Theoretical study of correlated systems using hybrid functionals

Diese Arbeit unterstreicht das Potential von Hybridfunktionalen (B3LYP) für die Untersuchung einer großen Bandbreite von Systemen. Durch die Einbeziehung der exakten Hartree-Fock Austauschenergie kann B3LYP für molekulare und kristalline Systeme eingesetzt werden. Zum Beispiel können stark korrelierte Systeme mit B3LYP erfolgreich erforscht werden. Die elektronische Struktur von PAHs wurde mit B3LYP Hybriddichtefunktionalen untersucht. Mit der ∆SCF-Methode wurden Elektronenbindungsenergien bestimmt, welche die mit UPS gewonnenen experimentellen Resultate bestätigen und ergänzen. Symmetrieeigenschaften der molekularen Orbitale wurden analysiert, um eine Zuordnung und Einschätzung der zugehörigen Signalstärke zu ermöglichen. Während σ-artige Orbitale nur schwer durch UPS-Messungen an dünnen Filmen detektiert werden können, bieten Rechnungen eine detaillierte Einsicht in die verborgenen Teile der Spektren.rnWeiterhin wurden π−π-Komplexe untersucht, welche von verschiedenen Donor- und Akzeptor-Molekülen gebildet werden. Die Moleküle basieren auf polyzyklischen, aromatischen Kohlenwasserstoffen. Für Ladungstransferkomplexe finden DFT Rechnungen ein Minimum in der Oberfläche der potentiellen Energie. Diese attraktive Wechselwirkung wird durch Coulombanziehung verursacht. Allerdings ist die Coulombanziehung nicht die stärkste Wechselwirkung in Ladungstransferkomplexen. Die Einbeziehung von van der Waals-Korrekturen verbessert den intermolekularen Abstand und die Bindungsenergie.rnEine Verkleinerung der intermolekularen Abstände führt zu einer großen Verschiebung der HOMO- und LUMO-Energie.rnAus der Klasse der kristallinen korrelierten Systeme wurden Rb4O6 und FeSe untersucht. Im Falle von Rb4O6 führen Ladungsordnung und Korrelationen zu einem isolierenden Grundzustand. Das hypothetische druckabhängige Phasendiagramm wurde untersucht. Eine Erhöhung des Drucks führt zu einer vergrößerten Bandlücke. Bei etwa 75 GPa wird die Bandbreite W größer als der Bandabstand U und das System nimmt einen homogen gemischt valenten Zustand mit teilweise besetzten π−π-Orbitalen an. Für Drücke ab 160 GPa wird W sehr viel größer als U und das System wird metallisch.rnIm Fall von FeSe finden wir eine korrelierte und isolierende Phase bei hohen Drücken, während das System bei niedrigen Drücken supraleitendes Verhalten zeigt. Die Berechnungen der Elektronenstruktur mit dem Hybridfunktional B3LYP führt zum korrekten halbleitenden Grundzustand in der NiAs- und MnP-Struktur von FeSe. Die Rolle der Korrelationen, der Stöchiometrie und der Nähe zum Magnetismus wird besprochen. Im Speziellen wird gezeigt, dass die Phase mit NiAs-Struktur starke lokale Korrelationen aufweist, was zu einem halbleitenden Zustand in einem weiten Druckbereich führt.

Interfacial interactions, charge transport and growth phenomena in Organic Field Effect Transistors

Organic electronics is an emerging field with a vast number of applications having high potential for commercial success. Although an enormous progress has been made in this research area, many organic electronic applications such as organic opto-electronic devices, organic field effect transistors and organic bioelectronic devices still require further optimization to fulfill the requirements for successful commercialization. The main bottle neck that hinders large scale production of these devices is their performances and stability. The performance of the organic devices largely depends on the charge transport processes occurring at the interfaces of various material that it is composed of. As a result, the key ingredient needed for a successful improvement in the performance and stability of organic electronic devices is an in-depth knowledge of the interfacial interactions and the charge transport phenomena taking place at different interfaces. The aim of this thesis is to address the role of the various interfaces between different material in determining the charge transport properties of organic devices. In this framework, I chose an Organic Field Effect Transistor (OFET) as a model system to carry out this study as it An OFET offers various interfaces that can be investigated as it is made up of stacked layers of various material. In order to probe the intrinsic properties that governs the charge transport, we have to be able to carry out thorough investigation of the interactions taking place down at the accumulation layer thickness. However, since organic materials are highly instable in ambient conditions, it becomes quite impossible to investigate the intrinsic properties of the material without the influence of extrinsic factors like air, moisture and light. For this reason, I have employed a technique called the in situ real-time electrical characterization technique which enables electrical characterization of the OFET during the growth of the semiconductor.

