Radioterapia externa conformada 3D para o carcinoma de próstata: experiência do Instituto do Radium de Campinas com 285 pacientes

OBJETIVO: Reportar resultados de tratamentos do câncer de próstata com radioterapia conformada 3D realizados em uma única instituição. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: De julho de 1997 a janeiro de 2002, 285 pacientes consecutivos com câncer de próstata foram submetidos a radioterapia conformada 3D com dose mediana de 7.920 cGy na próstata e analisados retrospectivamente. A distribuição segundo o grupo de risco foi a seguinte: baixo risco - 95 (33,7%); risco intermediário - 66 (23,4%); alto risco - 121 (42,9%) pacientes. RESULTADOS: Em seguimento mediano de 53,6 meses (3,6-95,3 meses), sobrevidas atuariais global, causa específica, livre de metástases a distância e livre de recidiva bioquímica em cinco anos foram de 85,1%, 97,0%, 94,2% e 75,8%, respectivamente. Sobrevidas atuariais livre de toxicidade retal e urinária tardias em cinco anos foram de 96,4% e 91,1%, respectivamente. Ressecção transuretral pré-radioterapia conformada 3D e doses > 70 Gy em 30% do volume da bexiga implicaram maior toxicidade urinária tardia grau 2-3 em cinco anos (p = 0,0002 e p = 0,0264, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: A primeira experiência relatada de radioterapia conformada 3D no Brasil permitiu altas doses de radiação, com toxicidades retal e urinária aceitáveis. A existência de ressecção transuretral de próstata pré-radioterapia conformada 3D pode sinalizar maior risco de toxicidade urinária tardia grau 2-3 após irradiação. Restrição da dose < 70 Gy em 30% do volume da bexiga à tomografia de planejamento pode reduzir complicações urinárias tardias.

Resultados preliminares en la caracterización geométrica 3D de un litosoma arenoso de progradación deltaica mediante Georadar (GPR) (Fm. Arenisca de Roda, Eoceno, Cuenca de Graus-Tremp).

A set of GPR profiles have been recorded in order to determine the 3D geometry of a prograding delta-front sandbody (Roda sandstone formation, Eocene, Graus-Tremp basin). Common Mid Points (CMP) also have been recorded to obtain the velocity of the electromagnetic wave in ground. In order to build the topsurface of a 3D prism a set of topographic points have been acquired. Most of the GPR profiles are oriented parallel to the progradation direction (NNE-SSW) and show the expected geometries. The 3D prism has been built from the individual profiles, which shows the three dimensional geometry of the sandy lithosome.

An Advocacy for the Use of 3D Stem Cell Culture Systems for the Development of Regenerative Medicine: An Emphasis on Photoreceptor Generation

The availability of stem cells is of great promise to study early developmental stages and to generate adequate cells for cell transfer therapies. Although many researchers using stem cells were successful in dissecting intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms and in generating specific cell phenotypes, few of the stem cells or the differentiated cells show the capacity to repair a tissue. Advances in cell and stem cell cultivation during the last years made tremendous progress in the generation of bona fide differentiated cells able to integrate into a tissue after transplantation, opening new perspectives for developmental biology studies and for regenerative medicine. In this review, we focus on the main works attempting to create in vitro conditions mimicking the natural environment of CNS structures such as the neural tube and its development in different brain region areas including the optic cup. The use of protocols growing cells in 3D organoids is a key strategy to produce cells resembling endogenous ones. An emphasis on the generation of retina tissue and photoreceptor cells is provided to highlight the promising developments in this field. Other examples are presented and discussed, such as the formation of cortical tissue, the epithelial gut or the kidney organoids. The generation of differentiated tissues and well-defined cell phenotypes from embryonic stem (ES) cells or induced pluripotent cells (iPSCs) opens several new strategies in the field of biology and regenerative medicine. A 3D organ/tissue development in vitro derived from human cells brings a unique tool to study human cell biology and pathophysiology of an organ or a specific cell population. The perspective of tissue repair is discussed as well as the necessity of cell banking to accelerate the progress of this promising field.

