995 resultados para 301-U1301C
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本文对神农架地区广泛分布的米心水青冈林和锐齿槲栎林的种群和群落学特征、干扰历史、更新策略、生物量、生产量及元素循环特征进行了研究。得到如下结论: 1 米心水青冈林是神农架地区山地垂直分布的地带性植被类型,主要群落学特征为:(1)建群种明显,该区域主要有2种类型,即米心水青冈林和米心水青冈、锐齿槲栎林;(2)群落结构简单,但物种组成丰富,在6600m~2样地中出现高等植物(不含苔藓植物)77科150属271种,组成种类以蔷薇科、百合科、忍冬科、虎耳草科、樟科、杜鹃花科和壳斗科为主;(3)群落乔木层(占重要值的12%)和灌木层(占盖度的15%)中含有一定比例的常绿树种;(4)群落生活型以高位芽植物(70.89%)占绝对优势,其次为地面芽植物(15.50%)和地下芽植物(12.92%)。 2 米心水青冈是多主干的树种,萌枝现象普遍,但萌枝数量不同地点差异较大。通过萌枝产生的枝群体平均密度为257 ± 99.3n•hm~(-2)。枝群体的年龄结构表现为“幼龄个体数目较多型”和“中国年龄阶段数目较多型”,并且有较多的枝群体表现出一致的年龄结构。从整个群落米心水青冈的年龄结构来看,表现出发展型种群的特点。枝群体的分布格局为随机分布。9丛米心水青冈完整的年轮分析结果表明,它们萌枝的时间不是边疆的,而与森林的受干扰有关。根据83个圆盘和生长锥芯资料,米心水青冈在萌枝后成长为乔木层或林冠层的过程中,径向生长表现为5种模式。这是丛株内竞争的结果。萌枝在米心水青冈林的维持和发展过程中,具有重要的生态学作用。 3 锐齿槲栎林是神农架地区山地垂地分布的地带性植被类型,主要群落学特征为:(1)建群种明显,该区域主要有2种类型,即锐齿槲栎林和锐齿槲栎、米心水青冈林;(2)群落乔木层和灌木层中含有一定比例的常绿树种,和暖温带的落叶栎林有较大差异;(3)群落物种组成丰富,不仅具有典型的温带科属,还有典型亚热带分布的科属,组成种类主要以蔷薇科、百合科、忍冬科、虎耳草科、山茱萸科、杜鹃花科、壳斗科和樟科;(4)生活型以高位芽植物(66.32%)占绝对优势,其次为地面芽(23.51%)和地下芽(9.47%)植物。 4 通过样地调查、树干解析及直径分析法,对米心水青冈林和锐齿槲栎林受压和释压历史及更新策略进行了研究。米心水青冈直径生长表现为5种模式。而锐齿槲栎只表现为2种模式。85.9 ± 6.9%的米心水青冈有过受压过程,平均受压2.1 ± 0.8次,平均受压时间为47 ± 24.1a,最长受压时间73a,平均释压次数为1.6 ± 0.7次,平均释压时间为23 ± 21.5a,而60.83%的锐齿槲栎都均有1次受压。平均受压时间为19 ± 14a,受压后没有表现出释压过程。结合高生长和径向生长,认为米心水青冈是耐阴树种,它的更新策略是在林下形成苗性萌枝,在有林窗形成时释压生长进入乔木层;而锐齿槲栎是不耐阴树种,它的更新策略是通过产生大量种子,当有大的林窗时,幼苗在林窗内生长逐步进入乔木层。 5 神农架地区102-130a成熟米心水青冈林的生物量在251.31-358.63T•hm~(-2)之间,平均为288.70 ± 48.30T•~(-2),20-60a锐齿槲栎林群落生物量在134.85-301.20T•hm~(-2),平均为231.60 ± 78.10T•hm~(-2)。虽然米心水青冈林和锐齿槲栎林灌木层草本层及藤本植物组成很丰富,但二种类型森林生物量的95%以上集中在乔木层。乔木层生物量主要集中在少数优势种中。在米心水青冈林生物量从大到小的序列中,前5种植物分别占乔木层总生物量58.67%-96.37%不等,同样锐齿槲栎林前5种植物占群落生物量的68.13%-95.26%。常绿植物占乔木层生物量的比例变化较大,米心水青冈林中占2.85-18.70%,锐齿槲栎林中一般常绿植物占0.8-9.98%,只有1个锐齿槲栎林样地常绿植物(主要是粉白杜鹃)占乔木层生物量的44.04%。米心水青冈林生物量根冠比为0.27 ± 0.05,锐齿槲栎林为0.21 ± 0.06。神农架地区米心水青冈林的生物量,在成熟的欧洲水青冈林及日本的水青冈林生物量范围之内,而锐齿槲栎林生物量远远大于我国温带落叶栎林的生物量。 6 神农架地区102-130a米心水青冈林生产量范围在1857-2786g•m~(-2)•a~(-1),平均为2330 ± 397 g•m~(-2)•a~(-1)。