Computer simulation methods to study interfacial tensions : from the Ising model to colloidal crystals

In condensed matter systems, the interfacial tension plays a central role for a multitude of phenomena. It is the driving force for nucleation processes, determines the shape and structure of crystalline structures and is important for industrial applications. Despite its importance, the interfacial tension is hard to determine in experiments and also in computer simulations. While for liquid-vapor interfacial tensions there exist sophisticated simulation methods to compute the interfacial tension, current methods for solid-liquid interfaces produce unsatisfactory results.rnrnAs a first approach to this topic, the influence of the interfacial tension on nuclei is studied within the three-dimensional Ising model. This model is well suited because despite its simplicity, one can learn much about nucleation of crystalline nuclei. Below the so-called roughening temperature, nuclei in the Ising model are not spherical anymore but become cubic because of the anisotropy of the interfacial tension. This is similar to crystalline nuclei, which are in general not spherical but more like a convex polyhedron with flat facets on the surface. In this context, the problem of distinguishing between the two bulk phases in the vicinity of the diffuse droplet surface is addressed. A new definition is found which correctly determines the volume of a droplet in a given configuration if compared to the volume predicted by simple macroscopic assumptions.rnrnTo compute the interfacial tension of solid-liquid interfaces, a new Monte Carlo method called ensemble switch method'' is presented which allows to compute the interfacial tension of liquid-vapor interfaces as well as solid-liquid interfaces with great accuracy. In the past, the dependence of the interfacial tension on the finite size and shape of the simulation box has often been neglected although there is a nontrivial dependence on the box dimensions. As a consequence, one needs to systematically increase the box size and extrapolate to infinite volume in order to accurately predict the interfacial tension. Therefore, a thorough finite-size scaling analysis is established in this thesis. Logarithmic corrections to the finite-size scaling are motivated and identified, which are of leading order and therefore must not be neglected. The astounding feature of these logarithmic corrections is that they do not depend at all on the model under consideration. Using the ensemble switch method, the validity of a finite-size scaling ansatz containing the aforementioned logarithmic corrections is carefully tested and confirmed. Combining the finite-size scaling theory with the ensemble switch method, the interfacial tension of several model systems, ranging from the Ising model to colloidal systems, is computed with great accuracy.

