670 resultados para Christmas.


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Step by step instructions on how to build a Christmas tree out of library books. A Bookmas tree!

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The multi-layered enactment of a national past in music has been strongly intertwined with the usage of mythological elements. Having often been compiled as a coherent narrative during the emergence of the European nation-states (like the Finnish Kalevala), the mythological material has often been perceived as a form of historical truth and national justification. This focal role is also apparent in various music genres ranging from folk revival to metal in post-1989 Europe. Within the globalized context, however, local-national interpretations can collide with earlier nationalist appropriations. This complex and sometimes politically conflicting situation becomes particularly evident with groups falling back on symbols and narrations that had previously been employed by Nazi-Germany. While Nazi-Germany had, among others, tried replace the Christmas tradition with elements and songs from Germanic (and other) mythological sources, modern Neo-Nazi music groups often employ central mythological names (like Odin or Tyr) and iconic elements (like Vikings and warriors) in song lyrics and CD cover designs. However, while many covers and lyrics are legally forbidden in Germany, Scandinavian and Baltic groups (like the Faroese Viking metal group Tyr and the Latvian pagan metal band Skyforger) employ similar elements of Norse mythology, which are often combined with traditional material. Discussing selected case studies, this paper highlights central discursive points of colliding historical-national associations and individual interpretations of the mythological elements in musical contexts. How far can the material be disassociated from the earlier historical political usage and instrumentalization? Is this necessary ? And how can the specific global-local conflict points be approached by a theoretical framework ?

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SUMMARY Campylobacteriosis has been the most common food-associated notifiable infectious disease in Switzerland since 1995. Contact with and ingestion of raw or undercooked broilers are considered the dominant risk factors for infection. In this study, we investigated the temporal relationship between the disease incidence in humans and the prevalence of Campylobacter in broilers in Switzerland from 2008 to 2012. We use a time-series approach to describe the pattern of the disease by incorporating seasonal effects and autocorrelation. The analysis shows that prevalence of Campylobacter in broilers, with a 2-week lag, has a significant impact on disease incidence in humans. Therefore Campylobacter cases in humans can be partly explained by contagion through broiler meat. We also found a strong autoregressive effect in human illness, and a significant increase of illness during Christmas and New Year's holidays. In a final analysis, we corrected for the sampling error of prevalence in broilers and the results gave similar conclusions.

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To address concerns expressed about the possible effect of drilling mud discharges on shallow, low-energy estuarine ecosystems, a 12 month study was designed to detect alterations in water quality and sediment geochemistry. Each drilling mud used in the study and sediments from the study site were analyzed in the laboratory for chemical and physical characteristics. Potential water quality impacts were simulated by the EPA-COE elutriation test procedure. Mud toxicity was measured by acute and chronic bioassays with Mysidopsis bahia, Mercenaria mercenaria, and Nereis virens.^ For the field study, a relatively pristine, shallow (1.2 m) estuary (Christmas Bay, TX) without any drilling activity for the last 30 years was chosen for the study site. After a three month baseline study, three stations were selected. Station 1 was an external control. At each treatment station (2, 3), mesocosms were constructed to enclose a 3.5 m$\sp3$ water column. Each treatment station included an internal control site also. Each in situ mesocosm, except the controls, was successively dosed at a mesocosm-specific dose (1:100; 1:1,000; or 1:10,000 v/v) with 4 field collected drilling muds (spud, nondispersed, lightly-treated, and heavily-treated lignosulfonate) in sequential order over 1.5 months. Twenty-four hours after each dose, water exchange was allowed until the next treatment. Station 3 was destroyed by a winter storm. After the last treatment, the enclosures were removed and the remaining sites monitored for 6 months. One additional site was similarly dosed (1:100 v/v) with clean dredged sediment from Christmas Bay for comparison between dredged sediments and drilling muds.^ Results of the analysis of the water samples and field measurements showed that water quality was impacted during the discharges, primarily at the highest dose (1:100 v/v), but that elevated levels of C, Cr (T,F), Cr$\sp{+3}$ (T, F), N, Pb, and Zn returned to ambient levels before the end of the 24 hour exposure period or immediately after water exchange was allowed (Al, Ba(T), Chlorophyll ABC, SS, %T). Barium, from the barite, was used as a geochemical tracer in the sediments to confirm estimated doses by mass balance calculations. Barium reached a maximum of 166x background levels at the high dose mesocosm. Barium levels returned to ambient or only slightly elevated levels at the end of the 6 month monitoring period due to sediment deposition, resuspension, and bioturbation. QA/QC results using blind samples consisting of lab standards and spiked samples for both water and sediment matrices were within acceptable coefficients of variation.^ In order to avoid impacts on water quality and sediment geochemistry in a shallow estuarine ecosystem, this study concluded that a minimal dilution of 1:1,000 (v/v) would be required in addition to existing regulatory constraints. ^

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En la nochebuena de 1734, un feroz incendio devastó el Real Alcázar de Madrid, sede de la familia Real y de la Corte. Felipe V ordenó levantar en su lugar un Palacio y, para sufragar los gastos de su fabricación, exigió contribuciones a todas las partes del cuerpo de la monarquía. Este artículo examina una de las miles de secuelas microscópicas desatadas por la Real Cédula firmada por Felipe V que ordenaba recaudar ese dinero: el empadronamiento de los habitantes ubicados en las campañas al sur de la ciudad de Santa Fe (gobernación del Río de la Plata, virreinato del Perú). Originado en una preocupación vinculada con datos demográficos, además de constituir un ejercicio metodológico sobre un padrón, el trabajo se propone articular las informaciones que obtiene de la fuente con hipótesis y cronologías atinentes al movimiento de la población en un territorio considerado por entonces riesgoso e inestable. Así, su contribución se ubica en el cruce entre el conocimiento del quehacer de los jueces rurales y el campo de la historia de las técnicas de gobierno de las poblaciones en los territorios americanos de la monarquía hispánica durante el siglo XVIII

