A didactic sequence of elementary geometric optics Informed by history and philosophy of science

The concepts and instruments required for the teaching and learning of geometric optics are introduced in the didactic processwithout a proper didactic transposition. This claim is secured by the ample evidence of both wide- and deep-rooted alternative concepts on the topic. Didactic transposition is a theory that comes from a reflection on the teaching and learning process in mathematics but has been used in other disciplinary fields. It will be used in this work in order to clear up the main obstacles in the teachinglearning process of geometric optics. We proceed to argue that since Newton’s approach to optics, in his Book I of Opticks, is independent of the corpuscular or undulatory nature of light, it is the most suitable for a constructivist learning environment. However, Newton’s theory must be subject to a proper didactic transposition to help overcome the referred alternative concepts. Then is described our didactic transposition in order to create knowledge to be taught using a dialogical process between students’ previous knowledge, history of optics and the desired outcomes on geometrical optics in an elementary pre-service teacher training course. Finally, we use the scheme-facet structure of knowledge both to analyse and discuss our results as well as to illuminate shortcomings that must be addressed in our next stage of the inquiry.

Embracing transience and subjectivity in the conservation of complex contemporary artworks: contributions from ethnographic and psychological paradigms

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Conservação e Restauro, Perfil Ciências da Conservação Especialização em Arte Contemporânea

Hume e o problema moral

Tese de Doutoramento em Filosofia (área de especialização em Filosofia Moderna e Contemporânea).

Filososofía y Ciencia Computacional: Aspectos epistemológicos, ontológicos y metodológicos. Philosophy and Computing Sciencs: Epistemological, Ontological and Methodological Aspects.

Uno de los temas centrales del proyecto concierne la naturaleza de la ciencia de la computación. La reciente aparición de esta disciplina sumada a su origen híbrido como ciencia formal y disciplina tecnológica hace que su caracterización aún no esté completa y menos aún acordada entre los científicos del área. En el trabajo Three paradigms of Computer Science de A. Eden, se presentan tres posiciones admitidamente exageradas acerca de como entender tanto el objeto de estudio (ontología) como los métodos de trabajo (metodología) y la estructura de la teoría y las justificaciones del conocimiento informático (epistemología): La llamada racionalista, la cual se basa en la idea de que los programas son fórmulas lógicas y que la forma de trabajo es deductiva, la tecnocrática que presenta a la ciencia computacional como una disciplina ingenieril y la ahi llamada científica, la cual asimilaría a la computación a las ciencias empíricas. Algunos de los problemas de ciencia de la computación están relacionados con cuestiones de filosofía de la matemática, en particular la relación entre las entidades abstractas y el mundo. Sin embargo, el carácter prescriptivo de los axiomas y teoremas de las teorías de la programación puede permitir interpretaciones alternativas y cuestionaría fuertemente la posibilidad de pensar a la ciencia de la computación como una ciencia empírica, al menos en el sentido tradicional. Por otro lado, es posible que el tipo de análisis aplicado a las ciencias de la computación propuesto en este proyecto aporte nuevas ideas para pensar problemas de filosofía de la matemática. Un ejemplo de estos posibles aportes puede verse en el trabajo de Arkoudas Computers, Justi?cation, and Mathematical Knowledge el cual echa nueva luz al problema del significado de las demostraciones matemáticas.Los objetivos del proyecto son: Caracterizar el campo de las ciencias de la computación.Evaluar los fundamentos ontológicos, epistemológicos y metodológicos de la ciencia de la computación actual.Analizar las relaciones entre las diferentes perspectivas heurísticas y epistémicas y las practicas de la programación.

Religion is good, belief is better: religion, religiosity, and substance use among young swiss men.

We examined the influence of religious denomination (RD) and religiosity/spirituality on licit and illicit substance use beyond the potential impact of parental variables. Data from a representative sample of Swiss men (n = 5,387) approximately 20 years old were collected between August 2010 and November 2011. We asked single item questions about RD and religious self-description (RSD) (including aspects of spirituality). Alcohol use, smoking, and illicit drug use was measured as outcome variables. Logistic regressions (adjusting for parenting and socioeconomic background) revealed that religiosity/spirituality was inversely associated with substance use and that it was more strongly associated than denomination. RD, particularly having no denomination, was independently associated with the use of most substances. The study's limitations, and the implications for future work are noted.