20-60a锐齿槲栎林的生产量范围在1319-2521 g•m~(-2)•a~(-1),平均为1930 ± 498 g•m~(-2)•a~(-1)。米心水青冈林和锐齿槲栎林乔木层生产量占群落总生产量的95%以上,乔木层各器官生产量大小顺序为叶> 树干> 枝和根,其中叶生产量占乔木层的一半以上,达53.87 ± 2.72%(米心水青冈林)和57.31 ± 6.23%(锐齿槲栎林)。在乔木层生产量从大到小的序列中,前5种植物平均占乔木层总生产量的81.03 ± 13.94%(米心水青冈林,范围在62.75%-92.66%)和84.23 ± 9.68%(锐齿槲栎林,范围在68.54-95.11%)。米心水青冈林和锐齿槲栎林群落地下部分生产量占总生产量的比例分别为11.29 ± 1.02%和9.22 ± 2.72。和我国其它地区地带性植被类型相比。米心水青冈林和锐齿槲栎生产量是较高的,和亚热带绿阔叶林生产量接近,但在器官分配上两者差异较大。 7 米心水青冈林和锐齿槲栎林土壤均呈酸性。其中锐齿槲栎林地土壤酸性更强。土壤元素特征表现为Al>C>K>Mg>Ca>N>S、P的特点,富铝化作用明显。8种元素在群落优势植物不同部位含量差异较大,N、P、K、Ca、Mg基本上是以叶片含量最高,树干或根中最低。仅从叶片来看,元素特征表现为C>Ca、N>K>Mg>S>P、Al。优势植物的C/N和C/P显著高于暖温带落叶阔叶林优势植物。8种元素在米心水青冈林和锐齿槲栎林中积累量分别为147.09 ± 25.60和116.00 ± 37.63 Mg hm~(-2)a~(-1),其中97%以上积累在群落乔木层。两种森林类型各元素的积累量都表现为C>Ca, N> K> Mg> P> S> Al的特点。米心水青风林和锐齿槲栎林8种元素的年存留量分别为6263 ± 90.8和5946 ±246 kg hm~(-2)a~(-1),其中N、P、K、Ca、Mg 5种主要营养元素的存留量分别为179.7 ± 18.2和169.4 ± 23.5kg hm~(-2) a~(-1)。两种森林类型各元素的存留量都表现为C> N> Ca> K> Mg> S> P> Al。
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浑善达克沙地位于锡林郭勒高原中部,是我国干草原地带最大的一片沙地。由于长期过度利用,导致了草场退化、固定沙丘活化、沙地大面积沙漠化等一系列环境问题,防治沙漠化的进一步扩大已经刻不容缓。本论文的目的是了解沙地植被与环境的生态关系、沙生植物适应沙地环境的特点以及沙地植物资源特征,为在沙漠化防治中选择合适的治沙物种、制定合理的植被恢复方案提供理论依据。论文包括三方面的内容:1 浑善达克沙地丘间低地草本植物群落的分类与排序;2 沙埋对中间锦鸡儿幼苗生长发育的影响;3 浑善达克沙地植物资源分析。 对丘间低地的草本植物群落进行TWINSPAN 分类和DCA 排序结果表明,浑善达克沙地中部研究区域丘间低地植物群落可分成四个主要类型,每个类型各具不同的特点,土壤盐分以及相关的土壤水分因素对群落分布有着显著的影响。在沙地环境中,沙埋是影响植物幼苗存活的一个重要因素。中间锦鸡儿(Caragana intermedia)是浑善达克沙地和毛乌素沙地固定和半固定沙丘上常见的一种沙生灌木。为了研究沙埋对其幼苗的存活以及生长的影响,对出土后生长了一个月的中间锦鸡儿实生苗进行沙埋实验,实验处理有对照、部分沙埋和全埋,结果表明,部分沙埋对中间锦鸡儿幼苗的生长发育没有显著的影响,说明中间锦鸡儿是一个比较耐沙埋的物种,尽管全部沙埋对其幼苗的生长发育产生了显著的抑制。 浑善达克沙地的物种资源丰富,有种子植物约952 种,分布在348 属、75 科中,菊科和禾本科是最大的两个科;草本植物是主要的生活型,有828 种,占物种总数的86.97%;植物的水分生态类型以中生植物最多,有577 种,占物种总数的61.1%,其次为旱生植物291 种,占总数的30.8%;沙地中有优良牧草植物149 种,可用于固沙的植物几十种,有药用价值的植物约301 种。
