a Cluster analysis procedure in order to obtain dietary patterns. Under-reporters were defined Lis those who did not lose more than 1 kg of body weight during the study and presented EI:TEE less than 0.82. Three dietary pattern clusters were identified and named according to their most recurrent food groups: sweet foods (SW). starchy foods (ST) and health), (H). Subjects from the healthy cluster had the lowest mean EI:TEE (SW = 0.86, ST = 0.71 and H = 0.58: P = 0.003) and EI - TEE (SW = -0.49 MJ, ST = - 3.20 MJ and H = -5.09 MJ; P = 0.008). The proportion of Under-reporters was 45.2 (95 % CI 35.5, 55.0) % in the SW Cluster: 58.3 (95 % CI 48.6, 68.0) % in the ST Cluster and 70.0 (95 % CI 61.0, 79) % in the H cluster (P=0.34). Thus, in Brazilian women, Under-reporting of El is not uniformly distributed among, dietary pattern clusters and tends to be more severe among subjects from the healthy cluster. This cluster is more consistent with both dietary guidelines and with what lay individuals usually consider `healthy eating`.

High sodium intake enhances insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in rat epididymal adipose tissue

Objective: This study investigated the effect of different sodium content diets on rat adipose tissue carbohydrate metabolism and insulin sensitivity. Methods and Procedures: Male Wistar rats were fed on normal- (0.5% Na+; NS), high- (3.12% Na+; HS), or low-sodium (0.06% Na+; LS) diets for 3, 6, and 9 weeks after weaning. Blood pressure (BP) was measured using a computerized tail-cuff system. An intravenous insulin tolerance test (ivITT) was performed in fasted animals. At the end of each period, rats were killed and blood samples were collected for glucose and insulin determinations. The white adipose tissue (WAT) from abdominal and inguinal subcutaneous (SC) and periepididymal (PE) depots were weighed and processed for adipocyte isolation and measurement of in vitro rates of insulin-stimulated 2-deoxy-d-[H-3]-glucose uptake (2DGU) and conversion of -[U-C-14]-glucose into (CO2)-C-14. Results: After 6 weeks, HS diet significantly increased the BP, SC and PE WAT masses, PE adipocyte size, and plasma insulin concentration. The sodium dietary content did not influence the whole-body insulin sensitivity. A higher half-maximal effective insulin concentration (EC50) from the dose - response curve of 2DGU and an increase in the insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation rate were observed in the isolated PE adipocytes from HS rats. Discussion: The chronic salt overload enhanced the adipocyte insulin sensitivity for glucose uptake and the insulin-induced glucose metabolization, contributing to promote adipocyte hypertrophy and increase the mass of several adipose depots, particularly the PE fat pad.

Effects of milk supplementation with skim milk powder, whey protein concentrate and sodium caseinate on acidification kinetics, rheological properties and structure of nonfat stirred yogurt

Milk supplementation with milk proteins in four different levels was used to investigate the effect on acidification and textural properties of yogurt. Commercial skim milk powder was diluted in distilled water, and the supplements were added to give different enriched-milk bases; these were heat treated at 90 degrees C for 5 min. These mixtures were incubated with the bacterial cultures for fermentation in a water bath, at 42 degrees C, until pH 4.50 was reached. Chemical changes during fermentation were followed by measuring the pH. Protein concentration measurements, microbial counts of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, and textural properties (G`, G ``, yield stress and firmness) were determined after 24 h of storage at 4 degrees C. Yogurt made with milk supplemented with sodium caseinate resulted in significant properties changes, which were decrease in fermentation time, and increase in yield stress, storage modulus, and firmness, with increases in supplement level. Microstructure also differed from that of yogurt produced with milk supplemented with skim milk powder or sodium caseinate. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Desempenho e eficiência biológica de bubalinos de três grupos genéticos terminados em confinamento e abatidos em diferentes estádios de maturidade

Neste trabalho objetivou-se estudar o desempenho e a eficiência biológica de 48 bubalinos (16 Murrah - MUR, 16 Jafarabadi - JAF e 16 Mediterrâneo - MED) com média de 18 meses de idade e de peso vivo inicial de 330 kg terminados em confinamento. Quatro animais de cada grupo genético foram designados por sorteio para o abate inicial e serviram de referência para o estudo dos pesos iniciais de corpo vazio e de carcaça. Os 12 animais restantes de cada grupo genético foram divididos aleatoriamente em três subgrupos de quatro animais e submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos: Maturidade 1 (400 kg PV ao abate); Maturidade 2 (450 kg PV ao abate); Maturidade 3 (500 kg PV ao abate). Foi fornecida uma ração única, ad libitum, para todos os animais, composta por 50% de feno de coastcross na MS e 50% de concentrado à base de fubá de milho, uréia e farelo de soja, devidamente suplementado com minerais. Após os abates pré-fixados, determinou-se o peso corporal vazio (PCVZ) dos animais, por meio do somatório das partes integrantes do corpo. Os consumos médios diários de MS e MO não diferiram entre grupos genéticos, embora animais JAF tenham apresentado os maiores valores numéricos. Animais MUR, JAF e MED não diferiram quanto aos ganhos de peso corporal vazio e de carcaça. Não houve diferenças quanto à eficiência biológica (ganho de peso corporal vazio e ganho de carcaça por unidade de energia metabolizável ingerida) entre os grupos genéticos, embora animais Murrah tenham apresentado os maiores valores. Bubalinos abatidos aos 400 e 450 kg apresentaram melhor eficiência de ganho de peso corporal vazio e ganho de carcaça que os abatidos aos 500 kg.

