Analysis of manganese nodules in lakes of Scotland

During the "Challenger" Deep-Sea Exploring Expedition a great many peculiar-looking manganese nodules or concretions were dredged from the floor of the ocean at great depths, chiefly in the Red Clay areas of the Pacific. In the present paper we propose to point out the distribution of the oxides of manganese in the geological series of rocks, in fresh and sea water, and in marine deposits, with special reference to our explorations in the lochs of the west of Scotland; to give an account of investigations undertaken to ascertain the source of the manganese present in marine deposits in the form of the higher oxides, and thereafter to discuss the various views that have been advanced to explain the formation and distribution of manganese concretions in marine deposits in general.

Kinetics and coverage dependent reaction mechanisms of the copper atomic layer deposition from copper dimethylamino-2-propoxide and diethylzinc

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been recognized as a promising method to deposit conformal and uniform thin film of copper for future electronic devices. However, many aspects of the reaction mechanism and the surface chemistry of copper ALD remain unclear. In this paper, we employ plane wave density functional theory (DFT) to study the transmetalation ALD reaction of copper dimethylamino-2-propoxide [Cu(dmap)2] and diethylzinc [Et2Zn] that was realized experimentally by Lee et al. [ Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 4536−4539]. We find that the Cu(dmap)2 molecule adsorbs and dissociates through the scission of one or two Cu–O bonds into surface-bound dmap and Cu(dmap) fragments during the copper pulse. As Et2Zn adsorbs on the surface covered with Cu(dmap) and dmap fragments, butane formation and desorption was found to be facilitated by the surrounding ligands, which leads to one reaction mechanism, while the migration of ethyl groups to the surface leads to another reaction mechanism. During both reaction mechanisms, ligand diffusion and reordering are generally endothermic processes, which may result in residual ligands blocking the surface sites at the end of the Et2Zn pulse, and in residual Zn being reduced and incorporated as an impurity. We also find that the nearby ligands play a cooperative role in lowering the activation energy for formation and desorption of byproducts, which explains the advantage of using organometallic precursors and reducing agents in Cu ALD. The ALD growth rate estimated for the mechanism is consistent with the experimental value of 0.2 Å/cycle. The proposed reaction mechanisms provide insight into ALD processes for copper and other transition metals.

Understanding the Reaction Mechanism of Nanocomposite Thermites

Nanocomposite energetics are a relatively new class of materials that combine nanoscale fuels and oxidizers to allow for the rapid release of large amounts of energy. In thermite systems (metal fuel with metal oxide oxidizer), the use of nanomaterials has been illustrated to increase reactivity by multiple orders of magnitude as a result of the higher specific surface area and smaller diffusion length scales. However, the highly dynamic and nanoscale processes intrinsic to these materials, as well as heating rate dependencies, have limited our understanding of the underlying processes that control reaction and propagation. For my dissertation, I have employed a variety of experimental approaches that have allowed me to probe these processes at heating rates representative of free combustion with the goal of understanding the fundamental mechanisms. Dynamic transmission electron microscopy (DTEM) was used to study the in situ morphological change that occurs in nanocomposite thermite materials subjected to rapid (10^11 K/s) heating. Aluminum nanoparticle (Al-NP) aggregates were found to lose their nanostructure through coalescence in as little as 10 ns, which is much faster than any other timescale of combustion. Further study of nanoscale reaction with CuO determined that a condensed phase interfacial reaction could occur within 0.5-5 µs in a manner consistent with bulk reaction, which supports that this mechanism plays a dominant role in the overall reaction process. Ta nanocomposites were also studied to determine if a high melting point (3280 K) affects the loss of nanostructure and rate of reaction. The condensed phase reaction pathway was further explored using reactive multilayers sputter deposited onto thin Pt wires to allow for temperature jump (T-Jump) heating at rates of ~5x10^5 K/s. High speed video and a time of flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS) were used to observe ignition temperature and speciation as a function of bilayer thickness. The ignition process was modeled and a low activation energy for effective diffusivity was determined. T-Jump TOFMS along with constant volume combustion cell studies were also used to determine the effect of gas release in nanoparticle systems by comparing the reaction properties of CuO and Cu2O.