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通过群落生态学和景观生态学方法,结合GIS、RS技术对锡林河流域湿地植被进行了研究。结果表明:流域湿地面积为301.62km2,占流域面积的3%左右。尽管面积相对较小,但是物种丰富,群落结构多样。植被调查数据显示基本确定的植被型4个,植被亚型6个,群系组16个,群系68个,区系成分以泛北极种为主,占69%,相对简单;按照水分生态型划分,中生物种占最多,为44.32%;按生活型分以多年生草本为主占50%以上;科属分布相对复杂,隶属39个科,其中禾本科和菊科是最大的两个科,所占比例仅有17.30%和12.43%,其他科没有明显的优势性,充分说明湿地优越的生境可以满足多种植物共同生长。 多度分布是研究物种多样性分布的重要组分,同时反映了群落结构的特性。以常用的Lognormal、Logseries和Weibull、Exp、Power模型来拟和6个典型草甸群落和踏头草甸群落的物种多度分布,分log-相对多度-物种级数和物种-游程两种形式进行比较;同时,对于典型草甸群落和踏头群落区分常见种、偶然种等进行细化,深入分析群落多度的变化。结果表明,5个模型对于log-相对多度-物种级数在整个群落水平上均不能很好的拟和,50%以上的点都落在95%置信区间以外;但是对常见种和偶然种的拟和情况要好,Weibull、Power和Logseris模型分别对典型草甸群落常见种、偶然种和中间种能很好的拟和,而Logseries和Power模型对于踏头群落的常见种和偶然种拟和较好。5个模型都能较好的拟和物种-游程分布,其中K—S检验结果表明:Lognormal模型对于无脉苔草、针苔草和荸荠这类相对湿润环境下的典型草甸群落拟和较好,对于长叶火绒草和密花风毛菊群落Weibull拟和最好,Power 模型拟和箭叶橐吾最好,踏头草甸拟和最好的是Logseries模型,踏头间拟合最好的是Exp模型。不同的拟和模型应用于不同的群落类型,可以看出湿地群落的复杂性和生境的多样性。区分常见种和偶然种的拟合结果表明典型群落和踏头群落表现一致,即Lognormal模型对所有种拟和是最好的,而Power模型对偶然种的拟和是最好的,同时,Lognormal对典型草甸群落的中间种拟和也是最好。从中可以看出典型草甸群落和踏头群落尽管在表现形式上不同,但是群落的内部仍存在相似的联系,可能跟相似物种的作用有关。 根据湿地表观类型、植被水分状态和航片判别能力,结合实地调查,采用监督分类的方法将锡林河流域的湿地划分为低湿地草甸、盐化草甸和沼泽三种类型。自1984年以来20多年的时间中,锡林河流域的湿地发生了巨大的变化。尽管总的面积没有太大变化,但是湿地类型发生转化。中上游的低湿地草甸面积减少8.94%,沼泽面积减少30.82%,同时,盐化草甸的面积增加了15.98%。增加的盐化草甸主要是另外两种湿地类型转化而成的,中游水库截流,加速中下游草甸的盐化是锡林河流域湿地变化的主要原因。利用GIS技术依据探讨不同湿地的空间变化,分析沙化对湿地变化的影响,结果表明:沙化只对少数湿地有影响,发育良好的湿地即使处在相对强烈的沙化环境下,仍能保持不变。接着,分析了人类直接干扰对湿地变化的影响,缓冲区居民点分析结果表明:近20年来,位于湿地周边的居民点分布格局发生显著的变化。1980年代,居民点分布在盐化草甸周边的最多,到2004年,居民点在沼泽草甸分布数量为最多,该类湿地水、草和资源最为丰富,人类直接的干扰最大,进而转化成另外两类,减少面积最大。低湿地草甸是物种丰富,结构复杂的一种湿地,抗干扰能力强,恢复能力也强,因此相对的变化面积较小。以锡林浩特市水库上下游的湿地植被物种和群落结构的变化,证明了水量减少是湿地数量、结构改变的直接影响因子。
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A method for the detection of knock using the sparking plug, and a system which allows the basic nature of the signal from the spark plug to be compared directly with that from an accelerometer are described. Results are presented for a range of engine speeds which highlight the problems and benefits of each sensing technique.
