MB26镁合金热加工工艺的研究

通过力学性能试验、金相、扫描电镜及透射电镜等方法和手段对MB26(Mg—Zn—Zr—RE)合金在不同热加工工艺条件下的样品进行了分析和研究。研究结果表明：MB26镁合金在挤压、淬火及淬火时效3种热加工工艺条件下，以挤压状态下所获得的力学性能为最佳，其σb值可达370MPa以上。510℃／2h的淬火工艺使挤压态下的力学性能大为下降。微观原因为：加热破坏了挤压态下均匀的板条组织及合金元素的均匀分布，并产生严重的过烧组织。170℃／10h时效工艺可使淬火态下微观范围内的淬火空位得到填补，但不能改善较为宏观的孔洞的存在及组织疏松的状况，并产生再结晶等轴晶粒及晶界，因而也不能明显地改善其力学性能。MB26镁合金以挤压态为最佳使用状态。

高效液相色谱法分离测定Fe(Ⅱ)和络合物Fe(Ⅱ)-PDT的两种几何异构体

铁在自然界中广泛分布，其环境和生态效应主要取决于它们的理化性质、形态、溶解性以及与溶解有机质的结合程度。氧化还原性敏感元素铁在自然界主要以Fe(Ⅱ) 和Fe(Ⅲ)两种价态存在。铁在水环境中的地球化学循环作用主要通过其自身的各种价态之间转化以及与周围其他物质(微量元素,营养盐,有机质)之间的相互作用来实现的。不同形态的铁具有不同的理化性质，其环境效应和生物有效性都是不同，不同形态的铁还可对其他重金属在水体中的循环迁移、赋存形态和生物有效性等均产生不同程度的一定的影响。因此，为铁的环境地球化学行为提供更为准确的信息，就必须进行铁的形态分析，由于Fe(Ⅱ)的氧化还原敏感性，故对铁进行形态分析的前提就是准确测定Fe(Ⅱ)的含量，用普通分光光度法测定Fe(Ⅱ)特别是低含量的Fe(Ⅱ)时，结果的不准确性以及高检出限等缺点都严重制约了准确测定环境中Fe(Ⅱ)的含量。为克服用普通分光光度法测定Fe(Ⅱ)时易受样品溶液其他组分的基体干扰以及灵敏度低等缺点，我们采用了用3-(2-吡啶基)-5,6-二苯基-1,2,4-三嗪（PDT）作为柱前衍生试剂，反相离子对高效液相色谱法来测定Fe(Ⅱ)。由于络合物Fe(II)-PDT存在两种几何异构体，故在建立反相离子对高效液相色谱法来测定Fe(Ⅱ)的同时，我们进一步研究了PDT及Fe(II)-PDT的两种几何异构体色谱分离与测定的实验研究，取得了如下进展： 1．研究了有机萃取分光光度法测定Fe(Ⅱ)，实验中发现加入离子对试剂四溴酚酞乙酯钾(TPBE-K)，由于TPBE和Fe(Ⅱ)-PDT络合物生成三元离子缔合物，导致最大特征吸收波长红移，由555nm增加至610nm，三元离子缔合物[Fe(PDT)3] [TBPE]2的摩尔吸收系数由2.4×104 l•mol-1•cm-1增加至1.9×105 l•mol-1•cm-1，显著改善了方法的灵敏度，降低了检出限，在Fe(Ⅱ)含量为0~0.3μg/ml范围内，方法的线性关系良好，线性方程为y＝0.3582x＋0.01，R2＝0.9974，检出限为0.96ng/ml(S/N＝3)，达到ng/ml水平，成功应用于测定泉水及表层湖水的Fe(Ⅱ)及总铁含量。 2．将3-(2-吡啶基)-5,6-二苯基-1,2,4-三嗪(PDT)作为衍生显色络合试剂应用于分光光度法来测定Fe(Ⅱ)已得到较为充分的报道。在上述研究基础上，首次研究了将PDT作为柱前衍生络合试剂，应用于反相离子对高效液相色谱法来测定Fe(Ⅱ)，不仅克服了常规络合衍生分光光度法过量络合剂干扰试验结果的缺点，而且进一步优化选择了检测波长，由于HPLC的应用，突破了在分光光度法中只能在可见波长范围内选择检测波长为555nm，将检测波长选择在Fe(Ⅱ)-PDT吸收更强烈的紫外区295nm处，使得灵敏度得到了显著提高。在Fe(Ⅱ)浓度为0～3.5×10-6mol/l时，峰面积A和峰高H均和标准溶液的浓度C(×10-7mol/l)的线性关系良好,线性回归方程分别为：A=7.4951x-0.0785(R2=0.9999) 和H=0.5126x- 0.0915(R2=0.9997)，方法的检测限为0.35ng/ml (S/N＝3)。