Aproximación al marco jurídico de la libertad económica en Colombia

La libertad económica es uno de los pilares fundamentales del derecho económico colombiano. Como tal, tiene un doble contenido de clara estirpe constitucional. De una parte, la libertad de empresa como fundamento de la actividad particular y de los derechos inherentes a ella, que pueden hacerse valer frente a la intervención del Estado cuando éste pretenda reglamentarla; de otra, la libertad de competencia, entendida como el derecho a emular con otro sin ser discriminado, lo que naturalmente conduce a limitar las condiciones en las cuales las personas públicas pueden participar en la actividad económica sin desnaturalizar la sana competencia.

Historia diplomatica Friderici Secundi; sive, Constitutiones, privilegia, mandata, instrumenta quæ supersunt istius imperatoris et filiorum ejus. Accedunt epistolae paparum et documenta varia. Collegit, ad fidem chartarum et codicum recensuit,

Vol. [7]: Introduction à l'histoire diplomatique de l'empereur Frédéric II.

Lucretius: the Wonderer

I seek to create a Lucretius text useful for a high school classroom including a commentary on four sections of the poem. The passages include 2.998 – 1047 which explains how the Epicurean atomic theory, 3.912—979 the famous passage that denies the underworld and its tortures, 5.855 – 923 the semi-Darwinian passage detailing the sorts of creatures that can exist in this world, and 5.1194– 1240 about the detrimental effects of humans fearing gods. In addition to writing a commentary on these passages, I will explore the perception of Lucretius though the present day, in hopes of discovering how and why this important and influential author has been so systematically excluded from secondary latin literary studies. My discussion will include an overview of how modern Latin textbooks do or do not mention Lucretius and how his presence in these textbooks compares to his role in university-level Latin course offerings. In addition to writing a commentary on these passages, I will explore the perception of Lucretius though the present day, in hopes of discovering how and why this important and influential author has been so systematically excluded from secondary latin literary studies. My discussion will include an overview of how modern Latin textbooks do or do not mention Lucretius and how his presence in these textbooks compares to his role in university-level Latin course offerings. I am hoping this research will be useful both pedagogically and for learning how decisions about literary content are made in American secondary and higher education in Latin.

Aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel for recurrent stroke

Background Recurrent stroke is a frequent, disabling event after ischemic stroke. This study compared the efficacy and safety of two antiplatelet regimens — aspirin plus extendedrelease dipyridamole (ASA–ERDP) versus clopidogrel. Methods In this double-blind, 2-by-2 factorial trial, we randomly assigned patients to receive 25 mg of aspirin plus 200 mg of extended-release dipyridamole twice daily or to receive 75 mg of clopidogrel daily. The primary outcome was first recurrence of stroke. The secondary outcome was a composite of stroke, myocardial infarction, or death from vascular causes. Sequential statistical testing of noninferiority (margin of 1.075), followed by superiority testing, was planned. Results A total of 20,332 patients were followed for a mean of 2.5 years. Recurrent stroke occurred in 916 patients (9.0%) receiving ASA–ERDP and in 898 patients (8.8%) receiving clopidogrel (hazard ratio, 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.92 to 1.11). The secondary outcome occurred in 1333 patients (13.1%) in each group (hazard ratio for ASA–ERDP, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.92 to 1.07). There were more major hemorrhagic events among ASA–ERDP recipients (419 [4.1%]) than among clopidogrel recipients (365 [3.6%]) (hazard ratio, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.00 to 1.32), including intracranial hemorrhage (hazard ratio, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.11 to 1.83). The net risk of recurrent stroke or major hemorrhagic event was similar in the two groups (1194 ASA–ERDP recipients [11.7%], vs. 1156 clopidogrel recipients [11.4%]; hazard ratio, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.95 to 1.11). Conclusions The trial did not meet the predefined criteria for noninferiority but showed similar rates of recurrent stroke with ASA–ERDP and with clopidogrel. There is no evidence that either of the two treatments was superior to the other in the prevention of recurrent stroke. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00153062.)

A class of domain decomposition preconditioners for hp-discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods

In this article we address the question of efficiently solving the algebraic linear system of equations arising from the discretization of a symmetric, elliptic boundary value problem using hp-version discontinuous Galerkin finite element methods. In particular, we introduce a class of domain decomposition preconditioners based on the Schwarz framework, and prove bounds on the condition number of the resulting iteration operators. Numerical results confirming the theoretical estimates are also presented.

