Safety and functional outcome of thrombolysis in dissection-related ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data.

Background and Purpose-The safety and efficacy of thrombolysis in cervical artery dissection (CAD) are controversial. The aim of this meta-analysis was to pool all individual patient data and provide a valid estimate of safety and outcome of thrombolysis in CAD.Methods-We performed a systematic literature search on intravenous and intra-arterial thrombolysis in CAD. We calculated the rates of pooled symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and mortality and indirectly compared them with matched controls from the Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke-International Stroke Thrombolysis Register. We applied multivariate regression models to identify predictors of excellent (modified Rankin Scale=0 to 1) and favorable (modified Rankin Scale=0 to 2) outcome.Results-We obtained individual patient data of 180 patients from 14 retrospective series and 22 case reports. Patients were predominantly female (68%), with a mean +/- SD age of 46 +/- 11 years. Most patients presented with severe stroke (median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score=16). Treatment was intravenous thrombolysis in 67% and intra-arterial thrombolysis in 33%. Median follow-up was 3 months. The pooled symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage rate was 3.1% (95% CI, 1.3 to 7.2). Overall mortality was 8.1% (95% CI, 4.9 to 13.2), and 41.0% (95% CI, 31.4 to 51.4) had an excellent outcome. Stroke severity was a strong predictor of outcome. Overlapping confidence intervals of end points indicated no relevant differences with matched controls from the Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke-International Stroke Thrombolysis Register.Conclusions-Safety and outcome of thrombolysis in patients with CAD-related stroke appear similar to those for stroke from all causes. Based on our findings, thrombolysis should not be withheld in patients with CAD. (Stroke. 2011;42:2515-2520.)

Analysis of experiments in square lattice with emphasis on variance components. i. Individual analysis

This paper focused on four alternatives of analysis of experiments in square lattice as far as the estimation of variance components and some genetic parameters are concerned: 1) intra-block analysis with adjusted treatment and blocks within unadjusted repetitions; 2) lattice analysis as complete randomized blocks; 3) intrablock analysis with unadjusted treatment and blocks within adjusted repetitions; 4) lattice analysis as complete randomized blocks, by utilizing the adjusted means of treatments, obtained from the analysis with recovery of interblock information, having as mean square of the error the mean effective variance of this same analysis with recovery of inter-block information. For the four alternatives of analysis, the estimators and estimates were obtained for the variance components and heritability coefficients. The classification of material was also studied. The present study suggests that for each experiment and depending of the objectives of the analysis, one should observe which alternative of analysis is preferable, mainly in cases where a negative estimate is obtained for the variance component due to effects of blocks within adjusted repetitions.

Inferring recent migration rates from individual genotypes.

We present a novel and straightforward method for estimating recent migration rates between discrete populations using multilocus genotype data. The approach builds upon a two-step sampling design, where individual genotypes are sampled before and after dispersal. We develop a model that estimates all pairwise backwards migration rates (m(ij), the probability that an individual sampled in population i is a migrant from population j) between a set of populations. The method is validated with simulated data and compared with the methods of BayesAss and Structure. First, we use data for an island model and then we consider more realistic data simulations for a metapopulation of the greater white-toothed shrew (Crocidura russula). We show that the precision and bias of estimates primarily depend upon the proportion of individuals sampled in each population. Weak sampling designs may particularly affect the quality of the coverage provided by 95% highest posterior density intervals. We further show that it is relatively insensitive to the number of loci sampled and the overall strength of genetic structure. The method can easily be extended and makes fewer assumptions about the underlying demographic and genetic processes than currently available methods. It allows backwards migration rates to be estimated across a wide range of realistic conditions.

