996 resultados para Abordagem TRIAD
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OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é o desenvolvimento e a aplicação de um curso na modalidade "Educação a distância mediada pela internet". MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foi utilizado o curso "Linfonodo sentinela, prevenção, diagnóstico precoce e biópsia - nova técnica de abordagem do câncer de mama" como modelo de aplicação. O material didático para a modalidade "Educação a distância" foi elaborado visando a um público composto por médicos envolvidos com o tratamento do câncer de mama. O curso foi estruturado em ambiente virtual de aprendizagem, um espaço virtual que permitiu a interação entre os participantes. RESULTADOS: A duração do curso foi de 12 semanas. Iniciou-se com nove participantes, médicos ginecologistas com pelo menos oito anos de experiência profissional. Todos os alunos participaram de alguma forma, dois realizaram exercícios e interagiram. O alcance do curso pelo método atingiu quatro estados e oito municípios. Não ocorreu adesão integral dos alunos, apesar de a maioria permanecer até o fim do curso. Possivelmente, não houve motivação suficiente para participação nas atividades propostas. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados mostram que é necessário quebrar as barreiras da falta de cultura relacionada a esta forma de aprendizagem. É fundamental a participação facilitadora do coordenador para integração e mobilização dos participantes.
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OBJETIVO: Utilizar a ultra-sonografia como método de avaliação do "tempo esofágico" e sua capacidade de discriminação entre as substâncias não-sólidas ingeridas (água e iogurte). MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 22 adultos jovens, sem queixa gástrica e esofágica, de ambos os sexos. Foi utilizado transdutor de ultra-som de 3,5 MHz, convexo, em modo B, colocado na região epigástrica. O intervalo de tempo esofágico foi determinado utilizando-se um cronômetro que foi acionado no momento da movimentação da glote (início da deglutição) e interrompido ao se visualizar a passagem do conteúdo deglutido no esôfago intra-abdominal. RESULTADOS: O tempo médio de trânsito para a água foi de 6,64 ± 1,83 segundos e para o iogurte foi de 8,59 ± 2,70 segundos. A análise estatística comparativa pelo teste t pareado mostrou que as médias apresentaram diferenças significativas entre as substâncias. CONCLUSÃO: O novo método experimental de avaliar o "tempo esofágico" com ultra-som é capaz de propiciar diferenças significativas do tempo necessário para um determinado alimento (líquido ou pastoso) percorrer o esôfago, esclarecendo as suspeitas clínicas e possibilitando a indicação mais precisa de exames clínicos mais complexos.
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OBJETIVO: Avaliar a PET/CT na abordagem de pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo de 63 prontuários e exames de PET/CT de pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço. RESULTADOS: Foram encontradas alterações em 76% dos exames. Destes, 7 (11%) foram considerados falso-positivos, com SUV < 5,0. A PET/CT mostrou-se negativa em 15 situações (24%). Dos 14 casos nos quais se utilizou o exame para estadiamento, em 3 (22%) houve aumento no estadiamento. CONCLUSÃO: A PET/CT mostra-se como exame de potencial valor na rotina de avaliação de pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço, entretanto, necessitamos de maior número de casos para definirmos protocolo de uso.
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Chemically modified electrodes (CMEs) have been subject of considerable attention since its inception about 23 years ago. CMEs result of a deliberate immobilization of a modifier agent onto the electrode surface obtained through chemical reactions, chemisorption, composite formation or polymer coating. This immobilization seeks transfer the physicochemical properties of the modifier to the electrode surface and thus to dictate and control the behavior of the electrode/solution interface. In recent years the interest in CMEs has increased particularly to enhance the sensitivity and/or the selectivity of electroanalytical techniques. In general higher sensitivity and/or selectivity may be achieved by exploiting one or more of the following phenomena: electrocatalysis, preconcentration and interferents exclusion. This paper deals with the application of CMEs in electroanalysis, including a brief presentation of the more general procedures that have been employed for the modification of electrode surfaces.
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In this work, analytical strategies are evaluated in order to measure accurately the ambient levels of atmospheric organic acids. Environmental considerations about the determination of low molecular weight mono- and di-carboxylic acids from urban areas of São Paulo are described.