Exact quantum Monte Carlo methods for correlated electron systems

Thema dieser Arbeit ist die Entwicklung und Kombination verschiedener numerischer Methoden, sowie deren Anwendung auf Probleme stark korrelierter Elektronensysteme. Solche Materialien zeigen viele interessante physikalische Eigenschaften, wie z.B. Supraleitung und magnetische Ordnung und spielen eine bedeutende Rolle in technischen Anwendungen. Es werden zwei verschiedene Modelle behandelt: das Hubbard-Modell und das Kondo-Gitter-Modell (KLM). In den letzten Jahrzehnten konnten bereits viele Erkenntnisse durch die numerische Lösung dieser Modelle gewonnen werden. Dennoch bleibt der physikalische Ursprung vieler Effekte verborgen. Grund dafür ist die Beschränkung aktueller Methoden auf bestimmte Parameterbereiche. Eine der stärksten Einschränkungen ist das Fehlen effizienter Algorithmen für tiefe Temperaturen.rnrnBasierend auf dem Blankenbecler-Scalapino-Sugar Quanten-Monte-Carlo (BSS-QMC) Algorithmus präsentieren wir eine numerisch exakte Methode, die das Hubbard-Modell und das KLM effizient bei sehr tiefen Temperaturen löst. Diese Methode wird auf den Mott-Übergang im zweidimensionalen Hubbard-Modell angewendet. Im Gegensatz zu früheren Studien können wir einen Mott-Übergang bei endlichen Temperaturen und endlichen Wechselwirkungen klar ausschließen.rnrnAuf der Basis dieses exakten BSS-QMC Algorithmus, haben wir einen Störstellenlöser für die dynamische Molekularfeld Theorie (DMFT) sowie ihre Cluster Erweiterungen (CDMFT) entwickelt. Die DMFT ist die vorherrschende Theorie stark korrelierter Systeme, bei denen übliche Bandstrukturrechnungen versagen. Eine Hauptlimitation ist dabei die Verfügbarkeit effizienter Störstellenlöser für das intrinsische Quantenproblem. Der in dieser Arbeit entwickelte Algorithmus hat das gleiche überlegene Skalierungsverhalten mit der inversen Temperatur wie BSS-QMC. Wir untersuchen den Mott-Übergang im Rahmen der DMFT und analysieren den Einfluss von systematischen Fehlern auf diesen Übergang.rnrnEin weiteres prominentes Thema ist die Vernachlässigung von nicht-lokalen Wechselwirkungen in der DMFT. Hierzu kombinieren wir direkte BSS-QMC Gitterrechnungen mit CDMFT für das halb gefüllte zweidimensionale anisotrope Hubbard Modell, das dotierte Hubbard Modell und das KLM. Die Ergebnisse für die verschiedenen Modelle unterscheiden sich stark: während nicht-lokale Korrelationen eine wichtige Rolle im zweidimensionalen (anisotropen) Modell spielen, ist in der paramagnetischen Phase die Impulsabhängigkeit der Selbstenergie für stark dotierte Systeme und für das KLM deutlich schwächer. Eine bemerkenswerte Erkenntnis ist, dass die Selbstenergie sich durch die nicht-wechselwirkende Dispersion parametrisieren lässt. Die spezielle Struktur der Selbstenergie im Impulsraum kann sehr nützlich für die Klassifizierung von elektronischen Korrelationseffekten sein und öffnet den Weg für die Entwicklung neuer Schemata über die Grenzen der DMFT hinaus.

Scoliosis surgery: correction not correlated with instrumentation, quality of life not correlated with correction or instrumentation

The authors conducted a retrospective study on 24 consecutive adolescent scoliosis patients, 11 of whom were instrumented with hooks and 13 with hooks and screws (hybrid technique). The mean preoperative Cobb angle was 62.2 degrees (range: 48 degrees-96 degrees). The mean correction of the primary curve was 56.6% at followup after +/- 1.18 years ; there was no statistically significant difference between groups. Special attention was given to the postoperative quality of life (QOL) by means of the following scores: COMI patient self-assessment, SF-36, ODI, and VAS. Again, there was no statistical difference between groups but, interestingly, there was no correlation between QOL and degree of correction, after a follow-up period of +/- 2.1 years. Nevertheless, on the COMI patient self-assessment, there was a high level of satisfaction with treatment. Further studies should concentrate on how to achieve a high QOL, and abandon the best possible correction as a primary endpoint of success.

Fluorescent-magnetic hybrid nanoparticles induce a dose-dependent increase in proinflammatory response in lung cells in vitro correlated with intracellular localization

Iron-platinum nanoparticles embedded in a poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) polymer shell and fluorescently labeled with the dye ATTO 590 (FePt-PMA-ATTO-2%) are investigated in terms of their intracellular localization in lung cells and potential to induce a proinflammatory response dependent on concentration and incubation time. A gold core coated with the same polymer shell (Au-PMA-ATTO-2%) is also included. Using laser scanning and electron microscopy techniques, it is shown that the FePt-PMA-ATTO-2% particles penetrate all three types of cell investigated but to a higher extent in macrophages and dendritic cells than epithelial cells. In both cell types of the defense system but not in epithelial cells, a particle-dose-dependent increase of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) is found. By comparing the different nanoparticles and the mere polymer shell, it is shown that the cores combined with the shells are responsible for the induction of proinflammatory effects and not the shells alone. It is concluded that the uptake behavior and the proinflammatory response upon particle exposure are dependent on the time, cell type, and cell culture.

