Impact of Free Glasses and a Teacher Incentive on Children's Use of Eyeglasses: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial.

Purpose: To study the effect of free glasses combined with teacher incentives on in-school glasses wear among Chinese urban migrant children. Design: Cluster-randomized controlled trial. Methods: Children with VA <= 6/12 in either eye due to refractive error in 94 randomly-chosen primary schools underwent randomization by school to receive free glasses, education on their use and a teacher incentive (Intervention), or glasses prescriptions only (Control). Intervention group teachers received a tablet computer if >= 80% of children given glasses wore them during un-announced visits 6 weeks and 6 months (main outcome) after intervention. Results: Among 4376 children, 728 (16.7%, mean age 10.9 years, 51.0% boys) met enrollment criteria and were randomly allocated, 358 (49.2%, 47 schools) to Intervention and 370 (50.8%, 47 schools) to Control. Among these, 693 children (95.2%) completed the study and underwent analysis. Spectacle wear was significantly higher at 6 months among Intervention children (Observed [main outcome]: 68.3% versus 23.9%, Adjusted Odds Ratio [OR]=11.5, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 5.91-22.5, P<0.001; Self-reported: 90.6% versus 32.1%, OR = 43.7, 95% CI = 21.7-88.5, P < 0.001). Other predictors of observed wear at 6 months included baseline spectacle wear (P<0.001), uncorrected VA<6/18 (P=0.01) and parental spectacle wear (P=0.02). The 6-month observed wear rate was only 41% among similar-aged children provided free glasses in our previous trial without teacher incentives. Conclusions: Free spectacles and teacher incentives maintain classroom wear in the large majority of children needing glasses over a school year. Low wear among Control children demonstrates the need for interventions.

Safety of Spectacles for Children's Vision: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial.

Purpose: To study safety of children’s glasses in rural China, where fear that glasses harm vision is an important barrier for families and policy-makers. Design: Exploratory analysis from a cluster-randomized, investigator-masked, controlled trial.Methods: Among primary schools (n=252) in western China, children were randomized by school to one of three interventions: free glasses provided in class, vouchers for free glasses at a local facility or glasses prescriptions only (Control group). The main outcome of this analysis is uncorrected visual acuity after 8 months, adjusted for baseline acuity.Results: Among 19,934 children randomly selected for screening, 5852 myopic (spherical equivalent refractive error <= -0.5 D) eyes of 3001 children (14.7%, mean age 10.5 years) had VA <= 6/12 without glasses correctable to > 6/12 with glasses, and were eligible. Among these, 1903 (32.5%), 1798 (30.7%), and 2151 (36.8%) were randomized to Control, Voucher and Free Glasses respectively. Intention-to-treat analyses were performed on all 1831 (96.2%), 1699 (94.5%), and 2007 (93.3%) eyes of children with follow-up in Control, Voucher and Free Glasses groups. Final visual acuity for eyes of children in the treatment groups (Free Glasses and Voucher) was significantly better than for Control children, adjusting only for baseline visual acuity (difference of 0.023 logMAR units [0.23 vision chart lines, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.43]) or for other baseline factors as well (0.025 logMAR units [0.25 lines, 95% CI 0.04, 0.45]). Conclusion: We found no evidence that spectacles promote decline in uncorrected vision with aging among children.

Review of the area planning process (b)

This paper offers a commentary on the area planning reports form primary schools published by each of the Education and Library Boards (ELB) in June 2014. The format of the reports are broadly similar for each ELB, although there are some differences amongst them. All provide an overview on the policy context for the area planning process, a statistical picture of the schools in the ELB and detail on the issues considered for sets of schools within the ELB.

What is being taught in Religious Education classes in Northern Ireland and to what extent should states be concerned about regulation, quality and control of the subject?

This paper reports on a research project designed to discover what schools are teaching in Religious Education in Northern Ireland and what procedures are in place to maintain standards in the delivery of the subject. A search through literature shows that little research has been carried out to determine what is being taught in Religious Education in Northern Ireland. It also indicates that there are very weak systems of control to measure the effectiveness or quality of what is delivered. A survey of the websites of all Post-Primary schools in the region was used to provide some answers to the basic question of what is being taught in RE. Using content and discourse analysis of these alongside supporting documentary sources (textbooks and exam specifications), it is possible to get a clearer picture of how the Northern Ireland Core Syllabus for Religious Education and any additional curricular elements are delivered in schools. The findings show that a significant minority of schools do not publicly articulate what pupils do in religious education. In situations where the content of religious education is made clear, some definite trends are evident. Despite the existence of a statutory core syllabus, there is significant variation in what is taught in schools. The content is most divergent from the syllabus in relation to the teaching of World Religions at Key Stage 3 and at Key Stage 4 whole elements of the syllabus are neglected due to limited conformity between the syllabus and exam specifications. These results raise important questions about the systems of regulation and control of the subject in the region. In law the subject is exempt from formal inspection by the local inspection authority; instead, a form of inspection is allowed for by the Christian churches who design the syllabus, but it is a process that is either entirely neglected or entirely unreported in situations where it does occur. It is argued that these findings raise questions of more general concern for this and other regions in Europe where the teaching of religious education is largely unregulated. For example, to what extent should states take an interest in what is taught in religious education, how it is delivered, what values it promotes and how standards of teaching and learning in the subject are upheld?

