Report on the Iowa Department of Public Safety for the year ended June 30, 2010

Report on the Iowa Department of Public Safety for the year ended June 30, 2010

Avaliação de cloretos não tamponados como extratores de alumínio associado à matéria orgânica em solos da planície costeira do estado de São Paulo

Pirofosfato de sódio é o extrator mais utilizado para a determinação do Al complexado à matéria orgânica do solo (MOS). Devido à sua falta de seletividade para algumas amostras de solos, extratores não tamponados de Cl têm sido recomendados em substituição ao pirofosfato. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficácia dos cloretos não tamponados de Cu (CuCl2), lantânio (LaCl3) e potássio (KCl) como extratores de Al unido à MOS, analisaram-se amostras de 31 perfis de solos representativos das áreas sob vegetação de restinga do litoral paulista. Os resultados foram comparados àqueles obtidos com pirofosfato de sódio. O CuCl2, mais forte que o LaCl3 e KCl e menos eficaz que o pirofosfato, extraiu parte do Al de compostos inorgânicos amorfos e de complexos Al-húmus bastante estáveis; estes últimos possivelmente não são reativos em termos de acidez do solo e troca iônica. Ao contrário, KCl e LaCl3 removeram somente as formas reativas do elemento associadas ao C orgânico do solo (Corg). No entanto, o Al extraído por LaCl3 (AlLa) foi que melhor se correlacionou com o Corg e com a CTC, indicando que AlLa está relacionado ao principal componente responsável pelo desenvolvimento de cargas nos solos estudados. Os extratores permitiram analisar o grau de interação da MOS com o Al e a influência do pH do solo na interação. Os complexos Al-húmus mais estáveis foram observados nos horizontes bem drenados Bs, Bhs e C, em que o LaCl3 e, sobretudo, o KCl mostraram as mais baixas eficácias entre todas as amostras analisadas. O Al mais lábil unido à MOS foi encontrado nos horizontes superficiais do tipo A. De maneira geral, os horizontes estudados apresentaram a seguinte sequência de estabilidade da interação Al-húmus: A < Bh < C < Bhm < Bs/Bhs/Bsm. Esses últimos, juntamente com alguns poucos horizontes C, são os únicos horizontes de subsuperfície bem drenados, indicando que o hidromorfismo nos horizontes Bh e a ciclagem da serapilheira nos horizontes A favorecem a manutenção de espécies de alumínio mais lábeis nos solos estudados.

Caracterização de Espodossolos dos Estados da Paraíba e do Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil

Estudos com Espodossolos de ambientes tropicais de tabuleiros costeiros ainda são escassos. Este trabalho visou caracterizar perfis desses solos, tanto nos tabuleiros como em uma restinga nos Estados da Paraíba e do Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil. O estudo foi realizado com 14 perfis, inseridos em relevo predominantemente plano e sob cultivo de cana-de-açúcar, em que foram realizadas análises físicas, químicas e mineralógicas. Com relação às condições de drenagem, a maioria dos perfis foi definida como moderada a imperfeitamente drenada, com o lençol freático presente a uma profundidade de 182, 85 e 74 cm, em três deles. A textura evidenciou-se predominantemente arenosa, com variações entre areia, areia-franca e franco-arenosa, sempre com valores da fração argila inferiores a 130 g kg-1. Com relação às propriedades químicas, observaram-se acidez elevada, baixa saturação por bases, baixa CTC e alta saturação por Al3+. Alguns horizontes com cores nos matizes 10YR e 7,5YR, com valores entre 5 e 7 e cromas de 2 a 8 classificados como Bs, apresentaram teores de matéria orgânica mais altos que alguns horizontes classificados como Bhs, demonstrando a insuficiência do critério da cor para identificação desses horizontes cimentados. A mineralogia dos solos apresentou predominância de caulinita e quartzo na fração argila, com pequena representação de ilita, gibbsita, feldspato e anatásio. Nos tabuleiros, além desses minerais, também ocorreu a goethita. Na fração silte, verificou-se a predominância de quartzo e caulinita em todos os solos e, em menor expressão, anatásio, feldspato, goethita e gibbsita. Na fração areia, houve predominância do quartzo em todos os perfis, com traços de feldspato.

Residual effect of soil tillage on water erosion from a Typic Paleudalf under long-term no-tillage and cropping systems

Soil erosion is one of the chief causes of agricultural land degradation. Practices of conservation agriculture, such as no-tillage and cover crops, are the key strategies of soil erosion control. In a long-term experiment on a Typic Paleudalf, we evaluated the temporal changes of soil loss and water runoff rates promoted by the transition from conventional to no-tillage systems in the treatments: bare soil (BS); grassland (GL); winter fallow (WF); intercrop maize and velvet bean (M+VB); intercrop maize and jack bean (M+JB); forage radish as winter cover crop (FR); and winter cover crop consortium ryegrass - common vetch (RG+CV). Intensive soil tillage induced higher soil losses and water runoff rates; these effects persisted for up to three years after the adoption of no-tillage. The planting of cover crops resulted in a faster decrease of soil and water loss rates in the first years after conversion from conventional to no-tillage than to winter fallow. The association of no-tillage with cover crops promoted progressive soil stabilization; after three years, soil losses were similar and water runoff was lower than from grassland soil. In the treatments of cropping systems with cover crops, soil losses were reduced by 99.7 and 66.7 %, compared to bare soil and winter fallow, while the water losses were reduced by 96.8 and 71.8 % in relation to the same treatments, respectively.