Equations for the Drag Force and Aerodynamic Roughness Length of Urban Areas with Random Building Heights

We use a conceptual model to investigate how randomly varying building heights within a city affect the atmospheric drag forces and the aerodynamic roughness length of the city. The model is based on the assumptions regarding wake spreading and mutual sheltering effects proposed by Raupach (Boundary-Layer Meteorol 60:375-395, 1992). It is applied both to canopies having uniform building heights and to those having the same building density and mean height, but with variability about the mean. For each simulated urban area, a correction is determined, due to height variability, to the shear stress predicted for the uniform building height case. It is found that u (*)/u (*R) , where u (*) is the friction velocity and u (*R) is the friction velocity from the uniform building height case, is expressed well as an algebraic function of lambda and sigma (h) /h (m) , where lambda is the frontal area index, sigma (h) is the standard deviation of the building height, and h (m) is the mean building height. The simulations also resulted in a simple algebraic relation for z (0)/z (0R) as a function of lambda and sigma (h) /h (m) , where z (0) is the aerodynamic roughness length and z (0R) is z (0) found from the original Raupach formulation for a uniform canopy. Model results are in keeping with those of several previous studies.

Influence of Surface Roughness on Mechanical Properties of Two Computer-aided Design/Computer-aided Manufacturing (CAD/CAM) Ceramic Materials

SUMMARY The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of surface roughness on surface hardness (Vickers; VHN), elastic modulus (EM), and flexural strength (FLS) of two computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) ceramic materials. One hundred sixty-two samples of VITABLOCS Mark II (VMII) and 162 samples of IPS Empress CAD (IPS) were ground according to six standardized protocols producing decreasing surface roughnesses (n=27/group): grinding with 1) silicon carbide (SiC) paper #80, 2) SiC paper #120, 3) SiC paper #220, 4) SiC paper #320, 5) SiC paper #500, and 6) SiC paper #1000. Surface roughness (Ra/Rz) was measured with a surface roughness meter, VHN and EM with a hardness indentation device, and FLS with a three-point bending test. To test for a correlation between surface roughness (Ra/Rz) and VHN, EM, or FLS, Spearman rank correlation coefficients were calculated. The decrease in surface roughness led to an increase in VHN from (VMII/IPS; medians) 263.7/256.5 VHN to 646.8/601.5 VHN, an increase in EM from 45.4/41.0 GPa to 66.8/58.4 GPa, and an increase in FLS from 49.5/44.3 MPa to 73.0/97.2 MPa. For both ceramic materials, Spearman rank correlation coefficients showed a strong negative correlation between surface roughness (Ra/Rz) and VHN or EM and a moderate negative correlation between Ra/Rz and FLS. In conclusion, a decrease in surface roughness generally improved the mechanical properties of the CAD/CAM ceramic materials tested. However, FLS was less influenced by surface roughness than expected.

In vitro evaluation of surface roughness, adhesion of periodontal ligament fibroblasts, and Streptococcus gordonii following root instrumentation with Gracey curettes and subsequent polishing with diamond-coated curettes

OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of an additional usage of a diamond-coated curette on surface roughness, adhesion of periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts, and of Streptococcus gordonii in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Test specimens were prepared from extracted teeth and exposed to instrumentation with conventional Gracey curettes with or without additional use of diamond-coated curettes. Surface roughness (Ra and Rz) was measured before and following treatment. In addition, the adhesion of PDL fibroblasts for 72 h and adhesion of S. gordonii ATCC 10558 for 2 h have been determined. RESULTS: Instrumentation with conventional Gracey curettes reduced surface roughness (median Ra before: 0.36 μm/after: 0.25 μm; p < 0.001; median Rz before: 2.34 μm/after: 1.61 μm; p < 0.001). The subsequent instrumentation with the diamond-coated curettes resulted in a median Ra of 0.31 μm/Rz of 2.06 μm (no significance in comparison to controls). The number of attached PDL fibroblasts did not change following scaling with Gracey curettes. The additional instrumentation with the diamond-coated curettes resulted in a two-fold increase in the number of attached PDL fibroblasts but not in the numbers of adhered bacteria. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of root surfaces with conventional Gracey curettes followed by subsequent polishing with diamond-coated curettes may result in a root surface which provides favorable conditions for the attachment of PDL fibroblasts without enhancing microbial adhesion. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The improved attachment of PDL fibroblasts and the limited microbial adhesion on root surfaces treated with scaling with conventional Gracey curettes followed by subsequent polishing with diamond-coated curettes may favor periodontal wound healing.