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A programme of research on the seismic behaviour of retaining walls has been under way at Cambridge since 1981. Centrifuge tests have presently been conducted both on cantilever walls and isolated mass walls, retaining dry sands of varying grading and density. This paper is devoted to the modelling of fixed-base cantilever walls retaining Leighton Buzzard (14/25) sand of relative density 99% with a horizontal surface level with the crest of the wall. The base of the centrifuge container was used to fix the walls, and to provide a rigid lower boundary for the sand. No attempt was made to inhibit the propagation of compression waves from the side of the container opposite the inside face of the model wall. The detailed analysis of dynamic deflections and bending moments was made difficult by the anelastic nature of reinforced concrete, and the difficulty of measuring bending strains thereon. A supplementary programme of well-instrumented tests on Dural walls of similar stiffness, including the modelling of models, was therefore carried out. Refs.
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Effects of three different doses of vitamin D sub(3) on molting, growth, and calcium and phosphate composition of tissue and molt during the grow-out of the giant freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii (average weight 10.56 ± 0.20 g), obtained from a grow-out pond, were studied. Intramuscular doses of vitamin D sub(3) (100, 500 and 2000 IU/kg body weight) were given on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th, 9th, 11th, 13th, 15th, 20th, 25th and 30th days. All the experimental animals were fed with a basal diet containing fish meal, shrimp meal, wheat flour, groundnut de-oiled cake, soybean meal and wheat bran at 3% of the body weight. The numbers of molts were recorded as 20±0.50, 29±1.16, 51±1.87, and 30±1.60 in control, 100, 500 and 2000 IU/kg body weight physiological doses, respectively. Maximum growth was recorded in prawns given 500 IU/ kg dose. Survival was between 58.33 ± 9.13 and 77.77 ± 8.61%. The ash content and calcium level increased significantly (p<0.05) and recorded the highest values in 500 IU/kg physiological dose. However, the inorganic phosphate (P sub(i)) content recorded the highest values in tissue in 2000 IU/kg dose (p<0.05, F = 50.60613). There is no significant difference in calcium contents (p>0.05) in both tissue and molt at 500 and 2000 IU/kg doses. It was found that a higher physiological dose (2000 IU/kg) of vitamin D sub(3) increased the rate of mortality. Results have shown that vitamin D sub(3) has a positive impact on the growth and survival of M. rosenbergii and it interferes with the metabolism of Ca and P sub(i), in tissue, and alters molting frequency. Results on physiological dose suggest an alternative and effective dietary supplementation method of vitamin D sub(3) in the grow-out phase of M. rosenbergii.