Nanostructured catalysts for the development of the hydrogen economy

La catalyse joue un rôle essentiel dans de nombreuses applications industrielles telles que les industries pétrochimique et biochimique, ainsi que dans la production de polymères et pour la protection de l’environnement. La conception et la fabrication de catalyseurs efficaces et rentables est une étape importante pour résoudre un certain nombre de problèmes des nouvelles technologies de conversion chimique et de stockage de l’énergie. L’objectif de cette thèse est le développement de voies de synthèse efficaces et simples pour fabriquer des catalyseurs performants à base de métaux non nobles et d’examiner les aspects fondamentaux concernant la relation entre structure/composition et performance catalytique, notamment dans des processus liés à la production et au stockage de l’hydrogène. Dans un premier temps, une série d’oxydes métalliques mixtes (Cu/CeO2, CuFe/CeO2, CuCo/CeO2, CuFe2O4, NiFe2O4) nanostructurés et poreux ont été synthétisés grâce à une méthode améliorée de nanocasting. Les matériaux Cu/CeO2 obtenus, dont la composition et la structure poreuse peuvent être contrôlées, ont ensuite été testés pour l’oxydation préférentielle du CO dans un flux d’hydrogène dans le but d’obtenir un combustible hydrogène de haute pureté. Les catalyseurs synthétisés présentent une activité et une sélectivité élevées lors de l’oxydation sélective du CO en CO2. Concernant la question du stockage d’hydrogène, une voie de synthèse a été trouvée pour le composét mixte CuO-NiO, démontrant une excellente performance catalytique comparable aux catalyseurs à base de métaux nobles pour la production d’hydrogène à partir de l’ammoniaborane (aussi appelé borazane). L’activité catalytique du catalyseur étudié dans cette réaction est fortement influencée par la nature des précurseurs métalliques, la composition et la température de traitement thermique utilisées pour la préparation du catalyseur. Enfin, des catalyseurs de Cu-Ni supportés sur silice colloïdale ou sur des particules de carbone, ayant une composition et une taille variable, ont été synthétisés par un simple procédé d’imprégnation. Les catalyseurs supportés sur carbone sont stables et très actifs à la fois dans l’hydrolyse du borazane et la décomposition de l’hydrazine aqueuse pour la production d’hydrogène. Il a été démontré qu’un catalyseur optimal peut être obtenu par le contrôle de l’effet bi-métallique, l’interaction métal-support, et la taille des particules de métal.

Engineering thin films of magnetic alloys and semiconductor oxides at the nanoscale

The thesis aims to exploit properties of thin films for applications such as spintronics, UV detection and gas sensing. Nanoscale thin films devices have myriad advantages and compatibility with Si-based integrated circuits processes. Two distinct classes of material systems are investigated, namely ferromagnetic thin films and semiconductor oxides. To aid the designing of devices, the surface properties of the thin films were investigated by using electron and photon characterization techniques including Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). These are complemented by nanometer resolved local proximal probes such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), magnetic force microscopy (MFM), electric force microscopy (EFM), and scanning tunneling microscopy to elucidate the interplay between stoichiometry, morphology, chemical states, crystallization, magnetism, optical transparency, and electronic properties. Specifically, I studied the effect of annealing on the surface stoichiometry of the CoFeB/Cu system by in-situ AES and discovered that magnetic nanoparticles with controllable areal density can be produced. This is a good alternative for producing nanoparticles using a maskless process. Additionally, I studied the behavior of magnetic domain walls of the low coercivity alloy CoFeB patterned nanowires. MFM measurement with the in-plane magnetic field showed that, compared to their permalloy counterparts, CoFeB nanowires require a much smaller magnetization switching field , making them promising for low-power-consumption domain wall motion based devices. With oxides, I studied CuO nanoparticles on SnO2 based UV photodetectors (PDs), and discovered that they promote the responsivity by facilitating charge transfer with the formed nanoheterojunctions. I also demonstrated UV PDs with spectrally tunable photoresponse with the bandgap engineered ZnMgO. The bandgap of the alloyed ZnMgO thin films was tailored by varying the Mg contents and AES was demonstrated as a surface scientific approach to assess the alloying of ZnMgO. With gas sensors, I discovered the rf-sputtered anatase-TiO2 thin films for a selective and sensitive NO2 detection at room temperature, under UV illumination. The implementation of UV enhances the responsivity, response and recovery rate of the TiO2 sensor towards NO2 significantly. Evident from the high resolution XPS and AFM studies, the surface contamination and morphology of the thin films degrade the gas sensing response. I also demonstrated that surface additive metal nanoparticles on thin films can improve the response and the selectivity of oxide based sensors. I employed nanometer-scale scanning probe microscopy to study a novel gas senor scheme consisting of gallium nitride (GaN) nanowires with functionalizing oxides layer. The results suggested that AFM together with EFM is capable of discriminating low-conductive materials at the nanoscale, providing a nondestructive method to quantitatively relate sensing response to the surface morphology.

