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Selon le modèle de demandes-contrôle (Karasek, 1979), les conditions de travail les plus néfastes sont caractérisées par des exigences mentales élevées et par une latitude décisionnelle faible. Peu d'études se sont penchées sur le rôle des ressources individuelles en lien avec ce modèle. Pour cette raison, notre étude examine les effets médiateurs des traits de la personnalité et des valeurs culturelles sur la relation entre les conditions psychosociales du travail et le bien-être. En comparant deux échantillons de travailleurs, en Suisse (n = 585) et en Afrique du Sud (n = 818), nos résultats indiquent que les mêmes ressources et vulnérabilités individuelles n'interagissent pas de la même manière avec l'environnement de travail pour les travailleurs suisse que ceux d'Afrique du Sud. Ces résultats peuvent contribuer à l'amélioration des compétences culturelles dans les organisations où la gestion de la diversité culturelle des travailleurs devient une réalité complexe.

Prévention dans les entreprises: plus facile à dire qu'à faire

Les problèmes de santé liés au travail sont en augmentation. Des stratégies d'entreprise intégrant la santé au travail doivent être mises en place. Les rapports entre activité professionnelle et santé restent cependant complexes.

Rapport final de l'étude longitudinale Ado@Internet.ch

En Suisse, à l'instar de ce que l'on constate dans d'autres pays d'Europe, le pourcentage des 14 à 19 ans utilisant régulièrement Internet a augmenté de manière spectaculaire entre 1997 (4%) et 2013 (97%) selon les chiffres de l'Office fédéral de la statistique. De par sa commodité d'accès en tout lieu et en tout temps, les jeunes ont su s'approprier les usages et les activités variées d'Internet et ils y passent une partie importante de leur temps pour se divertir, s'informer ou étudier. A ce jour, rares sont encore les études longitudinales qui permettent d'examiner l'évolution de leurs usages d'internet ou les implications à moyen et long terme de ce média sur la santé des adolescents. Pratiques en constante mutation, il est impératif de suivre l'évolution d'Internet des adolescents, car ces derniers constituent un groupe particulièrement vulnérable aux multiples attractions du web. Objectifs : Les objectifs principaux de cette étude étaient de: 1. Quantifier l'évolution sur les deux ans de l'utilisation d'Internet chez les adolescents vaudois en faisant la distinction entre le temps dédié à l'école/au travail et le temps dédié aux loisirs ; 2. Décrire les activités en ligne qui occupent les adolescents et investiguer si ces activités changent au fil du temps.

Revenu de base inconditionnel, valeur, domination

L'article propose une défense et légitimation du RBI. Son introduction, montre-t-il, constituerait un changement de paradigme politique : il substituerait à la régulation de plus en plus exclusive des intérêts par le marché, une forme assurant à chacun·e l'assurance des moyens de son intégration sociale. Dans le cadre capitaliste contemporain caractérisé par l'accélération de la substitution du travail mort au travail vivant, il permettrait de libérer l'activité en mettant fin au chantage conditionnant l'accès à l'argent à l'obtention d'un emploi sur le marché du travail. En sorte que le RBI s'avère ainsi, hic et nunc, condition de liberté pour l'immense majorité d'entre nous.

Genèse, traduit par Pietro da Napoli.

Traduction de la Genèse en vers rimés regroupés en strophes de huit.F. 3-118 : "Incipit liber Genesis per magistro Petrum de Neapoli ...-... Finisce el Genesis divulgato e rimato per magistro Petro da Napoli, in Cremona. Explicit liber Genesis. Incipit liber Exodi ".

« How to Teach Evidence-Based Clinical Practice 2002 » : Rapport de la semaine de formation

Rapport de la semaine de formation "How to teach Evidence-Based Clinical Practice 2002" tenue à McMaster University du 9 au 14 juin 2002. Le rapport présente le déroulement de la semaine, les apprentissages et les applications au travail.

Reported Job Satisfaction : What Does It Mean?

By reporting his satisfaction with his job or any other experience, an individual does not communicate the number of utils that he feels. Instead, he expresses his posterior preference over available alternatives conditional on acquired knowledge of the past. This new interpretation of reported job satisfaction restores the power of microeconomic theory without denying the essential role of discrepancies between one’s situation and available opportunities. Posterior human wealth discrepancies are found to be the best predictor of reported job satisfaction. Static models of relative utility and other subjective well-being assumptions are all unambiguously rejected by the data, as well as an \"economic\" model in which job satisfaction is a measure of posterior human wealth. The \"posterior choice\" model readily explains why so many people usually report themselves as happy or satisfied, why both younger and older age groups are insensitive to current earning discrepancies, and why the past weighs more heavily than the present and the future.