Altruism across disciplines: one word, multiple meanings

Altruism is a deep and complex phenomenon that is analysed by scholars of various disciplines, including psychology, philosophy, biology, evolutionary anthropology and experimental economics. Much confusion arises in current literature because the term altruism covers variable concepts and processes across disciplines. Here we investigate the sense given to altruism when used in different fields and argumentative contexts. We argue that four distinct but related concepts need to be distinguished: (a) psychological altruism, the genuine motivation to improve others' interests and welfare; (b) reproductive altruism, which involves increasing others' chances of survival and reproduction at the actor's expense; (c) behavioural altruism, which involves bearing some cost in the interest of others; and (d) preference altruism, which is a preference for others' interests. We show how this conceptual clarification permits the identification of overstated claims that stem from an imprecise use of terminology. Distinguishing these four types of altruism will help to solve rhetorical conflicts that currently undermine the interdisciplinary debate about human altruism.

Validation and clinical use of the CECA, a disease-specific quality of life questionnaire for patients with anogenital Condylomata Acuminata

The aim of this validation study was to assess the measurement properties of the CECA (Spanish acronym for the Specific Questionnaire for Condylomata Acuminata) in patients with anogenital condylomas. A total of 247 patients aged > 18 years completed the questionnaire on 2 occasions as well as the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). The CECA questionnaire showed good internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha values of 0.86 and 0.91 in the emotional and sexual activity dimensions) and good testretest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.76 emotional dimension, 0.82 sexual activity dimension). Patients with de novo lesions and those with more extensive lesions and larger number of warts showed poorer health-related quality of life. CECA and DLQI scores correlated moderately. Patients whose lesions cleared at follow-up or with a reduction of >or= 50% showed a better improvement of health-related quality of life. The CECA questionnaire is a valid, reliable and sensitive tool for the assessment of health-related quality of life in patients with anogenital warts.

The spiritual distress assessment tool: an instrument to assess spiritual distress in hospitalised elderly persons.

BACKGROUND: Although spirituality is usually considered a positive resource for coping with illness, spiritual distress may have a negative influence on health outcomes. Tools are needed to identify spiritual distress in clinical practice and subsequently address identified needs. This study describes the first steps in the development of a clinically acceptable instrument to assess spiritual distress in hospitalized elderly patients. METHODS: A three-step process was used to develop the Spiritual Distress Assessment Tool (SDAT): 1) Conceptualisation by a multidisciplinary group of a model (Spiritual Needs Model) to define the different dimensions characterizing a patient's spirituality and their corresponding needs; 2) Operationalisation of the Spiritual Needs Model within geriatric hospital care leading to a set of questions (SDAT) investigating needs related to each of the defined dimensions; 3) Qualitative assessment of the instrument's acceptability and face validity in hospital chaplains. RESULTS: Four dimensions of spirituality (Meaning, Transcendence, Values, and Psychosocial Identity) and their corresponding needs were defined. A formalised assessment procedure to both identify and subsequently score unmet spiritual needs and spiritual distress was developed. Face validity and acceptability in clinical practice were confirmed by chaplains involved in the focus groups. CONCLUSIONS: The SDAT appears to be a clinically acceptable instrument to assess spiritual distress in elderly hospitalised persons. Studies are ongoing to investigate the psychometric properties of the instrument and to assess its potential to serve as a basis for integrating the spiritual dimension in the patient's plan of care.

Pensées sur la religion, par Blaise PASCAL.