本方法测定Fe(Ⅱ)时，不需复杂的前处理步骤，如固相萃取、有机溶液萃取等，直接柱前衍生HPLC方法测定，方便、快速且灵敏度高，低于众多分光光度报道的检出限水准7～170ng/ml范围。 3．由于络合物Fe(II)-PDT存在面式和经式两种几何异构体，故在建立起反相离子对高效液相色谱法来测定Fe(Ⅱ)新方法的同时，进一步研究了PDT及Fe(II)-PDT的两种几何异构体色谱分离及测定实验研究，关于这方面的试验研究，目前来说还没有相关的研究报道，所以将反相离子对高效液相色谱法应用到分离及测定PDT及Fe(II)-PDT的两种几何异构体中，这也是本论文的第二个创新之处。在本实验中，所用的色谱固定相为普通的反相键合C8柱，但由于优化选择了最佳流动相条件，使得PDT及Fe(II)-PDT的两种几何异构体直接在C8柱上得到完全的基线分离。讨论了流动相中有机改性剂乙腈不同比例、不同种类的离子对试剂(高氯酸钠和十二烷基硫酸钠)及不同浓度对PDT和Fe(II)-PDT两种几何异构体的色谱行为的影响。根据不同试验条件下，对所获得的色谱参数(容量因子、分离度、选择性因子、保留时间等)进行了较为深入的分析，据此探讨了色谱分离异构体过程的机理。 4．在上述实验的基础之上，引入更能灵活的调节洗脱强度和被分离物质分离度的三元流动相(乙腈/甲醇/水=20/50/30)，优化选择了三元流动相中有机改性剂的比例以及离子对试剂的种类及浓度，使得异构体的分离度和选择性因子均得到满意结果。对一系列不同浓度的Fe(II)-PDT异构体分离，面式和经式异构体的面积和浓度之间的线性关系在4~25×10-7mol/l范围内良好，线性关系分别为：y = 3.6333x - 2.3378(R2 = 0.9957，经式异构体)，y = 1.8219x - 1.0783(R2 = 0.9964, 面式异构体)。面式和经式异构体的检测限分别为4.28ng/ml和3.44ng/ml (S/N＝3)。 5．进一步研究发现Fe(II)-PDT的两种几何异构体之间存在相互转化的动态平衡，故根据异构体含量随时间的变化就可以探讨在转变过程中的动力学和热力学参数。用高效液相色谱法研究了异构体转变过程中色谱峰高和面积随时间的变化，并依此首次得出了两种几何异构体相互转化可逆过程中的热力学和动力学参数，如熵变、焓变、自由能变化、反应速率常数等，对两种几何异构体之间的动力学转变平衡机理进行合理的解释提供了有益的参考。各不同温度下(30℃，35℃，40℃，45℃)，反应时间在3倍半衰期以内，两种几何异构体之间的相互转变平衡均符合动力学一级反应。各不同温度下Xeln[(Xe-X0)/Xe-X)]随时间变化的线性关系良好，分别为：y=0.0821x+0.7288(R2=0.9911,T=45℃)；y = 0.0486x + 0.598(R2 = 0.9987, T=40℃); y = 0.0216x + 0.5861(R2 = 0.9987, T=35℃)；y = 0.0124x + 0.591(R2 = 0.9988, T=30℃)。 首次将PDT作为柱前衍生络合试剂，应用于反相离子对高效液相色谱法来测定环境中的Fe(Ⅱ)，且无需复杂的样品前处理过程(固相萃取，有机溶液萃取等浓缩富积过程)，克服了普通分光光度法检测限高、易受样品基体效应的干扰等缺点；在建立起的高效液相色谱法测定Fe(Ⅱ)的基础上，进一步对络合物Fe(II)-PDT的两种几何异构体色谱分离及动力学转变实验研究，则是对建立起的反相离子对高效液相色谱法测定Fe(Ⅱ)试验研究基础上的进一步延伸和扩展，是对测定Fe(Ⅱ)的高效液相色谱法的机理的进一步认识和探讨。PDT作为柱前衍生络合试剂首次应用于高效液相色谱测定Fe(Ⅱ)为铁的环境地球化学工作者提供了一种灵敏度高的测定Fe(Ⅱ) 的新途径，为环境样品中Fe(Ⅱ)含量的准确测定提供保证，对铁的环境地球化学研究，如铁形态分析、铁的水-沉积物界面行为等提供更翔实可靠的信息。