Síntesis y caracterización de materiales nanoestructurados con potencial aplicación como un sensor de glucosa

El presente proyecto se llevó a cabo con el fin de contribuir al desarrollo de nuevos materiales para ser implementados en dispositivos para el sensado de glucosa no ezimaticos, en este trabajo se realizaron diversos estudios sobre desarrollo de nanofibras de carbón decoradas con nanoestructuras de ZnO y CuO, en el que según reportes realizados por diversos investigadores tanto el ZnO como el CuO han presentado excelentes resultados para ser implementados en sensores de glucosa no enzimáticos gracias a las propiedades físicas y químicas que estos presentan, además que las nanofibras presentan alta porosidad, buena conducción y pueden funcionalizarse fácilmente por lo que es ampliamente utilizada como sustrato para depósito de nanoestructuras de semiconductores. Las nanofibras de carbón fueron obtenidas mediante la técnica de electrohilado utilizando como materia prima poliacrilonitrilo y posteriormente fueron sometidas a una calcinación en una atmosfera inerte. Las nanofibras de carbón fueron pre-tratadas para el depósito y crecimiento de las nanoestructuras de ZnO y CuO en donde se utilizó síntesis por hidrotermal para crecimiento de los semiconductores. La caracterización morfológica y estructural se lleco a cabo por Microscopia Electrónica de Barrido (SEM), Microcopia Electrónica de Transmisión (TEM), la composición química y cristalográfica de los materiales se determinó por medios de Espectroscopia de Infrarrojo de Transformada de Furier (FTIR), Espectroscopia de Energía Dispersiva de rayos X (EDXS), Difracción de Rayos X (DRX), así mismo se llevó a cabo el Análisis Térmico Diferencial y Análisis Térmico Gravimétrico simultáneamente, finalmente los materiales fueron caracterizados electroquímicamente por Voltamperometría Cíclica (CV) para conocer si este material podría tener potencial aplicación en sensores de glucosa no enzimático. Contribuciones y Conclusiones: Se establecieron las óptimas condiciones para obtención de las NFCs utilizando PAN como precursor mediante la técnica de electrohilado, además se consiguió determinar las condiciones para una carbonización controlada en una atmosfera de airenitrógeno. Así mismo se determinaron las condiciones óptimas para la producción de nanoestructuras de ZnO/CuO mediante el sembrado y crecimiento de nanopartículas sobre las NFCs. La diversidad en la morfología y la cantidad de material en la superficie de las nanofibras son de gran importancia en la eficiencia del material ya que ésta se ve perjudicada cuando se tiene pobres cantidades depositadas. Por otro lado, el ZnO no presenta sensibilidad por sí sólo, ante la presencia de la glucosa, del mismo modo el CuO presentó la misma incapacidad de detección. El uso de CuO como catalizador en el ZnO ha demostrado que el electrodo modificado de NFCs/ZnO-CuO presenta propiedades para oxidar la glucosa, en comparación a los de NFCs/ZnO y NFCs/CuO los cueles no presentaron ninguna actividad de oxidación para esta. Lo que permitió tener una idea que al depositar estos dos materiales depositados en el mismo sustrato, la eficiencia de éstos incrementa, lo cual podría contribuir a investigaciones futuras para estos materiales.

El sentido simbólico en la Filosofía Hermenéutica de Ortiz-Osés

432 p.

High performance of Cu/CeO2-Nb2O5 catalysts for preferential CO oxidation and total combustion of toluene

Copper-based catalysts supported on niobium-doped ceria have been prepared and tested in the preferential oxidation of CO in excess of H2 (PROX) and in total oxidation of toluene. Supports and catalysts have been characterized by several techniques: N2 adsorption, ICP-OES, XRF, XRD, Raman Spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, H2-TPR and XPS, and their catalytic performance has been measured in PROX, with an ideal gas mixture (CO, O2 and H2) with or without CO2 and H2O, and in total oxidation of toluene. The effects of the copper loading and the amount of niobium in the supports have been evaluated. Remarkably, the addition of niobia to the catalysts may improve the catalytic performance in total oxidation of toluene. It allows us to prepare cheaper catalysts (niobia it is far cheaper than ceria) with improved catalytic performance.