Contient : « Récit de deux conférences ou entretiens particuliers, tenus les vendredy premier et mardy cinquième février 1647. » Affaire de Jacques Forton (frère St Ange, Capucin) ; cf. un art. de V. Cousin dans la Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, t. IV, p. 111 et suiv ; Correspondance de Pascal et du P. Étienne Noël, jésuite, sur la question du vide. — Copies, auxquelles sont joints deux opuscules imprimés : « Expériences nouvelles touchant le vuide,... par le sieur B. P. » [Pascal]. Paris, 1647, 32 pages, in-8°. — « Lettre de M. Pascal le fils, addressante à M. le premier Président de la Cour des aydes de Clermont-ferrand, sur le subjet de ce qui s'est passé en sa présence, dans le collège des Jésuites de Montferrand, aux thèses de philosophie qui luy ont esté dediées et qui ont esté soubstenuës le 25. juin 1651. » (S. l.), 16 pages, in-4° ; Note sur l'abbaye de Saint-Allyre de Clermont ; Protestations des Pères de l'Oratoire de la maison de S. Honoré, à Paris, de Clermont-Ferrand et de Riom au sujet de l'assemblée générale de la Congrégation (1746) ; Copies de pièces relatives à une prétendue rétractation de Pascal avant sa mort ; Copie de l'épitaphe de Pascal

[Illustrations de Génie du Christianisme ou beautés de la religion chrétienne] / A.Villerey, grav. ; Dambrun, grav. [et al...]; Chateaubriand, aut. du texte

Comprend : [Tome I. Frontispice : la Foi chrétienne commandant aux Arts et aux travaux des hommes.] [Cote : Res D 5716/Microfilm R 122368 à 122370 et R 132635] ; [Tome I. Pl. en reg. p.110 : Chapitre XI. L'extrême-onction.] [Cote : Res D 5716/Microfilm R 122368 à 122370 et R 132635] ; [Tome I. Pl. en reg. p.319 : Livre V. Partie I. On se console par la douleur.] L'une apportoit son enfant mort, l'autre son enfant vivant (...) Elle mettoient ensuite leurs enfants sur une branche de catalpa, et les balançoient ensemble, en chantant des airs de leurs pays. Hélas! ces jeux maternels, qui souvent endormoient l'innocence, ne pouvoient réveiller la mort! [Cote : Res D 5716/Microfilm R 122368 à 122370 et R 132635] ; [Tome II. Pl. en reg. p.239 : Partie II. Livre IV. Les passions. Amélie décidée à rentrer au couvent.] [Cote : Res D 5716/Microfilm R 122368 à 122370 et R 132635] ; [Tome II. Pl. en reg. p.250 : Partie II. Livre IV. Les passions. Chateaubriand guettant la fenêtre d'Amélie au couvent.] [Cote : Res D 5716/Microfilm R 122368 à 122370 et R 132635] ; [Tome III. Pl. en reg. p.368 : Partie III. Livre VI. La mort d'Atala. Le Père Aubry et Chactas enterrent Atala.] [Cote : Res D 5716/Microfilm R 122368 à 122370 et R 132635] ; [Tome III. Pl. en reg. p.372 : Partie III. Livre VI. Chactas pleure sur la tombe d'Atala.] [Cote : Res D 5716/Microfilm R 122368 à 122370 et R 132635] ; [Tome IV. Pl. en reg. p.167 : Partie IV. Livre III. Chapitre VI. Vue générale du Clergé. Un moine Trappiste.] [Cote : Res D 5716/Microfilm R 122368 à 122370 et R 132635] ; [Tome IV. Pl. en reg. p.217 : Partie IV. Livre III. Chapitre VI. Vue générale du Clergé. Un missionnaire remonte le Rio de la Plata pour évangéliser les Indiens.] [Cote : Res D 5716/Microfilm R 122368 à 122370 et R 132635]

Achievement goals in educational contexts: A social psychology perspective

Research on achievement goals usually defines mastery goals as the desire to acquire knowledge, and performance goals as the desire to outperform (or not to underperform) others. Educational contexts are most of the time social contexts, involving various persons and groups, of various hierarchical positions, and various cultural and ideological contexts. Surprisingly, most research in the achievement goal field has been conducted at an individual level of analysis. In the present paper, we will review the social consequences and antecedents of goal endorsement. This research indicates that goals strongly affect the way one behaves with co-learners. Moreover, it suggests that more than merely individual dispositions, goals reflect the social relation students have with other persons, institutions, and with the society to which they belong. We conclude this paper by setting an agenda for future achievement goal research.