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En la nochebuena de 1734, un feroz incendio devastó el Real Alcázar de Madrid, sede de la familia Real y de la Corte. Felipe V ordenó levantar en su lugar un Palacio y, para sufragar los gastos de su fabricación, exigió contribuciones a todas las partes del cuerpo de la monarquía. Este artículo examina una de las miles de secuelas microscópicas desatadas por la Real Cédula firmada por Felipe V que ordenaba recaudar ese dinero: el empadronamiento de los habitantes ubicados en las campañas al sur de la ciudad de Santa Fe (gobernación del Río de la Plata, virreinato del Perú). Originado en una preocupación vinculada con datos demográficos, además de constituir un ejercicio metodológico sobre un padrón, el trabajo se propone articular las informaciones que obtiene de la fuente con hipótesis y cronologías atinentes al movimiento de la población en un territorio considerado por entonces riesgoso e inestable. Así, su contribución se ubica en el cruce entre el conocimiento del quehacer de los jueces rurales y el campo de la historia de las técnicas de gobierno de las poblaciones en los territorios americanos de la monarquía hispánica durante el siglo XVIII

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En la nochebuena de 1734, un feroz incendio devastó el Real Alcázar de Madrid, sede de la familia Real y de la Corte. Felipe V ordenó levantar en su lugar un Palacio y, para sufragar los gastos de su fabricación, exigió contribuciones a todas las partes del cuerpo de la monarquía. Este artículo examina una de las miles de secuelas microscópicas desatadas por la Real Cédula firmada por Felipe V que ordenaba recaudar ese dinero: el empadronamiento de los habitantes ubicados en las campañas al sur de la ciudad de Santa Fe (gobernación del Río de la Plata, virreinato del Perú). Originado en una preocupación vinculada con datos demográficos, además de constituir un ejercicio metodológico sobre un padrón, el trabajo se propone articular las informaciones que obtiene de la fuente con hipótesis y cronologías atinentes al movimiento de la población en un territorio considerado por entonces riesgoso e inestable. Así, su contribución se ubica en el cruce entre el conocimiento del quehacer de los jueces rurales y el campo de la historia de las técnicas de gobierno de las poblaciones en los territorios americanos de la monarquía hispánica durante el siglo XVIII

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Modern microbial mats are widely recognized as useful analogs for the study of biogeochemical processes relevant to paleoenvironmental reconstruction in the Precambrian. We combined microscopic observations and investigations of biomarker composition to investigate community structure and function in the upper layers of a thick phototrophic microbial mat system from a hypersaline lake on Kiritimati (Christmas Island) in the Northern Line Islands, Republic of Kiribati. In particular, an exploratory incubation experiment with 13C-labeled bicarbonate was conducted to pinpoint biomarkers from organisms actively fixing carbon. A high relative abundance of the cyanobacterial taxa Aphanocapsa and Aphanothece was revealed by microscopic observation, and cyanobacterial fatty acids and hydrocarbons showed 13C-uptake in the labeling experiment. Microscopic observations also revealed purple sulfur bacteria (PSB) in the deeper layers. A cyclic C19:0 fatty acid and farnesol were attributed to this group that was also actively fixing carbon. Background isotopic values indicate Calvin-Benson cycle-based autotrophy for cycC19:0 and farnesol-producing PSBs. Biomarkers from sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) in the top layer of the mat and their 13C-uptake patterns indicated a close coupling between SRBs and cyanobacteria. Archaeol, possibly from methanogens, was detected in all layers and was especially abundant near the surface where it contained substantial amounts of 13C-label. Intact glycosidic tetraether lipids detected in the deepest layer indicated other archaea. Large amounts of ornithine and betaine bearing intact polar lipids could be an indicator of a phosphate-limited ecosystem, where organisms that are able to substitute these for phospholipids may have a competitive advantage.

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En la nochebuena de 1734, un feroz incendio devastó el Real Alcázar de Madrid, sede de la familia Real y de la Corte. Felipe V ordenó levantar en su lugar un Palacio y, para sufragar los gastos de su fabricación, exigió contribuciones a todas las partes del cuerpo de la monarquía. Este artículo examina una de las miles de secuelas microscópicas desatadas por la Real Cédula firmada por Felipe V que ordenaba recaudar ese dinero: el empadronamiento de los habitantes ubicados en las campañas al sur de la ciudad de Santa Fe (gobernación del Río de la Plata, virreinato del Perú). Originado en una preocupación vinculada con datos demográficos, además de constituir un ejercicio metodológico sobre un padrón, el trabajo se propone articular las informaciones que obtiene de la fuente con hipótesis y cronologías atinentes al movimiento de la población en un territorio considerado por entonces riesgoso e inestable. Así, su contribución se ubica en el cruce entre el conocimiento del quehacer de los jueces rurales y el campo de la historia de las técnicas de gobierno de las poblaciones en los territorios americanos de la monarquía hispánica durante el siglo XVIII