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经DpnII限制酶消化大熊猫基因组DNA后, 选取150-500bp大小的片段构建了DNA文库。共克隆筛先了10个微卫星DNA座位, 并测定了其序列, 在此基础止设计了相应的PCR引物。这些座位能有效地应用于大熊猫的亲子鉴定。
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Glycerol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) are widely used as penetrating cryoprotectants in the freezing of sperm, and various concentrations are applied in different species and laboratories. The present study aimed to examine the effect of these two cryoprotectants at different concentrations (2%, 5%, 10%, and 15% glycerol or DMSO) on rhesus monkey sperm cryopreservation. The results showed that the highest recovery of post-thaw sperm motility, and plasma membrane and acrosome integrity was achieved when the sperm was frozen with 5% glycerol. Spermatozoa cryopreserved with 15% DMSO showed the lowest post-thaw sperm motility, and spermatozoa cryopreserved with 15% glycerol and 15% DMSO showed the lowest plasma membrane integrity among the eight groups. The results achieved with 5% glycerol were significantly better for all parameters than those obtained with 5% DMSO. The functional cryosurvival of sperm frozen with 5% glycerol was further assessed by in vitro fertilization (IVF). Overall, 85.7% of the oocytes were successfully fertilized, and 51.4% and 5.7% of the resulting zygotes developed into morulae and blastocysts, respectively. The results indicate that the type and concentration of the penetrating cryoprotectant used can greatly affect the survival of rhesus monkey sperm after it is frozen and thawed. The suitable glycerol level for rhesus monkey sperm freezing is 5%, and DMSO is not suitable for rhesus monkey sperm cryopreservation. (C) 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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The effects of varying corona surface treatment on ink drop impact and spreading on a polymer substrate have been investigated. The surface energy of substrates treated with different levels of corona was determined from static contact angle measurement by the Owens and Wendt method. A drop-on-demand print-head was used to eject 38 μm diameter drops of UV-curable graphics ink travelling at 2.7 m/s on to a flat polymer substrate. The kinematic impact phase was imaged with a high speed camera at 500k frames per second, while the spreading phase was imaged at 20k frames per secoiui. The resultant images were analyzed to track the changes in the drop diameter during the different phases of drop spreading. Further experiments were carried out with white-light intetferometry to accurately measure the final diameter of drops which had been printed on different corona treated substrates and UV cured. The results are correlated to characterize the effects of corona treatment on drop impact behavior and final print quality.
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本发明涉及一种无指盘臭蛙丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂及其基因和在制药中的应用,属于生物医学领域。无指盘臭蛙丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂是中国两栖类动物无指盘臭蛙基因编码的一种环状多肽,分子量1951.38道尔顿,等电点9.51,无酶活性,无指盘臭蛙丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制剂全序列为:NH2-AVNIPFKVHFRCKAAFC-COOH,其第12位的半胱氨酸和第17位的半胱氨酸形成分子内二硫键。编码的基因由 301个核苷酸组成,其中编码成熟部分的为第160-213位核苷酸。人工合成的无指盘臭蛙蛋白酶抑制剂具有强烈的丝氨酸蛋白酶抑制活性,作为制备药物肿瘤、胃炎、胰腺炎药物的应用,并且还具有序列简单、合成方便等优点。
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Oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps) is widely reported from the Indian Ocean and southeast Asia coasts. It is found, with other less important spp of Sardinella, around both coasts of India. Landings have shown wide variations from yr to yr. Figures were 7412 tons in 1956 and 301,641 tons in 1968. Various possible reasons for this are noted. The main fishery is concentrated in coastal waters 12-15 km from shore in waters up to 15 m deep. The gears used are mostly seine nets. Though the fish has a good protein value, its prices do not compare well to other fish, often due to handling and preservation difficulties. Problems encountered during preservation and transportation of the fish are considered. These include bursting and rancidity.
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目的研究曲拉通一一, 是否会改变脑内递质及合成酶免疫组织化学定位特征, 及是 否与其浓度有关。材料与方法观察了高、低浓度预处理脑切片, 对胆碱乙酞化酶、物质和羊氨基丁酸样免 疫反应神经元胞体及终末, 在树晌内侧隔核、斜带核及海马, 免疫组化定位的影响。并在树殉和猫脑探索了缓冲的 低浓度梯度酒精替代的可能性。结果在树的脑, 当为时, 内侧隔核、斜带核三类神经元胞体染色 变浅, 数量减少, 甚至消失, 而海马及内侧隔核、斜带核的物质同及一氨基丁酸阳性终末明显增加。当为。 时, 以上情况正好相反。以酒精替代, 在树动和猫的海马及 内侧隔核、斜带核能相当好地同时显示不氨基丁酸和物质阳性神经元胞体和终末。结论不同浓度的处理 脑切片, 可能对脑内众多神经活性物质的免疫组化定位特征产生不同影响。提高或降低浓度, 分别有助于显 示神经元终末或胞体。上述梯度酒精替代, 在免疫组化光、电镜研究中, 有助于同时显示阳性神经元胞体和终 末。
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黑长臂猿通常在上午鸣叫, 多数发生在9:30分以前, 鸣叫起始时间具季节性变化。黑长臂猿平均每两天鸣叫一次, 日鸣叫发生频次在50%左右, 鸣叫的发生也随季节而变化。鸣叫的持续时间无群体的差异, 但群体在不同季节鸣叫时间长短不一, 一个群体的鸣叫并未引起其它群体的鸣叫。