Copper Nanoparticles in Click Chemistry

Conspectus: The challenges of the 21st century demand scientific and technological achievements that must be developed under sustainable and environmentally benign practices. In this vein, click chemistry and green chemistry walk hand in hand on a pathway of rigorous principles that help to safeguard the health of our planet against negligent and uncontrolled production. Copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), the paradigm of a click reaction, is one of the most reliable and widespread synthetic transformations in organic chemistry, with multidisciplinary applications. Nanocatalysis is a green chemistry tool that can increase the inherent effectiveness of CuAAC because of the enhanced catalytic activity of nanostructured metals and their plausible reutilization capability as heterogeneous catalysts. This Account describes our contribution to click chemistry using unsupported and supported copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) as catalysts prepared by chemical reduction. Cu(0)NPs (3.0 ± 1.5 nm) in tetrahydrofuran were found to catalyze the reaction of terminal alkynes and organic azides in the presence of triethylamine at rates comparable to those achieved under microwave heating (10–30 min in most cases). Unfortunately, the CuNPs underwent dissolution under the reaction conditions and consequently could not be recovered. Compelling experimental evidence on the in situ generation of highly reactive copper(I) chloride and the participation of copper(I) acetylides was provided. The supported CuNPs were found to be more robust and efficient catalyst than the unsupported counterpart in the following terms: (a) the multicomponent variant of CuAAC could be applied; (b) the metal loading could be substantially decreased; (c) reactions could be conducted in neat water; and (d) the catalyst could be recovered easily and reutilized. In particular, the catalyst composed of oxidized CuNPs (Cu2O/CuO, 6.0 ± 2.0 nm) supported on carbon (CuNPs/C) was shown to be highly versatile and very effective in the multicomponent and regioselective synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles in water from organic halides as azido precursors; magnetically recoverable CuNPs (3.0 ± 0.8 nm) supported on MagSilica could be alternatively used for the same purpose under similar conditions. Incorporation of an aromatic substituent at the 1-position of the triazole could be accomplished using the same CuNPs/C catalytic system starting from aryldiazonium salts or anilines as azido precursors. CuNPs/C in water also catalyzed the regioselective double-click synthesis of β-hydroxy-1,2,3-triazoles from epoxides. Furthermore, alkenes could be also used as azido precursors through a one-pot CuNPs/C-catalyzed azidosulfenylation–CuAAC sequential protocol, providing β-methylsulfanyl-1,2,3-triazoles in a stereo- and regioselective manner. In all types of reaction studied, CuNPs/C exhibited better behavior than some commercial copper catalysts with regard to the metal loading, reaction time, yield, and recyclability. Therefore, the results of this study also highlight the utility of nanosized copper in click chemistry compared with bulk copper sources.

Fenton-like degradation of Bisphenol A catalyzed by mesoporous Cu/TUD-1

A family of copper oxide catalysts with loadings spanning 1–5 wt% were dispersed on a three dimensional, mesoporous TUD-1 silica through a hydrothermal, surfactant-free route employing tetraethylene glycol as a structure-directing agent. Their bulk and surface properties were characterized by N2 physisorption, XRD, DRUVS, EPR, TEM and Raman spectroscopy, confirming the expected mesoporous wormhole/foam support morphology and presence of well-dispersed CuO nanoparticles (∼5–20 nm). The catalytic performance of Cu/TUD-1 was evaluated as heterogeneous Fenton-like catalysts for Bisphenol A (BPA) oxidative degradation in the presence of H2O2 as a function of [H2O2], and CuO loading. Up to 90.4% of 100 ppm BPA removal was achieved over 2.5 wt% Cu/TUD-1 within 180 min, with negligible Cu leaching into the treated water.