Sector-Specific Training and Mobility in Germany

This article studies mobility patterns of German workers in light of a model of sector-specific human capital. Furthermore, I employ and describe little-used data on continuous on-the-job training occurring after apprenticeships. Results are presented describing the incidence and duration of continuous training. Continuous training is quite common, despite the high incidence of apprenticeships which precedes this part of a worker's career. Most previous studies have only distinguished between firm-specific and general human capital, usually concluding that training was general. Inconsistent with those conclusions, I show that German men are more likely to find a job within the same sector if they have received continuous training in that sector. These results are similar to those obtained for young U.S. workers, and suggest that sector-specific capital is an important feature of very different labor markets. In addition, they suggest that the observed effect of training on mobility is sensible to the state of the business cycle, indicating a more complex interaction between supply and demand that most theoretical models allow for.

Wage Flexibility and Contract Structure in Germany

In this paper, we look at how labor market conditions at different points during the tenure of individuals with firms are correlated with current earnings. Using data on individuals from the German Socioeconomic Panel for the 1985-1994 period, we find that both the contemporaneous unemployment rate and prior values of the unemployment rate are significantly correlated with current earnings, contrary to results for the American labor market. Estimated elasticities vary between 9 and 15 percent for the elasticity of earnings with respect to current unemployment rates, and between 6 and 10 percent with respect to unemployment rates at the start of current firm tenure. Moreover, whereas local unemployment rates determine levels of earnings, national rates influence contemporaneous variations in earnings. We interpret this result as evidence that German unions do, in fact, bargain over wages and employment, but that models of individualistic contracts, such as the implicit contract model, may explain some of the observed wage drift and longer-term wage movements reasonably well. Furthermore, we explore the heterogeneity of contracts over a variety of worker and job characteristics. In particular, we find evidence that contracts differ across firm size and worker type. Workers of large firms are remarkably more insulated from the job market than workers for any other type of firm, indicating the importance of internal job markets.

Sector-Specific on-the-Job Training: Evidence from U.S. Data.

Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY), we re-examine the effect of formal on-the-job training on mobility patterns of young American workers. By employing parametric duration models, we evaluate the economic impact of training on productive time with an employer. Confirming previous studies, we find a positive and statistically significant impact of formal on-the-job training on tenure with the employer providing the training. However, the expected net duration of the time spent in the training program is generally not significantly increased. We proceed to document and analyze intra-sectoral and cross-sectoral mobility patterns in order to infer whether training provides firm-specific, industry-specific, or general human capital. The econometric analysis rejects a sequential model of job separation in favor of a competing risks specification. We find significant evidence for the industry-specificity of training. The probability of sectoral mobility upon job separation decreases with training received in the current industry, whether with the last employer or previous employers, and employment attachment increases with on-the-job training. These results are robust to a number of variations on the base model.

Distortionary Taxation and Labor Supply: Evidence from Canada.

This paper examines empirically the effects of distortionary taxation on labor supply using a general equilibrium framework. The long-term relations predicted by the model are derived and tested using Canadian data between 1966 and 1993. While the cointegrating predictions of the model without taxation are rejected, the ones of the model with labor taxation are not. Persistent labor tax rate increases appear to play an important role in the observed downward trend in hours worked.

Altruism, Intergenerational Transfers of Time and Bequests

This paper uses a standard two-period overlapping generation model to examine the behavior of an economy where both intergenerational transfers of time and bequests are available. While bequests have been examined extensively, time transfers have received little or no attention in the literature. Assuming a log-linear utility function and a Cobb-Douglas production function, we derive an explicit solution for the dynamics and show that altruistic intergenerational time transfers can take place in presence of a binding non-negativity constraint on bequests. We also show that with either type of transfers capital is an increasing function of the intergenerational degree of altruism. However, while with time transfers the labor supply of the young increases with the degree of altruism, with bequests it may decrease

Why Have Aggregate Skilled Hours Become So Cyclical Since the Mid-1980's?

This paper documents and discusses a dramatic change in the cyclical behavior of aggregate hours worked by individuals with a college degree (skilled workers) since the mid-1980’s. Using the CPS outgoing rotation data set for the period 1979:1-2003:4, we find that the volatility of aggregate skilled hours relative to the volatility of GDP has nearly tripled since 1984. In contrast, the cyclical properties of unskilled hours have remained essentially unchanged. We evaluate the extent to which a simple supply/demand model for skilled and unskilled labor with capital-skill complementarity in production can help explain this stylized fact. Within this framework, we identify three effects which would lead to an increase in the relative volatility of skilled hours: (i) a reduction in the degree of capital-skill complementarity, (ii) a reduction in the absolute volatility of GDP (and unskilled hours), and (iii) an increase in the level of capital equipment relative to skilled labor. We provide empirical evidence in support of each of these effects. Our conclusion is that these three mechanisms can jointly explain about sixty percent of the observed increase in the relative volatility of skilled labor. The reduction in the degree of capital-skill complementarity contributes the most to this result.