Effect of Substrate Concentration on Dark Fermentation Hydrogen Production Using an Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactor

The effect of substrate (glucose) concentration on the stability and yield of a continuous fermentative process that produces hydrogen was studied. Four anaerobic fluidized bed reactors (AFBRs) were operated with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) from 1 to 8 h and an influent glucose concentration from 2 to 25 gL(-1). The reactors were inoculated with thermally pre-treated anaerobic sludge and operated at a temperature of 30 degrees C with an influent pH around 5.5 and an effluent pH of about 3.5. The AFBRs with a HRT of 2 h and a feed strength of 2, 4, and 10 gL(-1) showed satisfactory H-2 production performance, but the reactor fed with 25 gL(-1) of glucose did not. The highest hydrogen yield value was obtained in the reactor with a glucose concentration of 2 gL(-1) when it was operated at a HRT of 2 h. The maximum hydrogen production rate value was achieved in the reactor with a HRT of 1 h and a feed strength of 10 gL(-1). The AFBRs operated with glucose concentrations of 2 and 4 gL(-1) produced greater amounts of acetic and butyric acids, while AFBRs with higher glucose concentrations produced a greater amount of solvents.

Performance and composition of bacterial communities in anaerobic fluidized bed reactors for hydrogen production: Effects of organic loading rate and alkalinity

This study evaluated the effects of the organic loading rate (OLR) and pH buffer addition on hydrogen production in two anaerobic fluidized bed reactors (AFBRs) operated simultaneously. The AFBRs were fed with glucose, and expanded clay was used as support material. The reactors were operated at a temperature of 30 degrees C, without the addition of a buffer (AFBR1) and with the addition of a pH buffer (AFBR2, sodium bicarbonate) for OLRs ranging from 19.0 to 140.6 kg COD m(-3) d(-1) (COD: chemical oxygen demand). The maximum hydrogen yields for AFBR1 and AFBR2 were 2.45 and 1.90 mol H-2 mol(-1) glucose (OLR of 84.3 kg COD m(-3) d(-1)), respectively. The highest hydrogen production rates were 0.95 and 0.76 L h(-1) L-1 for AFBR1 and AFBR2 (OLR of 140.6 kg COD m(-3) d(-1)), respectively. The operating conditions in AFBR1 favored the presence of such bacteria as Clostridium, while the bacteria in AFBR2 included Clostridium, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Veillonellaceae, Chryseobacterium, Sporolactobacillus, and Burkholderiaceae. Copyright (C) 2012, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Response of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to Cadmium and Nickel Stress: The Use of the Sugar Cane Vinasse as a Potential Mitigator

Most of the metals released from industrial activity, among them are cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni), inhibit the productivity of cultures and affect microbial metabolism. In this context, the aim of this work was to investigate the capacity of sugar cane vinasse to mitigate the adverse effects of Cd and Ni on cell growth, viability, budding rate and trehalose content of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, likely because of adsorption and chelating action. For this purpose, the yeast was grown batch-wise in YED medium supplemented with selected amounts of vinasse and Cd or Ni. The negative effects of Cd and Ni on S. cerevisiae growth and the mitigating one of sugar cane vinasse were quantified by an exponential model. Without vinasse, the addition of increasing levels of Cd and Ni reduced the specific growth rate, whereas in its presence no reduction was observed. Consistently with the well-proved toxicity of both metals, cell viability and budding rate progressively decreased with increasing their concentration, but in the presence of vinasse the situation was remarkably improved. The trehalose content of S. cerevisiae cells followed the same qualitative behavior as cell viability, even though the negative effect of both metals on this parameter was stronger. These results demonstrate the ability of sugar cane vinasse to mitigate the toxic effects of Cd and Ni.