La insuficiencia de las actuales políticas de fomento de cooperativas y sociedades laborales frente a la crisis en España

El objeto del presente artículo es analizar las políticas de fomento de cooperativas y sociedades laborales durante este periodo de crisis, identificando los principales dispositivos existentes y los de nueva implantación, evaluando su alcance y valorando su nivel de eficacia. Se han distinguido tres grupos de políticas de fomento, las políticas tradicionales de fomento, las políticas de nuevo cuño, incluyendo en estas últimas las medidas urdidas por los gobiernos regionales y la nueva ley de economía social y finalmente las políticas de austeridad. Se concluye, en primer lugar, que las cooperativas y sociedades laborales no constituyen un sector muy subvencionado dado que el alcance de estas políticas ha sido muy reducido. En segundo lugar, contrariamente a lo que cabría esperar en un periodo de crisis, ni los dispositivos tradicionales ni los de nuevo cuño han conocido un mayor despliegue en estos últimos años, al objeto de combatir los problemas de desempleo y de fortalecimiento del sector de la economía social. Al contrario, las políticas de austeridad implantadas han afectado duramente a las políticas de economía social, las cuales han visto reducirse los presupuestos asignados de modo muy acusado.

Comentario del libro “Banco Nacional: 75 años más cerca de usted, de Carlos Araya P”

IntroducciónLa Asamblea Nacional Constituyente de Guatemala, el día 20 de mayo de 1824, autorizó a la Provincia de Costa Rica a eregir su propia cerca, la Casa de la Moneda. Esta orden tuvo efectos extraordinarios. Costa Rica tenía en sus manos nada menos que la facultad de acuñar moneda, operada por la iniciativa privada a partir de 1825 y por el Poder Civil a partir de 1829. este órgano estatal convirtióse, por la mayor parte, en un centro de espionaje económico. Por ella corrieron las políticas mineralógicas; por medio de ella se sabía quién era el dueño de las pastas o tejos nacionales de oro y plata; ella era tamiz de las importaciones y exportaciones de moneda acuñada y la de rescate. Compárense las acuñaciones llevadas a cabo popr este cuño con respecto a los de Guatemala y Tegucigalpa y podrá concluirse que ellas no fueron bicocas en razón de su cuantía, denominaciones de valores, así como por las habitaciones de moneda nacional y extranjera...

EL ANÁLISIS DE LA INTERFASE ENTRE LA BIOÉTICA Y LOS DERECHOS HUMANOS

ResumenEste artículo tiene como objetivo profundizar los estudios concernientes a la interfase entre Bioética y Derechos Humanos, así como contribuir para la solidificación de la interconexión entre los dos campos de saber. Para ello, se investigaron los modos por los cuales la instancia de producción bioéticaque se insiere en el ámbito de la OMS – el Departamento de Ética, Equidad, Comercio y Derechos Humanos – construye la interfase entre Bioética y Derechos Humanos a partir del análisis de los sentidos identificados en los documentos de cuño general producidos por dicha instancia bioética.Para tal fin, se utilizó el abordaje teórico-metodológico que se fundamenta en la acepción de que los sentidos construidos socialmente pueden ser aprehendidos por medio del análisis de las prácticas discursivas. Tal elección metodológica se basó en la percepción de que los documentos producidospor organismos internacionales son prácticas discursivas cuyos sentidos pueden ser identificados mediante el examen de sus repertorios. Como conclusión, se observó que la interconexión entre Bioética y Derechos Humanos se forma de manera compleja, dado que el Departamento de Ética de la OMS al mismo tiempo que se aproxima a la temática, se aleja de ella pues hay elementos que evidencian la incorporación de los principios y normas de los Derechos Humanos en sus documentos y, paradójicamente, se constata la ausencia de la Bioética y sus normativas.Palabras clave: Bioética institucional, derechos humanos, Declaración Universal sobre Bioética y Derechos Humanos, Organización Mundial de la Salud.AbstractThis article aims at intensifying the studies concerning the interface between Bioethics and Human Rights, as well as at contributing to the solidification of the connection between these two fields of knowledge. In order to do so, we investigated the ways through which the instance of bioethics that is part of the scope of the World Health Organization – the Department of Ethics, Equity, Trade and Human Rights – builds the interface between Bioethics and Human Rights by means of the analysis of the meanings identified in the general documents produced by such instance of bioethics. For that end, we used the theoretical-methodological approach that is based on the assumption that the socially constructed meanings can be understood through the analysis of the discourse practices. The choice of such methodology was supported by the perceptionthat the documents elaborated by international organisms are discourse practices whose meanings can be identified through the examination of their repertoires. In sum, it was observed that the interconnection between Bioethics and Human Rights is complex, since the Ethics Department of the WHO deals with this theme by being close to it and far from it, simultaneously, as there are features that constitute evidence of the incorporation of Human Rights norms and principles into the WHO documents, but it is also observed the absence of Bioethics and its norms.Keywords: institutional Bioethics, Human Rights, Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights,World Health Organization.