Experiencia de tutorización individual en la matemática empresarial utilizando la red

En este artículo presentamos una experiencia de innovación docente de tutorización individualizada. Esta experiencia se realizó en la asignatura de Introducción a la matemática Económica y Empresarial de la Diplomatura en Ciencias Empresariales de la Universidad de Barcelona durante el curso 2006-2007. Se trata de una asignatura semestral, de seis créditos y de libre elección que se imparte durante el primer semestre de cada año académico. Este proyecto se inscribe dentro de los nuevos enfoques docentes propuestos en el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior. Esto supone la adopción de nuevos métodos pedagógicos que se enmarcan dentro de la docencia en el nuevo entorno educativo. Nuestra experiencia docente en las asignaturas de Matemática aplicadas a las ciencias sociales de la Diplomatura en Ciencias Empresariales de la Universidad de Barcelona, nos ha permitido constatar que la participación de los alumnos en las tutorías presenciales es baja y que se produce un descenso en la asistencia a clase a medida que avanza el curso. Esto genera que los estudiantes abandonen la asignatura antes de finalizar el curso, no se presenten a las pruebas de evaluación y que su rendimiento académico sea insuficiente. Este contexto motivó un intento de rediseño del sistema de tutorías. Para ello, se construyó un espacio virtual de tutorización y se probó con una muestra aleatoria de 50 alumnos. Los resultados de la experiencia piloto de tutorías señalan una clara mejora de las tres situaciones anteriores. Actualmente, estamos analizando la viabilidad de este proyecto en grupos masificados.

INdividual SUrveys in RAllies (INSURA), A new tool for exploring transnational activism?

Prior the middle of the 90', interviewing participants in protest events was quiet rare. INdividual SUrveys in RAllies (INSURA) did enter the social researcher's usual toolkit only in the following decade after Favre, Fillieule and Mayer (1997) conducted such a survey with as a primary ambition to build a solid methodological framework that could be subsequently applied by other researchers. After some years of intensive use of INSURA, one is entitled to wonder whether that technique has fulfilled social researchers' hopes or not. In that paper, results of a collective work on alter-global rallies in Evian and Saint- Denis are used to answer three interrelated questions. Firstly, some basic methodological questions about how to collect data on crowds are adressed. What are the specific constraints of interviewing people at the very moment they are "expressing" a political opinion? What specific constraints result from the morphology of the covered events, that is to say, how to build a valid sampling frame? The authors then turn to a more general point about the questions that can be solved, or not, using that technique. Secondly it is the strenghts and weaknesses of INSURA in exploring the transnational dimension of alter global protests that is adressed. The authors show that INSURA is certainly well suited to explore the demographics of alter-global events, as well as relational networks of individuals and multiple belongings. On the contrary, it is assumed that organization networks and movement's boundaries are far more difficult to explore through that method, a fact that seriously limits international cross comparisons of events and movements based on that tool.

Avaliação genética em erva-mate pelo procedimento BLUP individual multivariado sob interação genótipo x ambiente

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estimar parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos e realizar a predição de valores genéticos de matrizes e procedências de erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis). Foram avaliadas 164 progênies de oito procedências, em três locais (Ivaí, PR, Guarapuava, PR e Rio Azul, PR), em relação ao caráter produção de massa foliar (PMF). Os componentes de variância, parâmetros genéticos e valores genéticos foram estimados pelo procedimento REML/BLUP individual (máxima verossimilhança restrita/melhor predição linear não viciada), realizando a análise multivariada para os três locais. Os coeficientes de herdabilidade individual, no sentido restrito, para o caráter PMF foram 0,15 em Ivaí, 0,62 em Guarapuava e 0,23 em Rio Azul. A baixa magnitude desses coeficientes em Ivaí e Rio Azul demanda a utilização de métodos de seleção que utilizem todos os efeitos aleatórios do modelo estatístico. O efeito de procedências foi significativo em Ivaí e Rio Azul, com correlação fenotípica intraclasse de 0,13 em Ivaí e de 0,09 em Rio Azul. As procedências apresentaram correlação genética de 0,95 entre os locais Ivaí e Rio Azul. Nesses locais, as procedências foram mais estáveis nos diferentes ambientes do que as progênies. Foram preditos os valores genéticos em relação a todas as procedências e matrizes em todos os locais quanto ao caráter avaliado. As melhores procedências são Barão de Cotegipe, Quedas do Iguaçu, Cascavel e Ivaí.