Effect of providing free glasses on children's educational outcomes in China: cluster randomized controlled trial

Objective: To assess the effect of provision of free glasses on academic performance in rural Chinese children with myopia. Design: Cluster randomized, investigator masked, controlled trial.Setting 252 primary schools in two prefectures in western China, 2012-13. Participants: 3177 of 19 934 children in fourth and fifth grades (mean age 10.5 years) with visual acuity <6/12 in either eye without glasses correctable to >6/12 with glasses. 3052 (96.0%) completed the study.Interventions Children were randomized by school (84 schools per arm) to one of three interventions at the beginning of the school year: prescription for glasses only (control group), vouchers for free glasses at a local facility, or free glasses provided in class. Main outcome measures: Spectacle wear at endline examination and end of year score on a specially designed mathematics test, adjusted for baseline score and expressed in standard deviations. Results: Among 3177 eligible children, 1036 (32.6%) were randomized to control, 988 (31.1%) to vouchers, and 1153 (36.3%) to free glasses in class. All eligible children would benefit from glasses, but only 15% wore them at baseline. At closeout glasses wear was 41% (observed) and 68% (self reported) in the free glasses group, and 26% (observed) and 37% (self reported) in the controls. Effect on test score was 0.11 SD (95% confidence interval 0.01 to 0.21) when the free glasses group was compared with the control group. The adjusted effect of providing free glasses (0.10, 0.002 to 0.19) was greater than parental education (0.03, −0.04 to 0.09) or family wealth (0.01, −0.06 to 0.08). This difference between groups was significant, but was smaller than the prespecified 0.20 SD difference that the study was powered to detect. Conclusions: The provision of free glasses to Chinese children with myopia improves children’s performance on mathematics testing to a statistically significant degree, despite imperfect compliance, although the observed difference between groups was smaller than the study was originally designed to detect. Myopia is common and rarely corrected in this setting. Trial Registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN03252665.

Validation of night blindness reports among children and women in a vitamin A deficient population in rural Tanzania.

OBJECTIVE: This study validates different definitions of reported night blindness (XN) in a vitamin A deficient African population with no local term for XN. DESIGN: Case-control study with follow-up after treatment. SETTING: Eight primary schools and health centres in rural Tanzania. SUBJECTS: A total of 1214 participants were screened for reported XN and other eye signs of xerophthalmia: 461 children aged 24-71 months, 562 primary school-age children and 191 pregnant or breast-feeding women. All 152 cases of reported XN were selected for the validation study and group matched with 321 controls who did not complain of XN. XN reports were validated against serum retinol concentrations and pupillary dark adaptation measurements in cases and controls. INTERVENTION: All children and women who reported XN or had other signs of active xerophthalmia were treated with vitamin A and followed up 3-4 weeks later. Half of the untreated control group who had their serum retinol examined in the baseline examination were also followed up. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of reported XN was 12.5%. At baseline, mean pupillary threshold (-1.52 vs -1.55 log cd/m(2), P=0.501) and median serum retinol concentrations (0.95 vs 0.93 micromol/l, P=0.734) were not significantly different in cases and controls either overall or in each population group. More restricted case definitions reduced the prevalence of reported XN to 5.5% (P<0.001), but there was still no significant difference between cases and controls although the results were in the expected direction. After treatment, the median serum retinol concentration improved significantly only in the most deficient group, the young children. Dark adaptation improved in all the subgroups but the difference was only significant for young children and primary school-age children when the restricted case definitions were used. CONCLUSIONS: XN reports are a poor indicator of vitamin A deficiency in this population. SPONSORSHIP: Task Force Sight and Life, Basel, Switzerland.

Validating the accuracy of a model to predict the onset of myopia in children.