Sequential extraction of phosphorus in an Oxisol amended with biosolids in a long-term field experiment in Brazil

The continued growth of large cities is producing increasing volumes of urban sewage sludge. Disposing of this waste without damaging the environment requires careful management. The application of large quantities of biosolids (treated sewage sludge) to agricultural lands for many years may result in the excessive accumulation of nutrients like phosphorus (P) and thereby raise risks of eutrophication in nearby water bodies. We evaluated the fractionation of P in samples of an Oxisol collected as part of a field experiment in which biosolids were added at three rates to a maize (Zea mays L) plantation over four consecutive years. The biosolids treatments were equivalent to one, two and four times the recommended N rate for maize crops. In a fourth treatment, mineral fertilizer was applied at the rate recommended for maize. Inorganic P forms were extracted with ammonium chloride to remove soluble and loosely bound P; P bound to aluminum oxide (P-Al) was extracted with ammonium fluoride; P bound to iron oxide (P-Fe) was extracted with sodium hydroxide; and P bound to calcium (P-Ca) was extracted with sulfuric acid. Organic P was calculated as the difference between total P and inorganic P. The predominant fraction of P was P-Fe, followed by P-Al and P-Ca. P fractions were positively correlated to the amounts of P applied, except for P-Ca. The low values of P-Ca were due to the advanced weathering processes to which the Oxisol have been subjected, under which forms of P-Ca are converted to P-Fe and P-Al. The fertilization with P via biosolids increased P availability for maize plants even when a large portion of P was converted to more stable forms. Phosphorus content in maize leaves and grains was positively correlated with P fractions in soils. From these results it can be concluded that the application of biosolids in highly weathered tropical clayey soils for many years, even above the recommended rate based on N requirements for maize, tend to be less potentially hazardous to the environment than in less weathered sandy soils because the non-readily P fractions are predominant after the addition of biosolids. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Mudanças químicas e fitodisponibilidade de zinco estimada por método isotópico, em solo tratado com lodo de esgoto

Zn availability in Red Latossol (Rhodic Ferralsol) of different pH amended with different rates of sewage sludge was studied by the isotopic 65Zn L value method. Soil chemical properties were found to be altered by SS addition. Zn concentration and Zn derived from SS (ZnpfSS) in plant, and Zn phytoavailability (L value), were increased with increasing SS rates. The linear correlation coefficient of plant Zn with SS rates and with L value was significant at 1% probability. The L value proved an efficient method for predicting Zn phytoavailability in sewage sludge-amended soil with different pH under the soil conditions studied.

Lodo de esgoto como fonte de nitrogênio: concentração no perfil do solo e em plantas de milho

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a concentração de nitrogênio em plantas de milho e ao longo do perfil de um Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico submetido a doses de lodo de esgoto e fertilizante mineral. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com 4 tratamentos (0,0; 55,0; 110,0 e 167,5 Mg.ha-1 de lodo de esgoto em doses acumuladas) e 5 repetições para um período de avaliação de 1 ano. A amostragem de solo foi realizada aos 60 dias após a emergência (d.a.e.) das plantas nas profundidades 0,0-0,1, 0,1-0,2, 0,2-0,4, 0,4-0,6, 0,6-0,8 e 0,8-1,0 m. Também aos 60, 80 e 128 d.a.e. foram coletadas, respectivamente, folha diagnose, planta inteira e grão. As maiores doses de lodo de esgoto proporcionaram maiores quantidades de nitrogênio no solo. O nitrogênio do solo, após a profundidade de 0,6 m, não diferiu entre as camadas avaliadas. Quanto maior a dose de lodo de esgoto, menor a proporção de nitrogênio em profundidade.

Produção de milho adubado residualmente com composto de lodo de esgoto e fosfato de Gafsa

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o efeito residual da adubação com composto de lodo de esgoto e fosfato natural de Gafsa sobre os teores de nutrientes no solo, na planta e na produtividade do milho. O trabalho foi realizado em Cambissolo Háplico. Os tratamentos, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, corresponderam a 2 doses de fosfato de Gafsa (0 e 90 kg ha-1 de P2O5) e 4 doses de composto de lodo de esgoto (0; 25; 50 e 75 t ha-1, em base seca). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, com 3 repetições. Em geral, a produtividade e os teores de nutrientes no solo e na planta no segundo cultivo sucessivo de milho não foram influenciados pela adubação com fosfato natural reativo. Entretanto, a produtividade de milho e os teores de nutrientes no solo e nas folhas de milho aumentaram com a dose de composto de lodo de esgoto ao solo, sendo a dose de 75 Mg ha-1, a de maior efeito residual. A produtividade do milho é menor no segundo cultivo sucessivo em razão do empobrecimento do solo em fósforo e potássio, recomendando-se novas adubações com lodo de esgoto, a cada cultivo realizado.