Pla d'intervenció individual en la dislèxia i suport a les famílies en el trastorn per dèficit d'atenció i hiperactivitat

Aquest projecte té com a objectiu principal la intervenció en un context d'educació formal, obtenir experiència professional i definir quin és realment el paper del psicopedagog. Consta de tres activitats: un taller per a pares i mares de nens amb TDAH, un pla reeducatiu per a una alumna amb dislèxia i un taller de competència social per a nens amb TEA. El procés d'investigació-acció ha regit tot el procés, el qual es basa en els principis bàsics de la LEC (12/2009) de qualitat i equitat educativa i d'atenció a la diversitat, mitjançant el model col·laboratiu des d'un enfocament educacional constructiu. La comparació entre la teoria i la pràctica ha estat un punt clau per a concloure quina és la millor metodologia a emprar per a cada cas.

Public-health and individual approaches to antiretroviral therapy: township South Africa and Switzerland compared.

BACKGROUND: The provision of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in resource-limited settings follows a public health approach, which is characterised by a limited number of regimens and the standardisation of clinical and laboratory monitoring. In industrialized countries doctors prescribe from the full range of available antiretroviral drugs, supported by resistance testing and frequent laboratory monitoring. We compared virologic response, changes to first-line regimens, and mortality in HIV-infected patients starting HAART in South Africa and Switzerland. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We analysed data from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study and two HAART programmes in townships of Cape Town, South Africa. We included treatment-naïve patients aged 16 y or older who had started treatment with at least three drugs since 2001, and excluded intravenous drug users. Data from a total of 2,348 patients from South Africa and 1,016 patients from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study were analysed. Median baseline CD4+ T cell counts were 80 cells/mul in South Africa and 204 cells/mul in Switzerland. In South Africa, patients started with one of four first-line regimens, which was subsequently changed in 514 patients (22%). In Switzerland, 36 first-line regimens were used initially, and these were changed in 539 patients (53%). In most patients HIV-1 RNA was suppressed to 500 copies/ml or less within one year: 96% (95% confidence interval [CI] 95%-97%) in South Africa and 96% (94%-97%) in Switzerland, and 26% (22%-29%) and 27% (24%-31%), respectively, developed viral rebound within two years. Mortality was higher in South Africa than in Switzerland during the first months of HAART: adjusted hazard ratios were 5.90 (95% CI 1.81-19.2) during months 1-3 and 1.77 (0.90-3.50) during months 4-24. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to the highly individualised approach in Switzerland, programmatic HAART in South Africa resulted in similar virologic outcomes, with relatively few changes to initial regimens. Further innovation and resources are required in South Africa to both achieve more timely access to HAART and improve the prognosis of patients who start HAART with advanced disease.

Social structure emerges via the interaction between local ecology and individual behaviour.

1. The formation of groups is a fundamental aspect of social organization, but there are still many questions regarding how social structure emerges from individuals making non-random associations. 2. Although food distribution and individual phenotypic traits are known to separately influence social organization, this is the first study, to our knowledge, experimentally linking them to demonstrate the importance of their interaction in the emergence of social structure. 3. Using an experimental design in which food distribution was either clumped or dispersed, in combination with individuals that varied in exploratory behaviour, our results show that social structure can be induced in the otherwise non-social European shore crab (Carcinus maenas). 4. Regardless of food distribution, individuals with relatively high exploratory behaviour played an important role in connecting otherwise poorly connected individuals. In comparison, low exploratory individuals aggregated into cohesive, stable subgroups (moving together even when not foraging), but only in tanks where resources were clumped. No such non-foraging subgroups formed in environments where food was evenly dispersed. 5. Body size did not accurately explain an individual's role within the network for either type of food distribution. 6. Because of their synchronized movements and potential to gain social information, groups of low exploratory crabs were more effective than singletons at finding food. 7. Because social structure affects selection, and social structure is shown to be sensitive to the interaction between ecological and behavioural differences among individuals, local selective pressures are likely to reflect this interaction.