PURPOSE: To assess the sensitivity and specificity of models predicting myopia onset among ethnically Chinese children. METHODS: Visual acuity, height, weight, biometry (A-scan, keratometry), and refractive error were assessed at baseline and 3 years later using the same equipment and protocol in primary schools in Xiamen (China) and Singapore. A regression model predicting the onset of myopia < -0.75 diopters (D) after 3 years in either eye among Xiamen children was validated with Singapore data. RESULTS: Baseline data were collected from 236 Xiamen children (mean age, 7.82 ± 0.63 years) and from 1979 predominantly Chinese children in Singapore (7.83 ± 0.84 years). Singapore children were significantly taller and heavier, and had more myopia (31.4% vs. 6.36% < -0.75 D in either eye, P < 0.001) and longer mean axial length. Three-year follow-up was available for 80.0% of Xiamen children and 83.1% in Singapore. For Xiamen, the area under the receiver-operator curve (AUC) in a model including ocular biometry, height, weight, and presenting visual acuity was 0.974 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.945-0.997). In Singapore, the same model achieved sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of 0.844, 0.650, and 0.669, with an AUC of 0.815 (95% CI, 0.791-0.839). CONCLUSIONS: Accuracy in predicting myopia onset based on simple measurements may be sufficient to make targeted early intervention practical in settings such as Singapore with high myopia prevalence. Models based on cohorts with a greater prevalence of high myopia than that in Xiamen could be used to assess accuracy of models predicting more severe forms of myopia.

Assessing elements of a family approach to reduce adolescent drinking frequency: parent-adolescent relationship, knowledge management, and keeping secrets

AIMS: To estimate 1) the associations between parent-adolescent relationship, parental knowledge and subsequent adolescent drinking frequency and 2) the influence of alcohol use on parental knowledge.

DESIGN: Path analysis of school based cohort study with annual surveys SETTING: Post primary schools from urban and intermediate/rural areas in Northern Ireland PARTICIPANTS: 4,937 post primary school students aged around 11 years in 2000 followed until around age 16 in 2005.

MEASUREMENTS: Pupil reported measures of: frequency of alcohol use; parental-child relationship quality; sub-dimensions of parental monitoring: parental control, parental solicitation, child disclosure and child secrecy.

FINDINGS: Higher levels of parental control (Ordinal logistic OR 0.86 95% CI 0.78, 0.95) and lower levels of child secrecy (OR 0.83 95% CI 0.75 0.92) were associated with less frequent alcohol use subsequently. Parental solicitation and parent-child relationship quality were not associated with drinking frequency. Weekly alcohol drinking was associated with higher subsequent secrecy (Beta -0.42 95% CI -0.53, -0.32) and lower parental control (Beta -0.15 95% CI -0.26, -0.04). Secrecy was more strongly predictive of alcohol use at younger compared with older ages (P=0.02), and alcohol use was less strongly associated with parental control among families with poorer relationships (P=0.04).

CONCLUSIONS: Adolescent alcohol use appears to increase as parental control decreases and child secrecy increases. Greater parental control is associated with less frequent adolescent drinking subsequently, while parent-child attachment and parental solicitation have little influence on alcohol use. 

Substance Use and Misuse : Adolescent Substance Use in the context of the family ; a qualitative study of young people's views on parent child attachments , parenting style and parental substance use

Introduction and Aims. While the role of the family in adolescent substance use has been well documented, few studies have attempted to explore in-depth youth perceptions of how these familial processes/dynamics influence teenage substance use. This paper reports the findings from a study exploring risk and protective factors for teenage substance use within the context of the family as perceived by young people with a view to informing current and future family based prevention and education interventions.
Design and Methods. Data collection took place in nine post-primary schools across Northern Ireland. Nine focus groups using participatory techniques were facilitated with a purposive sample of sixty-two young people (age 13-17 years). Data were transcribed verbatim and analysed using a content/thematic analysis.
Results. Three broad themes/aspects of the family emerged from the data, which may serve to protect or attenuate the risk of substance use among young people. Parent-child attachment was a major theme identified in protecting adolescents from substance use in addition to effective parenting particularly an authoritative style of parenting supplemented by parental monitoring and good parent-child communication to encourage child disclosure. Family substance use was deemed to impact on children’s substance use if exposed at an early age and the harms associated with PSM were discussed in detail.
Discussion and Conclusions. The qualitative approach provides insight into current understanding of youth perceptions of substance use in the context of family dynamics. A number of recommendations are outlined. Family based (preventive) interventions/parenting programmes may benefit from components on effective parenting including authoritative styles, parental monitoring, effective communication, spending time together (building attachments), parent-child conflict, adolescent development and factors which impact on parenting. Parenting programmes tailored to mothers and fathers may be beneficial. School based interventions targeting children/adolescents may be best placed to target children living with parental substance misuse.
Keywords: substance/substance related disorders, focus groups, young people/adolescent,

