Oost Zee

Julkaisussa: Atlas marin, ou, Monde maritime

Tabula Asiae XII : Taprobana

Julkaisussa: Geographiae universae tum veteris tum novae absolutissimum opus duobus voluminibus distinctum

Pascaert van 't eylandt Ceylon, voordesen Taprobana : by de inwoonders genaemt Lankaun

Julkaisussa: De groote nieuwe vermeerderde zee-atlas of te water-werelt

Italia

Julkaisussa: Cosmographia : Claudii Ptolomei viri Alexandrini cosmographie octavus et ultimus liber explicit

Novae insulae XVII : nova tabula

Julkaisussa: Geographia universalis, vetus et nova, complectens Claudii Ptolemaei Alexandrini enarrationis libros VIII

Africa XVIII : nova tabula : Aethiopia

Julkaisussa: Geographia universalis, vetus et nova, complectens Claudii Ptolemaei Alexandrini enarrationis libros VIII

America septentrionalis

Julkaisussa: Novus Atlas ; Vol. III

Typus orbis terrarum

Julkaisussa: Theatrum orbis terrarum

Descriptio Tartariae

Julkaisussa: P. Bertij tabularum geographicarum contractarum : libri septem

Magnum Mare del Zur cum insula California = De groote Zuyd-Zee en 't eylandt California

Julkaisussa: Atlas van zeevaert en koophandel door de geheele weereldt

Mare Balticum : nieuwe pascaert van de Oost Zee

Julkaisussa: Atlas van zeevaert en koophandel door de geheele weereldt

Planiglobii terrestris cum utroq hemisphaerio caelesti generalis repraesentatio : quam ex novissimis probatissimisque recentium geographorum scriptis concinnatam multisque phaenomenis illustratam

Julkaisussa: Atlas novus terrarum orbis imperia, regna et status exactis tabulis geographice demonstrans

Spitzberga

Julkaisussa: Het vyfde deel des Grooten Atlas, vervattende de water-weerelt. Vol. V

Descriptione de la Moscovia per Giacomo Gastaldo Piamontese cosmographo in Venetia

Julkaisussa: Comentari della Moscovia et parimente della Russia, et delle altre cose belle et notabili, composti gia latinamente

Gender effects on esophageal motility

It has been suggested that there are no gender effects on esophageal motility. However, in previous studies the subjects did not perform multiple swallows and the quantitative features of esophageal contractions were not evaluated. In order to investigate the gender effects on esophageal motility we studied 40 healthy normal volunteers, 20 men aged 37 ± 15 years (mean ± SD), and 20 women aged 38 ± 14 years. We used the manometric method with an eight-lumen polyvinyl catheter and continuous perfusion. The upper and lower esophageal sphincter pressures were measured by the rapid pull-through method. With the catheter positioned with one lumen opening in the lower esophageal sphincter, and the others at 5, 10 and 15 cm above the sphincter, ten swallows of a 5-ml water bolus alternated with ten dry swallows were performed. Statistical analysis was done by the Student t-test and Mann-Whitney test. Gender differences (P<0.05) were observed for wet swallows in the duration of contractions 5 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter (men: 3.7 ± 0.2 s, women: 4.5 ± 0.3 s, mean ± SEM), and in the velocity of contractions from 15 to 10 cm above the lower esophageal sphincter (men: 4.7 ± 0.3 cm/s, women: 3.5 ± 0.2 cm/s). There was no difference (P>0.05) in sphincter pressure, duration and percentage of complete lower esophageal sphincter relaxation, amplitude of contractions, or in the number of failed, multipeaked and synchronous contractions. We conclude that gender may cause some differences in esophageal motility which, though of no clinical significance, should be taken into consideration when interpreting esophageal motility tests.