Sox4 participates in the modulation of Schwann cell myelination.

In order to identify new regulators of Schwann cell myelination potentially playing a role in peripheral nervous system (PNS) pathologies, we analysed gene expression profiling data from three mouse models of demyelinating neuropathies and from the developing PNS. This analysis revealed that Sox4, which encodes a member of the Sry-related high-mobility group box protein family, was consistently upregulated in all three analysed models of neuropathy. Moreover, Sox4 showed a peak in its expression during development that corresponded with the onset of myelination. To gain further insights into the role of Sox4 in PNS development, we generated a transgenic mouse that specifically overexpresses Sox4 in Schwann cells. Sox4 overexpression led to a temporary delay in PNS myelination without affecting axonal sorting. Importantly, we observed that, whereas Sox4 mRNA could be efficiently overexpressed, Sox4 protein expression in Schwann cells was strictly regulated. Finally, our data showed that enforced expression of Sox4 in the mouse model for Charcot-Marie-Tooth 4C aggravated its neuropathic phenotype. Together, these observations reveal that Sox4 contributes to the regulation of Schwann cell myelination, and also indicates its involvement in the pathophysiology of peripheral neuropathies.

Wavefront reconstruction by adding modulation capabilities of two liquid crystal devices

We analyze the behavior of complex information in the Fresnel domain, taking into account the limited capability to display complex values of liquid crystal devices when they are used as holographic displays. To do this analysis we study the reconstruction of Fresnel holograms at several distances using the different parts of the complex distribution. We also use the information adjusted with a method that combines two configurations of the devices in an adding architecture. The results of the error analysis show different behavior for the reconstructions when using the different methods. Simulated and experimental results are presented.

Dual and Opposite Effects of hRAD51 Chemical Modulation on HIV-1 Integration.

The cellular DNA repair hRAD51 protein has been shown to restrict HIV-1 integration both in vitro and in vivo. To investigate its regulatory functions, we performed a pharmacological analysis of the retroviral integration modulation by hRAD51. We found that, in vitro, chemical activation of hRAD51 stimulates its integration inhibitory properties, whereas inhibition of hRAD51 decreases the integration restriction, indicating that the modulation of HIV-1 integration depends on the hRAD51 recombinase activity. Cellular analyses demonstrated that cells exhibiting high hRAD51 levels prior to de novo infection are more resistant to integration. On the other hand, when hRAD51 was activated during integration, cells were more permissive. Altogether, these data establish the functional link between hRAD51 activity and HIV-1 integration. Our results highlight the multiple and opposite effects of the recombinase during integration and provide new insights into the cellular regulation of HIV-1 replication.

Successful long-term ambulatory norepinephrine infusions in a patient with pure autonomic failure.

We present a case study of a patient with pure autonomic failure who was successfully treated with ambulatory norepinephrine (NE) infusions over a 9-year-period of time before death occurred unexpectedly. Given this patient's response to the NE infusion treatment, we discuss the option of ambulatory NE infusions as a treatment for severe orthostatic hypotension that is refractory to common treatments.

Modulation de la douleur neuropathique par l'utilisation d'un vecteur viral adéno-associé recombinant et ARN interférent