A gestão intermédia nos agrupamentos de escolas: os coordenadores de estabelecimento e as lideranças periféricas

As escolas do 1º ciclo e os jardins-de-infância confrontaram-se recentemente com a obrigatoriedade de se organizarem em associação com outras escolas do 2º e 3º ciclos do ensino básico através dos chamados Agrupamentos de Escolas. Estes Agrupamentos (verticais) poderão ser entendidos como funcionando num certo modelo de rede piramidal ou seja, cria-se um centro de decisão – a escola-sede do Agrupamento (por norma, uma escola do 2º e 3º ciclo do ensino básico, com os seus órgãos de gestão de topo) – relativamente ao qual se afiliam uma série de escolas periféricas, designadamente da educação préescolar e do 1º ciclo do ensino básico. Procuraremos, neste estudo, problematizar a situação periférica destes estabelecimentos de educação e de ensino, tendo em conta a complexidade das regulações e tensões a que estão sujeitos e que colocam no centro das atenções a figura do Coordenador de estabelecimento. É com base num estudo de caso sobre um Agrupamento de Escolas, situado no norte do país, que procurámos perceber qual o papel que os Coordenadores de estabelecimento assumem ao nível da gestão intermédia do Agrupamento, analisando em particular a sua condição de líderes periféricos deste tipo de organização escolar.

O envolvimento da família na escola e no sucesso educativo das crianças: o caso dos 3º e 4º anos de escolaridade do agrupamento vertical de Colos (2004/2005)

Este trabalho pretende analisar a relação entre o envolvimento da família e o sucesso educativo das crianças. A hipótese principal foi construída para testar as teorias de Ana Henderson (1987), Davies (1989) e Epstein (2002). A primeira parte deste trabalho é constituída pelo enquadramento teórico, onde se abordam a problemática da relação escola/família, da participação e do sucesso e insucesso dos alunos. A segunda parte é constituída pela metodologia, análise e interpretação dos dados e análise e discussão dos resultados, onde estão incluídas as conclusões e as sugestões. O estudo foi feito nas escolas do 1° Ciclo do Agrupamento Vertical de Colos, relativamente aos alunos do 3° e 4° ano, no ano lectivo de 2004/2005. A amostra foi constituída por 67 pais e a recolha de informação foi feita através de um questionário. O tratamento de dados foi feito de forma estatística utilizando o SPSS, Os resultados do presente estudo levam-nos a concluir que os pais têm uma fraca participação na escola e que o sucesso educativo dos alunos não depende da participação dos pais na sua vida académica, não se confirmando a hipótese formulada para dar resposta à pergunta inicial. Concluímos ainda que, quanto maior é a distância entre a casa dos alunos e a escola frequentada, melhores resultados e menos retenções estes exibem ao longo do seu percurso escolar. /ABSTRACT - This work intends to analyse the relation between the role of the family and the educational success of children. The main assumption was built to test the theories of Ana Anderson (1987), Davies (1989) and Epstein (2002). The first part of the essay includes the theoretical framing where the subject of the relation school/family is approached. The second part contains the methodology, analysis and interpretation of data and the analysis and discussion of the results, which includes the conclusions and the suggestions. This survey was made in the Primary Schools of “Agrupamento Vertical de Colos”, among students of the third and fourth grades in the school year of 2004/2005. The sample was made of sixty-seven parents and the data was gathered by a questionnaire. The treatment of this data was made statistically by using SPSS. The results of this survey take us to the conclusion that parents have a low participation in school and that the educative success of students does not depend on their parents’ participation in their academic life. So, the hypothesis formulated to answer the initial question is not confirmed. We can also conclude that, the longer the distance between the students' home and the school they attend, the better the results and fewer times they fail in their school life.