Food intake of Macrobrachium rosenbergii during larval development

This work investigates the acceptance of different food types and sizes by Macrobrachium rosenbergii during each larval stage. Food intake of dry and wet formulated diets of four different size classes (250-425, 425-710, 710-1000 and 1000-1190 mum), as well as Artemia nauplii, was determined. Larvae of each zoeal stage were stocked in beakers and fed ad libitum. After 30-45 min, the digestive tract of each larva was observed under a stereomicroscope. Acceptance was evaluated by food intake frequency (FFI). There was no significant interaction (P<0.05) between inert diet size and FFI for each larval stage. Therefore, food intake during larval development is independent of food particle size. The ingestion of Artemia nauplii, was significantly higher by larvae between stages II and VI. Between stages VII and XI, FFI for Artemia nauplii and wet diet was similar, while the FFI of the dry diet was similar to live food between stages IX and XI. The wet diet was ingested by more than 50% of the larvae only from stage VII onwards, while the dry diet from stage VIII onwards. These results indicate that larvae could be fed Artemia nauplii only until stage VI. Diet supplementation should start from stage VII onwards, using food particles varying from 250 to 1190 mum. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. B.V. All rights reserved.

Anaerobic bio-digestion of concentrate obtained in the process of ultra filtration of effluents from tilapia processing unit

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the efficiency of the process of biodigestion of the protein concentrate resulting from the ultrafiltration of the effluent from a slaughterhouse freezer of Nile tilapia. Bench digesters were used with excrements and water (control) in comparison with a mixture of cattle manure and effluent from the stages of filleting and bleeding of tilapias. The effluent obtained in the continuous process (bleeding + filleting) was the one with highest accumulated population from the 37th day, as well as greatest daily production. Gases composition did not differ between the protein concentrates, but the gas obtained with the use of the effluent from the filleting stage presented highest methane gas average (78.05%) in comparison with those obtained in the bleeding stage (69.95%) and in the continuous process (70.02%) or by the control method (68.59%).

Digestibilidade e balanço de nitrogênio em ovinos alimentados à base de dietas com elevado teor de concentrado e níveis crescentes de polpa cítrica peletizada

O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar os coeficientes de digestibilidade, a ingestão de nutrientes e o balanço de nitrogênio de dietas com 20% de silagem de milho e 80% de concentrado e 0, 25, 40 e 55% de polpa cítrica na matéria seca total, substituindo o milho em grão. em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, foram utilizados oito cordeiros mestiços, com nove meses de idade e 34 kg de peso, mantidos em gaiolas individuais com dispositivo para separação de fezes e urina. O período de coleta de alimento, sobras, fezes e urina foi de seis dias e a quantidade de alimento oferecido correspondeu à média do consumido nos três últimos dias do período de adaptação. O experimento foi desenvolvido em duas fases, utilizando-se os mesmos animais, que foram distribuídos em blocos pelo peso. Os resultados foram analisados por regressão polinomial. Houve aumento linear nos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da proteína bruta e da fibra em detergente ácido, com o aumento da participação da polpa cítrica na dieta. Os demais coeficientes de digestibilidade não diferiram entre si e foram, respectivamente: 71,8; 73,3; 77,2; 63,5; e 72,2%; para matéria seca, matéria orgânica, extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro e hemicelulose. O teor médio de nutrientes digestíveis totais foi de 72,39%. Houve aumento linear da ingestão de matéria seca e de nutrientes digestíveis totais por dia e por peso metabólico, com o aumento de polpa cítrica na dieta. O mesmo ocorreu com a quantidade de nitrogênio ingerido, absorvido, urinário e retido. O aumento da participação da polpa cítrica peletizada até 55% da matéria seca da dieta, substituindo o grão de milho, implicou em melhor aproveitamento da fibra e eficiência no metabolismo do nitrogênio.