Fractionation and analysis of Artemisia capillaris Thunb. by affinity chromatography with human serum albumin as stationary phase

A method for the screening and analysis of biologically active compounds in traditional Chinese medicine is proposed. Affinity chromatography using a human serum albumin (HSA) stationary phase was applied to separate and analyze the bioactive compounds from Artemisia capillaris Thunb. Five major peaks and several minor peaks were resolved based on their affinity to HSA, two of them were identified as scoparone (SCO, 6,7-dimethoxycoumarin) and capillarisin (CAP). CAP shows a much higher affinity to HSA than SCO. The effects of acetonitrile concentration, eluent pH, phosphate concentration and temperature on the retention behaviors of several major active components were also investigated, and it was found that hydrophobicity and eluent pH play major roles in changing retention values. The results demonstrate that the affinity chromatography with a HSA stationary phase is an effective way for analyzing and screening biologically active compounds in traditional Chinese medicine. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Characterization of aluminosilicate zeolites by UV Raman spectroscopy

A series of aluminosilicate zeolites are characterized by UV Raman spectroscopy for the first time, and UV Raman spectra of various zeolites give strong and clear bands with high resolution, while conventional Raman spectra of these zeolites are difficult to obtain because of a strong background fluorescence. Additionally, these zeolites show several new bands in UV Raman spectroscopy. A summary of these UV Raman spectra over various zeolites suggests that the bands at 470-530, 370-430, 290-410, and 220-280 cm(-1) can be assigned to the bending modes of 4-, 5-, 6-, and 8-membered rings of aluminosilicate zeolites, respectively. Furthermore, it is found that the band intensity of zeolites in UV Raman spectroscopy is dependent on the Si/Al ratio. Moreover, the UV Raman spectra of crystallization, for zeolite X at various times show that, in the initial stage of crystallization, the 4-membered rings (510 cm(-1)) interconnect each other to form beta -cages with 6-membered rings (390 cm(-1)), which further crystallize to zeolite X. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Homecare and the informal information grapevine: implications for the electronic record in social care

Cooper, J. & Urquhart, C. (2008). Homecare and the informal information grapevine: implications for the electronic record in social care. Health Informatics Journal, 14(1), 59-69. Sponsorship: AHRC

Cellular automata and non-static image processing for embodied robot systems on a massively parallel processor array

Huelse, M, Barr, D R W, Dudek, P: Cellular Automata and non-static image processing for embodied robot systems on a massively parallel processor array. In: Adamatzky, A et al. (eds) AUTOMATA 2008, Theory and Applications of Cellular Automata. Luniver Press, 2008, pp. 504-510. Sponsorship: EPSRC

Scottish visitor attractions: managing visitor impacts

Garrod, Brian; Fyall, A.; Leask, A., (2002). 'Scottish visitor attractions: managing visitor impacts'. Tourism Management 23(3), 265-279. RAE2008