Une lésion nerveuse périphérique est susceptible d'engendrer une douleur neuropathique caractérisée par des changements d'expression génique dans les neurones nociceptifs des ganglions spinaux. Parmi ces modifications, on note une augmentation transcriptionnelle du gène codant pour la guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1 (GCH1) considérée comme modulateur clé des douleurs neuropathiques périphériques1. La surexpression de la GCH1 induit alors une hausse de la concentration de la tétrahydrobiopterin (BH4), un cofacteur essentiel pour la production de catécholamines, de sérotonine et d'oxide nitrique dans les ganglions spinaux. La surexpression de ce cofacteur induit la production de ces neurotransmetteurs et contribue à l'augmentation de la sensibilité douloureuse. Dans ce travail, j'ai modulé l'expression de GCH1 par l'utilisation d'un vecteur viral adéno-associé. Tout d'abord, j'ai testé in vitro dans des cellules PC12 différentes molécules d'ARN interfèrent permettant la régulation négative de GCH1. Les cellules PC 12 contiennent constitutionnellement la GCH1 et sont donc intéressantes afin de tester et sélectionner un plasmide permettant une régulation négative efficace de cette molécule in vitro. Cela m'a permis de choisir après sélection de cellules par FACS et quantification protéique par Western blot les meilleurs sh-ARN à utiliser tant pour la régulation négative de GCH1 que pour le vecteur contrôle. J'ai ensuite co- transfecté ces plasmides avec le plasmide pDF6 dans des cellules HEK293T pour la production de mon vecteur viral (rAAV2/6) permettant la régulation négative de la GCH1 ainsi que de mon vecteur contrôle. Après avoir étudié deux voies d'injection chez le rat (dans le nerf sciatique et en intrathécal), j'ai retenu la voie intrathécale comme ayant le meilleur taux de transduction de mon vecteur viral au niveau des ganglions spinaux. Utiliser cette voie d'injection pour mon vecteur permet de cibler plus particulièrement les neurones nociceptifs des ganglions spinaux. J'ai ensuite étudié la modulation de la GCH1 et sa répercussion sur le développement et le maintien des douleurs neuropathiques dans le modèle animal « spared nerve injury » (SNI). Je n'ai pas obtenu de diminution de douleur ni au niveau comportemental ni au niveau moléculaire chez le rat. Ayant répété l'expérience chez la souris, j'ai obtenu une diminution significative de l'expression de la GCH1 au niveau de l'ARN messager. Je n'ai pas étudié l'efficacité de mon vecteur in vivo chez la souris car un autre groupe m'a devancé dans cette expérience et a publié une étude similaire montrant une régulation négative et efficace de la GCH1 sur les symptômes de douleur neuropathique. Mes résultats, associés à cette publication, démontrent la validité de mon hypothèse de départ et ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives thérapeutiques en prenant comme cible la production de BH4.

β-Adrenergic modulation of skeletal muscle contraction: key role of excitation-contraction coupling.

Our aim is to describe the acute effects of catecholamines/β-adrenergic agonists on contraction of non-fatigued skeletal muscle in animals and humans, and explain the mechanisms involved. Adrenaline/β-agonists (0.1-30 μm) generally augment peak force across animal species (positive inotropic effect) and abbreviate relaxation of slow-twitch muscles (positive lusitropic effect). A peak force reduction also occurs in slow-twitch muscles in some conditions. β2 -Adrenoceptor stimulation activates distinct cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases to phosphorylate multiple target proteins. β-Agonists modulate sarcolemmal processes (increased resting membrane potential and action potential amplitude) via enhanced Na(+) -K(+) pump and Na(+) -K(+) -2Cl(-) cotransporter function, but this does not increase force. Myofibrillar Ca(2+) sensitivity and maximum Ca(2+) -activated force are unchanged. All force potentiation involves amplified myoplasmic Ca(2+) transients consequent to increased Ca(2+) release from sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). This unequivocally requires phosphorylation of SR Ca(2+) release channels/ryanodine receptors (RyR1) which sensitize the Ca(2+) -induced Ca(2+) release mechanism. Enhanced trans-sarcolemmal Ca(2+) influx through phosphorylated voltage-activated Ca(2+) channels contributes to force potentiation in diaphragm and amphibian muscle, but not mammalian limb muscle. Phosphorylation of phospholamban increases SR Ca(2+) pump activity in slow-twitch fibres but does not augment force; this process accelerates relaxation and may depress force. Greater Ca(2+) loading of SR may assist force potentiation in fast-twitch muscle. Some human studies show no significant force potentiation which appears to be related to the β-agonist concentration used. Indeed high-dose β-agonists (∼0.1 μm) enhance SR Ca(2+) -release rates, maximum voluntary contraction strength and peak Wingate power in trained humans. The combined findings can explain how adrenaline/β-agonists influence muscle performance during exercise/stress in humans.

Fast oscillatory activity in the anterior cingulate cortex: dopaminergic modulation and effect of perineuronal net loss.

Dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex plays a critical role in cognitive function such as working memory, attention and planning. Dopamine exerts complex modulation on excitability of pyramidal neurons and interneurons, and regulates excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission. Because of the complexity of this modulation, it is difficult to fully comprehend the effect of dopamine on neuronal network activity. In this study, we investigated the effect of dopamine on local high-frequency oscillatory neuronal activity (in β band) in slices of the mouse anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). We found that dopamine enhanced the power of these oscillations induced by kainate and carbachol, but did not affect their peak frequency. Activation of D2R and in a lesser degree D1R increased the oscillation power, while activation of D4R had no effect. These high-frequency oscillations in the ACC relied on both phasic inhibitory and excitatory transmission and functional gap junctions. Thus, dopamine released in the ACC promotes high-frequency synchronized local cortical activity which is known to favor information transfer, fast selection and binding of distributed neuronal responses. Finally, the power of these oscillations was significantly enhanced after degradation of the perineuronal nets (PNNs) enwrapping most parvalbumin interneurons. This study provides new insights for a better understanding of the abnormal prefrontal gamma activity in schizophrenia (SZ) patients who display prefrontal anomalies of both the dopaminergic system and the PNNs.

Effect of cocoa powder on the modulation of inflammatory biomarkers in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease

Background: Epidemiologic studies have suggested that flavonoid intake plays a critical role in the prevention of coronary heart disease. Because atherosclerosis is considered a low-grade inflammatory disease, some feeding trials have analyzed the effects of cocoa (an important source of flavonoids) on inflammatory biomarkers, but the results have been controversial. Objective: The objective was to evaluate the effects of chronic cocoa consumption on cellular and serum biomarkers related to atherosclerosis in high-risk patients. Design: Forty-two high-risk volunteers (19 men and 23 women; mean 6 SD age: 69.7 6 11.5 y) were included in a randomized crossover feeding trial. All subjects received 40 g cocoa powder with 500 mL skim milk/d (C+M) or only 500 mL skim milk/d (M) for 4 wk. Before and after each intervention period, cellular and serum inflammatory biomarkers related to atherosclerosis were evaluated. Results: Adherence to the dietary protocol was excellent. No significant changes in the expression of adhesion molecules on T lymphocyte surfaces were found between the C+M and M groups. However, in monocytes, the expression of VLA-4, CD40, and CD36 was significantly lower (P = 0.005, 0.028, and 0.001, respectively) after C+M intake than after M intake. In addition, serum concentrations of the soluble endothelium-derived adhesion molecules P-selectin and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 were significantly lower (both P = 0.007) after C+M intake than after M intake. Conclusions: These results suggest that the intake of cocoa polyphenols may modulate inflammatory mediators in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease. These antiinflammatory effects may contribute to the overall benefits of cocoa consumption against atherosclerosis. This trial was registered in the Current Controlled Trials at London, International Standard Randomized Controlled Trial Number, at controlled-trials.com as ISRCTN75176807.

Modulation of the glutamatergic transmission by Dopamine: a focus on Parkinson, Huntington and Addiction diseases.

Dopamine (DA) plays a major role in motor and cognitive functions as well as in reward processing by regulating glutamatergic inputs. In particular in the striatum the release of DA rapidly influences synaptic transmission modulating both AMPA and NMDA receptors. Several neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders, including Parkinson, Huntington and addiction-related diseases, manifest a dysregulation of glutamate and DA signaling. Here, we will focus our attention on the mechanisms underlying the modulation of the glutamatergic transmission by DA in striatal circuits.

The autonomic nervous activity of hostile acting

The present talk aims to examine the heart-rate variability (HRV) indexes of two populations known to be particularly sensitive to stress condition: violent offenders and intellectually impaired patients. For both, difficulties in managing stressful and emotional events could lead to unpredictable and hostile acting. Results in favour of specific HRV baseline patterns and emotional control will be developed, as the proposition of precursors of agitation in the physiological fluctuations preceding high tensed episodes. The improvement offered by coherent breathing trainings will be discussed for both groups.