Fertilidade do solo, estado nutricional e produtividade de girassol, em função da aplicação de lodo de esgoto

O lodo de esgoto é um resíduo urbano-industrial que tem causado preocupação, quanto ao uso agrícola. Sua utilização pode ser viável, após a devida suplementação potássica, em substituição a fertilizantes minerais, especialmente em culturas como a do girassol. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a produtividade e nutrição mineral do girassol cv. CATISSOL 01, além da fertilidade de um Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico adubado com lodo de esgoto, em comparação à adubação mineral, por dois anos consecutivos. O experimento utilizou delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 4 tratamentos (fertilização mineral, 5 t ha-1 ano-1, 10 t ha-1 ano-1 e 20 t ha-1 ano-1 de lodo de esgoto) e 5 repetições. Foram analisadas a produtividade de grãos de girassol, a concentração de macro e micronutrientes na folha diagnóstico e a fertilidade do solo. A produtividade de sementes do girassol adubado com o resíduo, em todas as doses, foi equivalente à adubação mineral, e os teores foliares situaram-se na faixa adequada, tanto para macro quanto para micronutrientes. O uso de lodo de esgoto, com suplementação potássica, mostrou-se eficiente na substituição total ou parcial da adubação mineral, sem prejudicar a produtividade da cultura do girassol.

Phytostabilisation : use of wetland plants to treat mine tailings

Mine tailings can be rich in sulphide minerals and may form acid mine drainage (AMD) through reaction with atmospheric oxygen and water. AMD contains elevated levels of metals and arsenic (As) that could be harmful to animals and plants. An oxygen-consuming layer of organic material and plants on top of water-covered tailings would probably reduce oxygen penetration into the tailings and thus reduce the formation of AMD. However, wetland plants have the ability to release oxygen through the roots and could thereby increase the solubility of metals and As. These elements are released into the drainage water, taken up and accumulated in the plant roots, or translocated to the shoots. The aim was to examine the effects of plant establishment on water-covered mine tailings by answering following questions: A) Is plant establishment on water-covered mine tailings possible? B) What are the metal and As uptake and translocation properties of these plants? C) How do plants affect metal and As release from mine tailings, and which are the mechanisms involved? Carex rostrata Stokes, Eriophorum angustifolium Honck., E. scheuchzeri Hoppe, Phragmites australis (Cav.) Steud., Salix phylicifolia L. and S. borealis Fr. were used as test plants. Influences of plants on the release of As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and in some cases Fe in the drainage water, and plant element uptake were studied in greenhouse experiments and in the field. The results obtained demonstrate that plant establishment are possible on water-covered unweathered mine tailings, and a suitable amendment was found to be sewage sludge. On acidic, weathered tailings, a pH increasing substance such as ashes should be added to improve plant establishment. The metal and As concentrations of the plant tissue were found to be generally higher in roots than in shoots. The uptake was dependent on the metal and As concentrations of the tailings and the release of organic acids from plant roots may have influenced the uptake. The metal release from tailings into the drainage water caused by E. angustifolium was found to depend greatly on the age and chemical properties of the tailings. However, no effects of E. angustifolium on As release was found. Water from old sulphide-, metal- and As-rich tailings with low buffering capacity were positively affected by E. angustifolium by causing higher pH and lower metal concentrations. In tailings with relatively low sulphide, metal and As contents combined with a low buffering capacity, plants had the opposite impact, i.e. a reduction in pH and elevated metal levels of the drainage water. The total release of metal and As from the tailings, i.e. drainage water together with the contents in shoots and roots, was found to be similar for C. rostrata, E. angustifolium and P. australis, except for Fe and As, where the release was highest for P. australis. The differences in metal and As release from mine tailings were mainly found to be due to the release of O2 from the roots, which changes the redox potential. Release of organic acids from the roots slightly decreased the pH, although did not have any particular influence on the release of metal and As. In conclusion, as shown here, phytostabilisation may be a successful technique for remediation of mine tailings with high element and sulphide levels, and low buffering capacity.