Prevalence of patients' difficulties in swallowing solid oral dosage forms

Introduction Swallowing difficulties, or dysphagia, can occur in anyage group, although it is most common among elderly people. It canaffect patients' ability to take solid oral dosage forms, thus compromisingmedication adherence. Although literature is poor, availabledata show that prevalence in the general population ranges from 25 to60%. Prevalence in community pharmacies needs to be explored.Materials & Methods Community pharmacies were recruited from arandom selection in three Swiss states: Basel-Stadt (BS), Basel-Landschaft (BL) and Lausanne (LA). Patients' ability to swallowsolid oral medications was enquired with a semi-structured interview;the interviewer spent 4 h in each included pharmacy. Each consecutivepatient (18 years and older) entering the pharmacy with aprescription for at least 3 different solid oral forms was enrolled.Study was approved by the Lausanne ethics committee.Results Sixty pharmacies took part in the study (20 in BS, 10 in BL,30 in LA) between March and May 2010. Patient inclusion rate was77.8% (410/527). Prevalence of swallowing disorders was 22.4% (92/410). Patients with swallowing disorders were older (mean age: 67.5± 16 years vs. 63.0 ± 14 years, range 19-96; p = 0.03) and moreoften women (69.6% vs. 59.1%; Chi2 = 3.3, p = 0.04) than patientswithout swallowing disorders. They had on average 4.6 ± 2.7 drugswith a mean number of 5.5 ± 3.3 tablets or capsules to take daily,which didn't differ from the number of drugs taken by patientswithout swallowing difficulties (4.9 ± 2.5 drugs and 5.9 ± 3.5 tablets;n.s.). The difficulty was mainly related to the big size (63%) orthe quality of pill coating (rough, sticky, 14%). Twenty-one patients(37.5%) stated that their swallowing disorders resulted in nonadherence, rated as rarely (12 patients), sometimes (6 patients), veryoften (1 patient) or always (2 patients). According to patients, nopharmacist and only 2 physicians enquired about patients' swallowingissue.Discussion & Conclusion Swallowing difficulties are frequent amongpatients in community pharmacies in Switzerland with an estimatedprevalence of 22%. The problem resulted in non adherence or partialadherence in at least 35% of these patients. However, pharmacists andphysicians did not routinely inquire about the disorder. Guidelinesshould be developed for promoting systematic approaches of patientsin community pharmacies.

Report on the Iowa Department of Public Safety for the year ended June 30, 2011

Report on the Iowa Department of Public Safety for the year ended June 30, 2011

Report on the Iowa Department of Public Safety for the year ended June 30, 2012

Report on the Iowa Department of Public Safety for the year ended June 30, 2012

Multivariate prediction

The problem of prediction is considered in a multidimensional setting. Extending an idea presented by Barndorff-Nielsen and Cox, a predictive density for a multivariate random variable of interest is proposed. This density has the form of an estimative density plus a correction term. It gives simultaneous prediction regions with coverage error of smaller asymptotic order than the estimative density. A simulation study is also presented showing the magnitude of the improvement with respect to the estimative method.

Power variation of some integral fractional processes

We consider the asymptotic behaviour of the realized power variation of processes of the form ¿t0usdBHs, where BH is a fractional Brownian motion with Hurst parameter H E(0,1), and u is a process with finite q-variation, q<1/(1¿H). We establish the stable convergence of the corresponding fluctuations. These results provide new statistical tools to study and detect the long-memory effect and the Hurst parameter.

Stochastic delay equations with non-negativity constraints driven by fractional Brownian motion

In this note we prove an existence and uniqueness result for the solution of multidimensional stochastic delay differential equations with normal reflection. The equations are driven by a fractional Brownian motion with Hurst parameter H > 1/2. The stochastic integral with respect to the fractional Brownian motion is a pathwise Riemann¿Stieltjes integral.

Criteria for hitting probabilities with applications to systems of stochastic wave equations

We develop several results on hitting probabilities of random fields which highlight the role of the dimension of the parameter space. This yields upper and lower bounds in terms of Hausdorff measure and Bessel-Riesz capacity, respectively. We apply these results to a system of stochastic wave equations in spatial dimension k >- 1 driven by a d-dimensional spatially homogeneous additive Gaussian noise that is white in time and colored in space.

On the relationship between connections and the asymptotic properties of predictive distributions

In a recent paper, Komaki studied the second-order asymptotic properties of predictive distributions, using the Kullback-Leibler divergence as a loss function. He showed that estimative distributions with asymptotically efficient estimators can be improved by predictive distributions that do not belong to the model. The model is assumed to be a multidimensional curved exponential family. In this paper we generalize the result assuming as a loss function any f divergence. A relationship arises between alpha connections and optimal predictive distributions. In particular, using an alpha divergence to measure the goodness of a predictive distribution, the optimal shift of the estimate distribution is related to alpha-covariant derivatives. The expression that we obtain for the asymptotic risk is also useful to study the higher-order asymptotic properties of an estimator, in the mentioned class of loss functions.

Stochastic differential equations with random coefficients

In this paper we establish the existence and uniqueness of a solution for different types of stochastic differential equation with random initial conditions and random coefficients. The stochastic integral is interpreted as a generalized Stratonovich integral, and the techniques used to derive these results are mainly based on the path properties of the Brownian motion, and the definition of the Stratonovich integral.