Protein Intake during Weight Loss Influences the Energy Required for Weight Loss and Maintenance in Cats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Digestibilidades parcial e total de dietas com feno de capim-marandu e concentrado balanceadas para diferentes níveis de produção

O experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar as digestibilidades parcial e total das frações digestíveis de dietas com feno de capim-marandu e concentrado utilizando-se a fibra em detergente ácido indigestível como indicador. Foram utilizados quatro tourinhos da raça Santa Gertrudes, canulados no rúmen e duodeno, distribuídos em delineamento quadrado latino 4 x 4. As dietas foram ajustadas para que os animais tivessem ganhos diários de peso corporal (GPC) de 0,5 e 1 kg/animal, associado a potenciais de fermentação microbiana de 9,5 e 11 g de PB microbiana/MJ em fermentável. Houve efeito das dietas ajustadas para potencial de GPC sobre as ingestões diárias de MS (7,05 e 8,07 kg/animal, respectivamente para 0,5 e 1,0 kg/animal de GPC), mas não daquelas balanceadas para potencial de fermentação microbiana (7,57 kg/animal). O tratamento para GPC diário de 1 kg/animal proporcionou maior digestibilidade total da matéria orgânica e de carboidratos totais (médias de 66,63 e 58,68%, respectivamente) quando comparado ao tratamento para GPC diário de 0,5 kg/animal, que apresentou, para as mesmas variáveis, médias de 61,57 e 53,94%. Os resultados não justificaram a utilização de dietas para maior potencial de fermentação microbiana. As dietas balanceadas para altos ganhos de peso, no entanto, mostraram-se melhores quanto à ingestão e ao aproveitamento dos nutrientes que as formuladas para baixos ganhos de peso.

Water intake behavior of broiler chickens exposed to heat stress and drinking from bell or and nipple drinkers

The aspects involved in broiler water intake are not well known, despite the importance of water in animal nutrition and physiology. Water intake behavior should be taken into account when deciding on different types of drinkers. Bell and nipple drinkers are the most commonly used in commercial broiler production. Broilers were housed in cages equipped with two different drinker types and raised at two different environmental temperatures (25 and 34 ºC) to evaluate water intake behavior and volume. Broiler water intake behavior was influenced by drinker type. Birds visited bell drinkers less often, but presented higher total water intake per visit to the drinker as compared to those drinking from nipple drinkers. The results of this study suggest that both broilers drinking behavior and water intake volume should be taken into account when deciding on drinker type to equip broiler houses.

Effect of energy intake on performance and carcass composition of broiler chickens from two different genetic groups

In order to evaluate the effect of energy intake and broiler genotype on performance, carcass yield, and fat deposition, 600 one-day-old male chicks from two different genetic groups (AgRoss 308 - commercial line and PCLC - Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) non-improved line) were fed diets with different metabolizable energy level (2950, 3200 and 3450 kcal/kg). A completely randomized experimental design in a 2X3 factorial arrangement with four replications of 25 birds per treatment was applied. In order to ensure different energy intake among treatments within each strain, feed intake was daily adjusted by pair-feeding schemes. AgRoss 308 broilers had better performance and carcass yield, and presented lower abdominal fat deposition rate. In both genetic groups, the highest dietary energy level increased weight gain, heart relative weight, and fat deposition. However, it reduced the difference between AgRoss 308 and PCLC for feed conversion ratio and carcass protein deposition. These findings allow concluding that genetic improvement had a significant effect on broiler energy metabolism, and that the highest performance differences between genetic groups are found when low-energy intake is imposed.

Digestibilidade e ganhos em peso de ovinos alimentados com diferentes fontes de volumosos e recebendo somatotropina recombinante bovina (rBST)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de 20 mg de somatotropina recombinante bovina (rBST) de liberação lenta, em períodos de 14 e 28 dias, sobre a ingestão de matéria seca, os coeficientes de digestibilidade de matéria seca (MS), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), proteína bruta (PB) e energia bruta (EB), o balanço de nitrogênio e o ganho de peso diário, em rações à base de silagem de milho, cana-de-açúcar ou bagaço hidrolisado e concentrado. Foi usado um total de 24 borregos mestiços, não-castrados, com média de 4 a 5 meses de idade e 22 ± 2 kg de PV. Não houve efeito da rBST na ingestão de matéria seca, nas digestibilidades de PB e FDA, no balanço de nitrogênio e no ganho de peso diário dos borregos. A digestibilidade da energia bruta foi influenciada pela aplicação de rBST, quando os diferentes volumosos ou períodos pós-aplicação hormonal foram considerados, porém, somente foi observado efeito da ação hormonal sobre a digestibilidade de MS nas dietas à base de silagem de milho.

Organic and inorganic sources of zinc, copper and selenium in diets for dairy cows: intake, blood metabolic profile, milk yield and composition

The present study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effects of feeding dairy cows with organic or inorganic sources of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and selenium (Se) on blood concentrations of these minerals, blood metabolic profiles, nutrient intake and milk yield and composition. Nineteen Holstein cows were selected and randomly assigned to two groups for receiving organic (n = 9) or inorganic (n = 10) sources of Zn, Cu and Se from 60 days before the expected date of calving to 80 days of lactation. Samples of feed, orts and milk were collected for analysis. Body condition score (BCS) was determined and blood samples were collected for analysis of Zn, Cu and Se concentrations, as well as for metabolic profile. Supplying organic or inorganic sources of Zn, Cu, and Se did not affect dry matter and nutrient intake, blood metabolic profile, milk yield and composition, plasma concentration of these minerals, and BCS or change the BCS in cows from 60 days before the expected date of calving to 80 days of lactation. An effect of time was observed on all feed intake variables, plasma concentrations of Zn and Se, milk yield, milk protein content, BCS and change in BCS.