A integração didática das TIC numa sala de 1º CEB: estudo de caso

Nos últimos anos houve um investimento nacional para disponibilizar Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC) nas escolas portuguesas o que, previsivelmente, facilitaria a utilização destas tecnologias em contexto de sala de aula. Paralelamente ao investimento em equipamento houve também alguma formação contínua de professores com o objetivo de os dotar de competências didáticas para a integração curricular das TIC. Neste contexto pareceu-nos muito pertinente desenvolver um estudo que permitisse contribuir para a reflexão sobre a integração didática das TIC no 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico (1.º CEB). Assim, fez-se um estudo de caso com características etnográficas na sala de aula de um professor deste ciclo de ensino, habitual utilizador das TIC, que tem vindo a desenvolver projetos com os alunos e as tecnologias em sala de aula. O trabalho de terreno decorreu nos anos letivos de 2009/2010 e 2010/2011 com o objetivo de tentar inferir sobre as vantagens da integração educativa das TIC não só nos resultados escolares dos alunos mas também no desenvolvimento das suas competências tecnológicas. Uma metodologia orientada para projetos e enriquecida pela utilização ubíqua das tecnologias, por grande parte dos alunos, teve efeitos positivos no seu desempenho escolar. A turma possuía um historial escolar irregular, mas o empenho no trabalho diário permitiu que terminasse o ano letivo com resultados favoráveis para todos os alunos. Para além dos resultados escolares, os alunos desenvolveram competências para a sociedade do conhecimento, revelando capacidade de trabalho em grupo e respeito pela opinião de cada um dos elementos, assim como competências de comunicação, seleção, organização e produção de informação. A utilização assídua das tecnologias permitiu também que os alunos desenvolvessem competências de utilização segura da Internet. O sucesso deste trabalho permite-nos pensar que deviam ser criadas condições de acesso a computadores de baixo custo para os alunos cujos professores desejassem desenvolver um trabalho assíduo e regular de utilização didática das tecnologias. Esta recomendação torna-se particularmente pertinente para os alunos pertencentes a famílias sem acesso a tecnologias.

Educação para o desenvolvimento sustentável no ensino básico : contributos da integração das tecnologias da informação e comunicação e do envolvimento familiar nos primeiros anos de escolaridade

A necessidade de se educar para o desenvolvimento sustentável é um ponto assente nas atuais políticas educativas internacionais. Considera-se fulcral desenvolver nos alunos as competências necessárias para analisar criticamente e tomar de decisão frente às atuais problemáticas relacionadas com as dimensões ambiental, social e económica, sob uma perspetiva sistémica. No entanto, a literatura de referência aponta a escassez de recursos intencionalmente concebidos para apoiar práticas didático-pedagógicas dos professores mais coerentes com estas diretrizes. Assim, o presente estudo tem por finalidade desenvolver estratégias, conceber e explorar recursos didáticos multimédia para promover a Educação para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável (EDS), no contexto da Educação em Ciência com orientação Ciência-Tecnologia-Sociedade (CTS), através da integração das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) e do envolvimento familiar (EF) nos primeiros anos de escolaridade, assim como compreender os impactes dos mesmos na alteração das práticas dos professores tornando-as mais coerentes com as orientações EDS/CTS. Face a esta finalidade, adotámos uma metodologia de natureza qualitativa, nomeadamente o Estudo de Caso na vertente multicasos, ao longo da investigação. O estudo envolveu o 1º Ciclo do Ensino Básico de um Agrupamento de Escolas de Aveiro (Portugal), nomeadamente professores, alunos e respetivos familiares. Por entender serem os professores um elemento-chave de mudança do processo educativo, o estudo envolveu a conceção e implementação de uma Oficina de Formação de professores e uma comunidade online, a servir de plataforma de comunicação entre as escolas e as famílias. Assim, para a recolha de dados recorremos às técnicas de inquérito, observação e análise documental. Os respetivos instrumentos utilizados para cada técnica foram questionários, diário da investigadora, e-portefólios reflexivos e registos de interação na comunidade online. Os dados qualitativos e quantitativos foram analisados através da técnica de análise de conteúdo e análise estatística descritiva, respetivamente. Os resultados apontam que a integração das TIC e o incentivo ao envolvimento familiar contribuem positivamente para a promoção da EDS nos primeiros anos de escolaridade. Contudo, considerando o contexto em estudo onde as escolas atendem muitas famílias provenientes de meios socioeconómicos menos favorecidos, é preciso repensar a integração das TIC, para que estas não se configurem como mais uma barreira para o envolvimento familiar. Assim, trabalhar a EDS/CTS para além dos muros da escola, envolvendo as famílias dos alunos e colocando as TIC como uma ponte de comunicação é apresentado nesta investigação como o principal contributo para a consecução da EDS.

Avaliação interna de escolas

Dissertação de Mestrado, Supervisão, Especialização em 1.º Ciclo do Ensino Básico, Faculdade de Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, 2007

Migrações : novas realidades : viver num mundo em movimento

Supervisionada, Educação (Mestrado em Ensino de História e Geografia no 3º Ciclo do Ensino Básico e Ensino Secundário), Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Educação, 2014