A statistical procedure for testing social reciprocity at group, dyadic and individual levels

This paper examines statistical analysis of social reciprocity, that is, the balance between addressing and receiving behaviour in social interactions. Specifically, it focuses on the measurement of social reciprocity by means of directionality and skew-symmetry statistics at different levels. Two statistics have been used as overall measures of social reciprocity at group level: the directional consistency and the skew-symmetry statistics. Furthermore, the skew-symmetry statistic allows social researchers to obtain complementary information at dyadic and individual levels. However, having computed these measures, social researchers may be interested in testing statistical hypotheses regarding social reciprocity. For this reason, it has been developed a statistical procedure, based on Monte Carlo sampling, in order to allow social researchers to describe groups and make statistical decisions.

Quines són les necessitats espirituals en els adolescents afectats de càncer en situació de malaltia avançada-terminal, en una unitat de cures pal·liatives?

En les cures pal·liatives pediàtriques es contemplen les dimensions essencials de la persona: la física, la psicològica, la social i l’espiritual. Tot i que s’han fet estudis sobre la dimensió espiritual, en la revisió bibliogràfica es mostra que és un àmbit poc desenvolupat. És important conèixer l’aspecte de creences i valors per tal que la infermera oncològica, juntament amb altres professionals, puguin proporcionar una atenció holística. L’objectiu d’aquest estudi és identificar les necessitats espirituals en adolescents (13 a 18 anys) malalts de càncer en situació avançada-terminal. S’utilitza la metodologia qualitativa. La mostra és de vuit adolescents, que són seleccionats d’acord amb els criteris d’inclusió. Aquests seran entrevistats per la infermera, la investigadora, la qual realitzarà entrevistes semiestructurades i un fotomuntatge depenent de la predisposició de l’adolescent. L’àmbit de realització d’aquest estudi és en un hospital de tercer nivell on es proporcioni atenció especialitzada amb pediatria oncològica i, concretament, en una unitat de cures pal·liatives pediàtriques. Per finalitzar, és important tenir en compte que les entrevistes i el fotomuntatge poden tenir les seves limitacions i que no sempre s’obtingui el resultat esperat.

El consum de drogues i cocaïna dels joves de l’IES Miquel Martí i Pol de Roda de Ter

En l’actualitat, l’ús i el consum de substàncies il·legals pels joves de l’IES Miquel Martí i Pol de Roda de Ter és un fenomen associat a l’oci, per tant es tracta d’un consum recreatiu per fer referència al consum que fan els joves que el que busquen és diversió i plaer, moltes vegades, sense percebre’n el risc. Pel que fa a les drogues legals, alcohol i tabac són les substàncies psicoactives de major consum. La cocaïna és pels joves la segona substància consumida, rere el cànnabis, que és la més estesa entre la població adolescent i joves de l’IES. Es pot dir que existeixen una sèrie de situacions de caràcter personal i social que poden predisposar certes persones a consumir drogues. Aquestes circumstàncies són els anomenats factors de risc, com són l’autoestima, absència de normes i límits, manca d’informació, manca de comunicació, entre d’altres. També hi ha d’altres situacions socioculturals i característiques individuals que fan que se’n redueixi la possibilitat de consum, aquests serien els anomenats factors de protecció com són l’economia, tenir aficions, disposar d’adults de referència, etc. Conèixer i comprendre aquests factors és fonamental per poder realitzar un abordatge educatiu i preventiu basat en la reducció de riscos i en la responsabilitat i l’autonomia de les persones usuàries de drogues.

Quins són els factors que incrementen la motivació dels alumnes a les classes d'educació física?

L‟objectiu de l‟estudi és observar els diferents factors que fan incrementar la motivació dels alumnes a les classes d‟Educació Física. Aquesta recerca té com a finalitat descriure i interpretar el clima motivacional que envolta les sessions d‟Educació Física mitjançant l‟estudi de dos mestres de l‟especialitat. L‟estudi es centra en l‟observació de les diferents estratègies que utilitzen els docents per afavorir el clima motivacional a les sessions d‟Educació Física en els cursos de segon i tercer d‟Educació Primària. Aquesta recerca té com a base teòrica l‟estudi realitzat prèviament per diferents autors, com per exemple, Cecchini (2002), Cervelló (2005) i Pascual (2011). Paraules clau: Motivació, Educació Física, clima motivacional, entusiasme del docent, tasca, l‟autoritat del docent, el reconeixement del docent, grups de treball, l‟avaluació i el temps de treball.