Libera����o de CO2, biomassa microbiana e f��sforo dispon��vel em solo adicionado de mat��ria seca de poaia-branca

O presente experimento, inteiramente casualizado, foi desenvolvido em condi����es de laborat��rio no Departamento de Defesa Fitossanit��ria, FCA/UNESP - Botucatu, entre julho e setembro de 1992. Amostras de Areia Quartzosa equivalentes �� 40 g de terra seca �� 105 oC �� 2 com ou sem adi����o de 1,9 g de mat��ria seca de plantas de poaia-branca (Richardia brasiliensis), 0,19 g de nitrog��nio (NH4)2SO4 e 0,88 g de apatita de Arax��, foram incubadas no escuro a 25 o C �� 2 , com umidade mantida a 60% da capacidade de reten����o de ��gua. Durante a incuba����o, determinou-se o CO2 liberado, utilizando-se o m��todo de reten����o em NAOH seguida de titulometria com HCl; a biomassa microbiana, m��todo de fumiga����o-incuba����o; o pH e a quantidade de f��sforo extra��do por resina. A maior libera����o de CO2 ocorreu durante os dez primeiros dias de incuba����o, com 77% do total de carbono liberado nos tratamentos com adi����o de poaia, e 37% nos tratamentos sem adi����o da mesma. A libera����o de CO2 foi 57 vezes maior nos tratamentos com poaia em rela����o ao controle. A poaia tamb��m provocou aumentos na biomassa microbiana (m��dia de 8 vezes a biomassa do tratamento controle), e a adi����o de nitrog��nio e/ou fosfato de rocha junto �� poaia antecipou os picos de forma����o de biomassa de 20 para 10 dias de incuba����o. Os n��veis de f��sforo dispon��vel foram maiores no tratamento com adi����o de fosfato de rocha apenas. A poaia tamb��m alcalinizou o sistema, n��o permitindo desta forma, observar-se rela����o significativa entre pH e teor de f��sforo dispon��vel.

Effects of different ammoniacal nitrogen sources on N-metabolism of the atmospheric bromeliad Tillandsia pohliana Mez

Increasing levels of atmospheric ammonia from anthropogenic sources have become a serious problem for natural vegetation. Short-term effects of different ammoniacal sources on the N metabolism of Tillandsia pohliana, an atmospheric bromeliad, were investigated. One-year-old, aseptically grown plants were transferred to a modified Knudson medium lacking N for three weeks. Plants were subsequently transferred to Knudson media supplemented with 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 mM of N in the forms of NH3 or NH4+ as the sole N source. The activities of glutamine synthetase (GS) and glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH-NADH) were determined after 40 h. The GS activity was stimulated significantly by increasing the levels of the gaseous form. The GDH-NADH activity increased significantly under increasing N concentrations with NH3, while no significant differences were observed with NH4+ as a N source. These results may reflect a faster NH3 absorption by T. pohliana compared to NH4+ uptake. The increased activity of GDH-NADH in NH3 treatment may play a role in protecting the cells from the toxic effects of increased endogenous level of free ammonium. A raise in the concentration of N, especially in the form of NH3, greatly increased the content of free amino acids and soluble proteins. A possible utilisation of T. pohliana to evaluate the changes of atmospheric gaseous ammonia is proposed.

Crescimento e conte��do de frutanos em plantas de Vernonia herbacea (Vell.) Rusby submetidas �� aduba����o nitrogenada

Vernonia herbacea acumula altas concentra����es de frutanos do tipo inulina em seus ��rg��os subterr��neos de reserva, denominados riz��foros. Foi estudada a influ��ncia da aduba����o nitrogenada no crescimento dessa esp��cie e na produ����o de frutanos. Plantas obtidas a partir de fragmentos de riz��foros foram cultivadas em ��rea de cerrado onde receberam tr��s doses de nitrog��nio: 6, 12 e 24 kg N.ha-1 na forma de (NH4)2SO4. Plantas jovens, com seis meses de idade, mostraram aumento em altura, ��rea foliar e massa seca da parte a��rea e dos riz��foros em resposta ao aumento da dose de nitrog��nio. Por outro lado, o teor de frutanos decresceu com o aumento da concentra����o do nitrog��nio. Ap��s doze meses de cultivo, o crescimento das plantas foi estimulado apenas nas doses entre 6 e 12 kg.ha-1 de nitrog��nio. Os resultados mostraram, tamb��m, que o teor de frutanos em plantas jovens est�� correlacionado negativamente tanto ao crescimento quanto ��s concentra����es crescentes de nitrog��nio. J�� as plantas tratadas com 24 kg N.ha-1 chegaram a acumular 6,0 g de frutanos por planta, enquanto nas plantas controle, que n��o receberam N suplementar, esse valor foi de 3,5 g. Assim, aplica����o de 24 kg N.ha-1 �� recomendada para uma colheita antecipada (12 meses) visando �� produ����o de frutanos.