Desempenho agronômico de linhas de melancia com resistência ao oídio.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho agronômico em termos de produtividade e características de frutos em 32 genótipos de melancia. O ensaio foi conduzido na Embrapa Semi-Árido, em Petrolina-PE, durante o período de agosto a outubro de 2005, utilizando o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e parcelas com 10 plantas. As mudas foram transplantadas para o campo no espaçamento de 3 x 0,8 m. A cv ?C. Sweet? e as 31 linhas originadas do cruzamento entre ?C. Sweet? e ?CPATSA 85-030? foram avaliadas quanto a rendimento e aspectos externos e internos dos frutos. Verificou-se alto rendimento dos genótipos (33,6 a 66,7 t/ha). Na maioria das linhas, predominaram os frutos com casca rajada, com listras verde-claras alternadas com verde-escuras (96,8%), polpa vermelha (83,9%), alto teor de sólidos solúveis (10 a 12,3o Brix) (93,5%), frutos grandes (8,60 a 11,70 kg) (54,8%) e formato arredondado. Algumas linhas (9,7%) apresentaram alta prolificidade (2,9 a 2,5 frutos/planta), frutos pequenos e arredondados (4,30 a 4,60 kg) e casca rajada verde escura (3,2%). Entre os genótipos de melancia, 05.1168.003, 05.1172.004, 05.1185.001, 05.1189.003, 05.1203.007/1, 05.1194.001/1, 05.1194.005 e 05.1194.006 foram os mais promissores para a obtenção de cultivares resistentes ao oídio e com padrões de frutos para os mercados interno e externo.

Resposta de mudas de tucumã à aplicação de doses de calcário e fósforo.

A demanda por óleos vegetais tem aumentado no mundo. O tucumã (Astrocaryum vulgare Mart), que é uma palmeira nativa da Amazônia, é uma alternativa para a produção de óleo. No Pará, a camada superficial do solo, que é comumente utilizada como substrato para a formação de mudas, geralmente apresenta acidez elevada e baixa disponibilidade de fósforo (P). Diante do exposto, objetivou-se estimar o efeito da calagem e da adubação fosfatada no desenvolvimento de mudas de tucumã. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições, em esquema fatorial 4 x 6, correspondendo a quatro níveis de saturação por bases (V) (13, 40, 65 e 90 %) e seis doses de P (0, 30, 60, 120, 240 e 480 mg dm-3). O experimento foi desenvolvido em viveiro da empresa Dentauá, em Santo Antônio do Tauá, Pará. As plantas foram cultivadas por 350 dias, em sacos de polietileno preto e perfurado, contendo 3,0 dm-3 de substrato. Observou-se interação entre níveis de V e doses de P apenas para a massa de matéria seca de parte aérea, de raiz e total, que aumentaram em resposta à aplicação de doses de calcário e fertilizante fosfatado. A calagem e a adubação fosfatada aumentaram o diâmetro do coleto e número total de folhas, mas não influenciaram a altura da planta e o índice SPAD. A correção da acidez do solo e o fornecimento de P melhoraram o desenvolvimento de mudas de tucumã.

The Amplifier - v. 15, no. 10

In this issue...M Days, Mathematics, Jaycees, Metal's Bank, Baseball, Pentagon, American Nursing Association, Utah Geological Society, FBI, Bruce Blattner

TRIBUNAL ARBITRAL DE EMPRESA DE ACUEDUCTO Y ALCANTARILLADO DE BOGOTÁ E.S.P. VS. CONCESIONARIA TIBITOC S.A.

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Financial and Criminal Responsibility for Public Funds – Protection of the Constitutional Fundamental Social Law of Health

Abstract: The implementation of Fundamental Constitutional Health and Social Rights is necessary, appropriate and proportionate, following the demands of the population. Accountability and self-responsibility play a very important role. This requires the development of constitutional principles that protect public funds against corruption and offer a constitutional right to health protection. Financial and criminal liability might provide an incentive to improve the management of public funds and reinforce fundamental constitutional principles, particularly regarding the right to health. Constitutional, administrative and criminal issues, as well as public management and administration and the science of good governance, should be articulated in a single strategy also in the health sector. In Portugal and Brazil, as examples, the Federal Court / Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court / High Court of Justice or the Court of Auditors should be considered together.