Computing explanations for interactive constraint-based systems

Constraint programming has emerged as a successful paradigm for modelling combinatorial problems arising from practical situations. In many of those situations, we are not provided with an immutable set of constraints. Instead, a user will modify his requirements, in an interactive fashion, until he is satisfied with a solution. Examples of such applications include, amongst others, model-based diagnosis, expert systems, product configurators. The system he interacts with must be able to assist him by showing the consequences of his requirements. Explanations are the ideal tool for providing this assistance. However, existing notions of explanations fail to provide sufficient information. We define new forms of explanations that aim to be more informative. Even if explanation generation is a very hard task, in the applications we consider, we must manage to provide a satisfactory level of interactivity and, therefore, we cannot afford long computational times. We introduce the concept of representative sets of relaxations, a compact set of relaxations that shows the user at least one way to satisfy each of his requirements and at least one way to relax them, and present an algorithm that efficiently computes such sets. We introduce the concept of most soluble relaxations, maximising the number of products they allow. We present algorithms to compute such relaxations in times compatible with interactivity, achieving this by indifferently making use of different types of compiled representations. We propose to generalise the concept of prime implicates to constraint problems with the concept of domain consequences, and suggest to generate them as a compilation strategy. This sets a new approach in compilation, and allows to address explanation-related queries in an efficient way. We define ordered automata to compactly represent large sets of domain consequences, in an orthogonal way from existing compilation techniques that represent large sets of solutions.

Conservation, duplication, and loss of the Tor signaling pathway in the fungal kingdom.

BACKGROUND: The nutrient-sensing Tor pathway governs cell growth and is conserved in nearly all eukaryotic organisms from unicellular yeasts to multicellular organisms, including humans. Tor is the target of the immunosuppressive drug rapamycin, which in complex with the prolyl isomerase FKBP12 inhibits Tor functions. Rapamycin is a gold standard drug for organ transplant recipients that was approved by the FDA in 1999 and is finding additional clinical indications as a chemotherapeutic and antiproliferative agent. Capitalizing on the plethora of recently sequenced genomes we have conducted comparative genomic studies to annotate the Tor pathway throughout the fungal kingdom and related unicellular opisthokonts, including Monosiga brevicollis, Salpingoeca rosetta, and Capsaspora owczarzaki. RESULTS: Interestingly, the Tor signaling cascade is absent in three microsporidian species with available genome sequences, the only known instance of a eukaryotic group lacking this conserved pathway. The microsporidia are obligate intracellular pathogens with highly reduced genomes, and we hypothesize that they lost the Tor pathway as they adapted and streamlined their genomes for intracellular growth in a nutrient-rich environment. Two TOR paralogs are present in several fungal species as a result of either a whole genome duplication or independent gene/segmental duplication events. One such event was identified in the amphibian pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, a chytrid responsible for worldwide global amphibian declines and extinctions. CONCLUSIONS: The repeated independent duplications of the TOR gene in the fungal kingdom might reflect selective pressure acting upon this kinase that populates two proteinaceous complexes with different cellular roles. These comparative genomic analyses illustrate the evolutionary trajectory of a central nutrient-sensing cascade that enables diverse eukaryotic organisms to respond to their natural environments.

Cambios en la biodisponibilidad de cromo en un suelo inducidos por la incorporación de materia orgánica

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Algunas consideraciones para el diseño de rutas de aprendizaje del concepto límite

La presente comunicación busca poner de manifiesto algunas consideraciones que se pueden tener en cuenta a la hora de diseñar rutas de aprendizaje en torno al concepto de límite. En este sentido, el documento se estructura por medio de dos preguntas cuyas respuestas coinciden con las dos principales consideraciones resultado de este trabajo; dichos interrogantes (para qué de la enseñanza del límite, y cómo lograrla) permiten evidenciar la comprensión del concepto límite como un proceso que da lugar al desarrollo de procesos de profundización, con los cuales se alcanza la forma más pura de la competencia matemática.