Effect of nitrate and ammonium on the growth and protein concentration of Microcystis viridis Lemmermann (Cyanobacteria)

Cyanobacteria are a very important group in aquatic systems, particularly in eutrophic waters. Therefore studies about their success in the environment are essential. Many hypotheses have tried to explain the dominance of Cyanobacteria, and several emphasized the importance of various nitrogen sources for the success of the group. In this study, we measured the effect of ammonium and nitrate on the growth and protein concentration of Microcystis viridis (Cyanobacteria). This species is well-known because bloom formation in eutrophic waters. The study was carried out, in experimental batch cultures, using the WC medium with different nitrogen sources: ammonium, nitrate, ammonium + nitrate (50% ammonium + 50% nitrate) and ammonium at different concentrations (to test for possible NH4+ toxicity). Protein, ammonium and nitrate concentrations were measured at end of each experiment, whereas samples for cell counts were taken daily. Results showed that Microcystis viridis grew faster with ammonium (�� = 0.393 day-1) than with nitrate (�� = 0.263 day-1) and ammonium + nitrate (�� = 0.325 day-1). This pattern is explained by the metabolism of ammonium that presents higher uptake and assimilation rates than nitrate. Maximum cell concentration, however, was higher in the ammonium + nitrate treatment, followed by nitrate treatment. Higher protein concentration were observed in the treatment with nitrate. In the ammonium toxicity test, no difference between the control and NH4+ at 50% was found. Thus, the ammonium concentrations used in these experiments were not toxic. Our results suggest that Cyanobacteria is able to grow on both nitrogen sources even if ammonium may allow faster growth and bloom development.

Effects of nutrient impoverishment on phytoplankton biomass: a mesocosms experimental approach in a shallow eutrophic reservoir (Gar��as Pond), S��o Paulo, southeast Brazil

Nutrient impoverishment in mesocosms was carried out in a shallow eutrophic reservoir aiming to evaluate the nutrient removal technique as a method for eutrophication reduction. Gar��as Pond is located in the Parque Estadual das Fontes do Ipiranga Biological Reserve situated in the southeast region of the municipality of S��o Paulo. Three different treatments were designed, each consisting of two enclosures containing 360 liters of water each. Mesocosms were made of polyethylene bags and PVC pipes, and were attached to the lake bottom. Treatment dilutions followed Carlson's trophic state index modified by Toledo and collaborators, constituting the oligotrophic, mesotrophic, and eutrophic treatments. Ten abiotic and 9 biological samplings were carried out simultaneously. Trophic states previously calculated for the treatments were kept unaltered during the entire experiment period, except for the mesotrophic mesocosms in which TP reached oligotrophic concentrations on the 31st day of the experiment. In all three treatments a reduction of DO was observed during the study period. At the same time, NH4+ and free CO2 rose, indicating decomposition within the enclosures. Nutrient impoverishment caused P limitation in all three treatments during most of the experiment period. Reduction of algal density, chlorophyll a, and phaeophytin was observed in all treatments. Competition for nutrients led to changes in phytoplankton composition. Once isolated and diluted, the mesocosms' trophic state did not change. This led to the conclusion that isolation of the allochthonous sources of nutrients is the first step for the recovery of the Gar��as Pond.

Changes in red blood cell osmotic fragility induced by total plasma and plasma fractions obtained from rats bearing progressive and regressive variants of the Walker 256 tumor

Two variants (A and B) of the widely employed Walker 256 rat tumor cells are known. When inoculated sc, the A variant produces solid, invasive, highly metastasizing tumors that cause severe systemic effects and death. We have obtained a regressive variant (AR) whose sc growth is slower, resulting in 70-80% regression followed by development of immunity against A and AR variants. Simultaneously with the beginning of tumor regression, a temporary anemia developed (~8 days duration), accompanied by marked splenomegaly (~300%) and changes in red blood cell osmotic fragility, with mean corpuscular fragility increasing from 4.1 to 6.5 g/l NaCl. The possibility was raised that plasma factors associated with the immune response induced these changes. In the present study, we identify and compare the osmotic fragility increasing activity of plasma fractions obtained from A and AR tumor bearers at different stages of tumor development. The results showed that by day 4 compounds precipitating in 60% (NH4)2SO4 and able to increase red blood cell osmotic fragility appeared in the plasma of A and AR tumor bearers. Later, these compounds disappeared from the plasma of A tumor bearers but slightly increased in the plasma of AR tumor bearers. Furthermore, by day 10, compounds precipitating between 60 and 80% (NH4)2SO4 and with similar effects appeared only in plasma of AR tumor bearers. The salt solubility, production kinetics and hemolytic activity of these compounds resemble those of the immunoglobulins. This, together with their preferential increase in rats bearing the AR variant, suggest their association with an immune response against this tumor.