Diagnostic performance of 3D TSE MRI versus 2D TSE MRI of the knee at 1.5 T, with prompt arthroscopic correlation, in the detection of meniscal and cruciate ligament tears

Abstract Objective: To compare the diagnostic performance of the three-dimensional turbo spin-echo (3D TSE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique with the performance of the standard two-dimensional turbo spin-echo (2D TSE) protocol at 1.5 T, in the detection of meniscal and ligament tears. Materials and Methods: Thirty-eight patients were imaged twice, first with a standard multiplanar 2D TSE MR technique, and then with a 3D TSE technique, both in the same 1.5 T MRI scanner. The patients underwent knee arthroscopy within the first three days after the MRI. Using arthroscopy as the reference standard, we determined the diagnostic performance and agreement. Results: For detecting anterior cruciate ligament tears, the 3D TSE and routine 2D TSE techniques showed similar values for sensitivity (93% and 93%, respectively) and specificity (80% and 85%, respectively). For detecting medial meniscal tears, the two techniques also had similar sensitivity (85% and 83%, respectively) and specificity (68% and 71%, respectively). In addition, for detecting lateral meniscal tears, the two techniques had similar sensitivity (58% and 54%, respectively) and specificity (82% and 92%, respectively). There was a substantial to almost perfect intraobserver and interobserver agreement when comparing the readings for both techniques. Conclusion: The 3D TSE technique has a diagnostic performance similar to that of the routine 2D TSE protocol for detecting meniscal and anterior cruciate ligament tears at 1.5 T, with the advantage of faster acquisition.

Visual SLAM for 3D large-scale seabed acquisition employing underwater vehicles

This paper presents a novel technique to align partial 3D reconstructions of the seabed acquired by a stereo camera mounted on an autonomous underwater vehicle. Vehicle localization and seabed mapping is performed simultaneously by means of an Extended Kalman Filter. Passive landmarks are detected on the images and characterized considering 2D and 3D features. Landmarks are re-observed while the robot is navigating and data association becomes easier but robust. Once the survey is completed, vehicle trajectory is smoothed by a Rauch-Tung-Striebel filter obtaining an even better alignment of the 3D views and yet a large-scale acquisition of the seabed

Java 3D

Tämä insinöörityö kertoo Java 3D -ohjelmointirajapinnan perusteista ja sen käytöstä kolmiulotteisen tietokonegrafiikan luomisessa Java ohjelmointikielellä. Java 3D on rajapinta Java-ohjelmointikielelle, jonka avulla voidaan luoda ja käsitellä kolmiulotteista tietokonegrafiikkaa. Java 3D -rajapinnan avulla käsitellään kolmiulotteista tietokonegrafiikka erityisen maisemagraafimallin avulla. Maisemagraafi on binääripuuta muistuttava malli, joka mahdollistaa kolmiulotteisten kohteiden ja niille tapahtuvien muunnoksien käsittelyn hierarkisessa järjestyksessä. Työssä käydään läpi Java 3D -maisemagraafien luominen ja kolmiulotteisessa avaruudessa sijaitseville kappaleille tehtäviä perusoperaatioita kuten siirtoa ja kiertoa. Lisäksi käydään läpi myös erilaisia animoinnissa ja interaktiossa käytettäviä luokkia, joiden avulla ohjelmoija saa automatisoitua muunnoksia sekä käyttäjä voi antaa syötteitä hiirellä ja näppäimistöllä. Näiden lisäksi käydään läpi myös mallin valaistusta, varjoja, teksturointia sekä omien kolmiulotteisten mallien tuontia Java 3D -maailmaan. Opinnäytetyön yhteydessä on tehty myös kirjo erilaisia esimerkkejä, jotka ovat saatavilla verkkosivustolta osoitteessa http://www.pahvilaatikko.org/j3d lisäksi kopio verkkosivustosta löytyy myös opinnäytetyön mukana tulevalta cd-levyltä.

3D Surface Modeling From Point Clouds

The goal of this thesis is to implement software for creating 3D models from point clouds. Point clouds are acquired with stereo cameras, monocular systems or laser scanners. The created 3D models are triangular models or NURBS (Non-Uniform Rational B-Splines) models. Triangular models are constructed from selected areas from the point clouds and resulted triangular models are translated into a set of quads. The quads are further translated into an estimated grid structure and used for NURBS surface approximation. Finally, we have a set of NURBS surfaces which represent the whole model. The problem wasn’t so easy to solve. The selected triangular surface reconstruction algorithm did not deal well with noise in point clouds. To handle this problem, a clustering method is introduced for simplificating the model and removing noise. As we had better results with the smaller point clouds produced by clustering, we used points in clusters to better estimate the grids for NURBS models. The overall results were good when the point cloud did not have much noise. The point clouds with small amount of error had good results as the triangular model was solid. NURBS surface reconstruction performed well on solid models.