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The concepts of stereochemistry and chirality are introduced, and the ability to distinguish among the different receptors caused by one stereoselective action against chiral drugs is presented. The importance of the behaviour of chiral drugs is emphasized.
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The data analyzed in this work were generated following the methodology developed by Molina et al.(J. Electroanal. Chem., 1979) for the calibration of a potentiometric system of measurement of hydrogen-ion concentrations resulting from neutralizations, at 25 ºC, of acidic or alkaline solutions at constant ionic strength (0.1 mol.l-1) held with NaClO4. The observed data present a serious deviation in relation to the mathematical model derived from the Nernst equation, for pH values ranging from 3 to 11, where pH=-log[H+]. We show that the minimization of the sum of the absolute values of the residuals gives estimates that are not influenced by outlying values.
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Synthetic methods used for the synthesis of the Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals (FLCs) will be considered with emphasis on the chiral synthesis methodologies and mesomorphic electrooptical properties.
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Glucocorticosteroids (CT) show a powerful anti-inflammatory effect. In view of this, they are extensively used in sports medicine, but their misuse (systemic administration) can lead to severe injuries on athletes and has been restricted by the IOC in recent years. For GC-MS analysis, a derivatization step is necessary in order to convert them to a stable form, thus preventing thermal breakdown with the loss of the ketone side chain. Derivatization of CT is reviewed and a new approach of silylation is presented for screening of CT in urine.
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High lead concentrations up to 5478 mg kg-1 were detected in dry atmospheric precipitations in Rio Grande city and adjacent area. Lead anomalies cover up to 30% of the study area. Lead concentration measurement in dry atmospheric precipitation and suspended particulate matter provides a possibility to detect concentrations above lead threshold in the air. The most impacted areas are fishermen's villages. The most possible source of lead in the air is uncontrolled sub industrial activity of local population
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Caffeine extraction procedures from water soluble and water insoluble materials for preparing stimulating beverages are described. Water soluble materials used were instant tea and coffee and water insoluble materials were, among others, guaraná powder and maté leaves. The extraction of caffeine from water soluble materials, especially instant tea, is more suitable for an organic chemistry teaching laboratory than the classic experiment using tea leaves, due to the economy of time and a larger amount of extracted caffeine. The procedure is time-saving and requires only a four-hour period. The experiments illustrate the extraction process as used in undergraduate organic chemistry laboratories.
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This study concerns certain problems inherent to the determination of fat-soluble vitamins in food, from extraction methods to identification and quantification. The discussion involves the main official and unofficial extraction methods coupled with spectrophotometric and HPLC techniques in which vitamins samples are obtained through liquid-liquid-solid and liquid-liquid-solid-solid extraction, indispensable to the analytical separation of different chemical compounds with vitamin functions. A saponification stage, possibly coupled with supercritical fluid extraction appears to be mandatory in the determination of vitamins A and E in their alcoholic forms. Alternative identification and quantification procedures are outlined: biological and chemical assays, analytical separations by HPLC (normal and reversed-phase), UV detection (all fat-soluble vitamins) and fluorescence detection (retinoids and tocopherols). Automation from sample preparation to quantification stages increases the data acquisition rate.
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This essay describes a new didactic approach, in according with the national curriculum guidelines for chemistry undergraduate courses in Brazil, employed during the one-semester course "Experimental General Chemistry" for chemistry undergraduate students at the Federal University of Piauí. The new approach has positively helped student's training by improving their reading skills and their understanding of scientific reports, by developing the use of electronic tools to search and to recover the required knowledge for their learning activities, and by improving their skills of understanding published texts and dealing with digital sources. At the same time the students are strongly stimulated to enter the research program for undergraduate students available at the University.
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The Hansch Analysis, also known by QSAR-2D, is an extremely effective tool in the identification and/or improvement of the pharmacological or toxicological profile of xenobiotics. This article presents the theme didactically and with enough detail to clarify the conceptual basis of Hansch Analysis. Besides, it shows the application of the technique in measuring the influence of physicochemical properties on the biological activity of compounds with pharmacological interest.