Konepajan hitsaustuotannon kehitt��minen kattavien laatuvaatimusten mukaiseksi

TIIVISTELM�� Lappeenrannan teknillinen yliopisto Konetekniikan koulutusohjelma Voitto Kettunen Konepajan hitsaustuotannon kehitt��minen kattavien laatuvaatimusten mukaiseksi Diplomity�� 2015 167 sivua, 39 kuvaa, 26 taulukkoa ja 3 liitett�� Tarkastajat: Professori Jukka Martikainen DI Pertti Kaarre Hakusanat: hitsaus, hitsauksen laatu, konepajan laadunhallinta, kattavat laatuvaatimukset, ISO 9001, ISO 3834, EN 1090 Keywords: welding, quality of welding, engineering workshop quality management, comprehensive quality requirements, ISO 9001, ISO 3834, EN 1090 Hitsaamalla liitetyt ter��ksiset rakenteet muodostavat ylivoimaisesti suurimman osan konepajatuotannosta. Niihin kuuluu esimerkiksi ajoneuvoja, koneita, laitteita, s��ili��it��, siiloja, siltoja, mastoja, piippuja, tukirakenteita ja rakennusten runkoja. T��m��n diplomity��n tavoitteena on kehitt���� konepajan laadunhallinta sellaiseksi, ett�� se mahdollistaa kattavien laatuvaatimusten t��ytt��misen hitsaustuotannossa. Laatuvaatimusten t��ytt��miseen pyrit����n k��ytt��m��ll�� hitsaustoimintojen standardia EN ISO 3834-2 sek�� kantavien ter��srakenteiden standardeja EN 1090-1 ja EN 1090-2. Ter��srakenteiden suunnittelua ohjaa EN 1993 ja niiden toiminnallisia ominaisuuksia tuotestandardit, kuten ter��ssavupiippu- ja s��ili��standardit. Kantavien ter��srakenteiden suunnittelua ja tuotantoa ohjaa my��s seuraamusluokan CC, k��ytt��luokan SC ja tuotantoluokan PC kautta m����r��ytyv�� toteutusluokka EXC. Aikaisempaa enemm��n tullaan panostamaan esimerkiksi asiakirjojen s��hk��iseen hallintaan, raaka-aineiden j��ljitett��vyyteen tuotteeseen, s��rmien ja kulmien muotoiluun, pintojen k��sittelyyn, hitsien tarkastukseen, hitsaushenkil��st��n p��tevyyteen ja hitsaustuotannon tehokkuuteen. Saarij��rven S��ili��valmiste Oy:n hitsauksen laadunhallinta sertifioitiin standardin ISO 3834-2 mukaan ja kantavien ter��srakenteiden FPC-j��rjestelm�� standardisarjaa EN 1090 noudattaen. Samalla tehtiin p��ivitys laadunhallintaj��rjestelm����n ISO 9001. Toteutus, joka tehtiin sovitussa aikataulussa, haastaa jokaisen toimijan konepajassa toiminnan, tuotannon ja tuotteiden laadun kehitt��miseen uusia k��yt��nteit�� ja menetelmi�� soveltaen. Kehitystoimien tuloksena toiminta on selke��mp����, ennakoitavampaa ja hallitumpaa, mik�� lis���� yrityksen toiminnan tuottavuutta ja kannattavuutta. Sertifioidut laatuj��rjestelm��t ovat my��t��vaikuttaneet tilausten lis����ntymiseen yrityksen kaikkien tuotteiden osalta.

Oratoria

Dedikaatio: Laurentius Creutz, Claudius Creutz, Gustavus Klingst��dt, Fredericus vo[n] Preu��tz.

De sacris Moloch Jer: XXXII. v. 35

Variantti B.

Peri�� tou�� Kro��nou angylomete��o

Invokaatio: I.N.J.

De promulgatione legis naturae

Invokaatio: Q.D.B.V.

Poenitentia ethnicorum, secundum principia philosophiae

Variantti B.

Brevis te��s polypragmosynes delineatio

Invokaatio: I.N.J.

Character boni judicis

Invokaatio: ��.��.

Concordia eaque inter fratres praecipue�� rara

Variantti A.