3D kinematics of the near-IR HH 223 outflow in L723

In this work, we derive the full 3D kinematics of the near-infrared outflow HH 223, located in the dark cloud Lynds 723 (L723), where a well-defined quadrupolar CO outflow is found. HH 223 appears projected on to the two lobes of the eastwest CO outflow. The radio continuum source VLA 2, towards the centre of the CO outflow, harbours a multiple system of low-mass young stellar objects. One of the components has been proposed to be the exciting source of the eastwest CO outflow. From the analysis of the kinematics, we get further evidence on the relationship between the near-infrared and CO outflows and on the location of their exciting source. The proper motions were derived using multi-epoch, narrow-band H2 (2.122 μm line) images. Radial velocities were derived from the 2.122 μm line of the spectra. Because of the extended (∼5 arcmin), S-shaped morphology of the target, the spectra were obtained with the multi-object-spectroscopy (MOS) observing mode using the instrument Long-Slit Intermediate Resolution Infrared Spectrograph (LIRIS) at the 4.2 m William Herschel Telescope. To our knowledge, this work is the first time that MOS observing mode has been successfully used in the near-infrared range for an extended target.

Um novo modelo para os sítios de interação dos antagonistas H2, baseado na caracterização química dos sítios primário e secundário por QSAR- 3D

A new model for the H2 antagonists binding site is postulated based on adsorption coefficient values of sixteen antagonists, in the affinities constants of the primary and secondary binding sites, and in the chemical characterization of these sites by 3D-QSAR. All study compounds are in the extended conformation and deprotonated form. The lateral validation of the QSARs, CoMFA analysis, affinity constants and chemical similarity data suggest that the antagonists block the proton pump in the H2 receptor interacting with two tyrosines - one in the helix 5, and other in the helix 6.

Simulations of 3D Stripixel Detectors

Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the main particle accelerator at CERN. LHC is created with main goal to search elementary particles and help science investigate our universe. Radiation in LHC is caused by charged particles circular acceleration, therefore detectors tracing particles in existed severe conditions during the experiments must be radiation tolerant. Moreover, further upgrade of luminosity (up to 1035 cm-2s-1) requires development of particle detector’s structure. This work is dedicated to show the new type 3D stripixel detector with serious structural improvement. The new type of radiation-hard detector has a three-dimensional (3D) array of the p+ and n+ electrodes that penetrate into the detector bulk. The electrons and holes are then collected at oppositely biased electrodes. Proposed 3D stripixel detector demonstrates that full depletion voltage is lower that that for planar detectors. Low depletion voltage is one of the main advantages because only depleted part of the device is active are. Because of small spacing between electrodes, charge collection distances are smaller which results in high speed of the detector’s response. In this work is also briefly discussed dual-column type detectors, meaning consisting both n+ and p+ type columnar electrodes in its structure, and was declared that dual-column detectors show better electric filed distribution then single sided radiation detectors. The dead space or in other words low electric field region in significantly suppressed. Simulations were carried out by using Atlas device simulation software. As a simulation results in this work are represented the electric field distribution under different bias voltages.

Modelling syntectonic sedimentation: combining a discrete element model of tectonic. Deformation and process-based sedimentary Model in 3D.

This paper presents a new numerical program able to model syntectonic sedimentation. The new model combines a discrete element model of the tectonic deformation of a sedimentary cover and a process-based model of sedimentation in a single framework. The integration of these two methods allows us to include the simulation of both sedimentation and deformation processes in a single and more effective model. The paper describes briefly the antecedents of the program, Simsafadim-Clastic and a discrete element model, in order to introduce the methodology used to merge both programs to create the new code. To illustrate the operation and application of the program, analysis of the evolution of syntectonic geometries in an extensional environment and also associated with thrust fault propagation is undertaken. Using the new code, much more complex and realistic depositional structures can be simulated together with a more complex analysis of the evolution of the deformation within the sedimentary cover, which is seen to be affected by the presence of the new syntectonic sediments.