Messa a punto di processi biotecnologici per la produzione di biocombustibili da matrici organiche di rifiuto

The bioproduction of materials and energy from renewable sources (industrial biotechnology) is getting more and more interest in order to improve environmental sustainability of chemical industrial processes and to decrease their dependence from oil. Anaerobic digestion of organic waste matrices (agricultural and industrial wastes, organic fraction of municipal wastes, sewage sludges etc.) may play an important role in the implementation of industrial biotechnology being a well developed strategy in the valorization of complex matrices, as it can mineralize them while producing bioenergy in the form of a biogas rich in methane. In this research the potential of anaerobic digestion in the treatment of polluted sewage sludge was studied by developing three set of anaerobic microcosms with sludges differently contaminated by xenobiotic compounds. The effect of different incubating temperatures and of exogenous carbon and vitamine sources was investigated along with the role of the occurring microbial populations in the pollutant degradation activity. So, while confirming the potential of anaerobic digestion for the biomethanization of sewage sludges, this work proved the effectiveness of this technology in the removal of pollutants too. Moreover, since the degradation of lignocellulose appears to be a limiting step in the anaerobic treatment of a wide range of biomass, the possibility of optimizing anaerobic digestion of lignocellulosic substrates was also studied. To this aim a research was carried out at the BOKUUniversity of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Department for Agrobiotechnology, IFA - Tulln, where mixed cellulolytic cultures were isolated from biogas plants while assessing the metabolic pathway leading to cellulose degradation and verifying their capability to grow on lignocellulose too, proving that on the long term such bacterial cultures could be used as inoculum in order to improve the hydrolysis of lignocellulose in anaerobic digestion plants.

Biometanazione della frazione organica di rifiuti solidi urbani da raccolta indifferenziata mediante codigestione con refluo zootecnico o addizione di solfuro di sodio

Il presente elaborato è stato finalizzato allo sviluppo di un processo di digestione anaerobica della frazione organica dei rifiuti solidi urbani (FORSU oppure, in lingua inglese OFMSW, Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste) provenienti da raccolta indifferenziata e conseguente produzione di biogas da impiegarsi per il recupero energetico. Questo lavoro rientra nell’ambito di un progetto, cofinanziato dalla Regione Emilia Romagna attraverso il Programma Regionale per la Ricerca Industriale, l’Innovazione e il Trasferimento Tecnologico (PRRIITT), sviluppato dal Dipartimento di Chimica Applicata e Scienza dei Materiali (DICASM) dell’Università di Bologna in collaborazione con la Facoltà di Ingegneria dell’Università di Ferrara e con la società Recupera s.r.l. che applicherà il processo nell’impianto pilota realizzato presso il proprio sito di biostabilizzazione e compostaggio ad Ostellato (FE). L’obiettivo è stato la verifica della possibilità di impiegare la frazione organica dei rifiuti indifferenziati per la produzione di biogas, e in particolare di metano, attraverso un processo di digestione anaerobica previo trattamento chimico oppure in codigestione con altri substrati organici facilmente fermentabili. E’ stata inoltre studiata la possibilità di impiego di reattori con biomassa adesa per migliorare la produzione specifica di metano e diminuire la lag phase. Dalla sperimentazione si può concludere che è possibile giungere allo sviluppo di metano dalla purea codigerendola assieme a refluo zootecnico. Per ottenere però produzioni significative la quantità di solidi volatili apportati dal rifiuto non deve superare il 50% dei solidi volatili complessivi. Viceversa, l’addizione di solfuri alla sola purea si è dimostrata ininfluente nel tentativo di sottrarre gli agenti inibitori della metanogenesi. Inoltre, l’impiego di supporti di riempimento lavorando attraverso processi batch sequenziali permette di eliminare, nei cicli successivi al primo, la lag phase dei batteri metanogeni ed incrementare la produzione specifica di metano.

Spurenanalyse von Uran und Plutonium sowie Speziationsuntersuchungen an Plutonium mit massenspektrometrischen und kapillarelektrophoretischen Methoden

Die Elemente Uran und Plutonium besitzen seit Entdeckung der Kernspaltung und der technischen Nutzung der Kernenergie eine globale Bedeutung. So trägt Pu hauptsächlich zur Radiotoxizität von abgebrannten Brennelementen bei und erfordert im Falle einer Endlagerung in einer tiefen geologischen Formation einen sicheren Verschluss für bis zu einer Million Jahre. Das Wissen über die vorliegenden chemischen Spezies ist dabei entscheidend für das Verständnis der chemisch-physikalischen Wechselwirkungen im jeweiligen geochemischen System, insbesondere mit dem Wirtsgestein (hier Ton) und den allgegenwärtigen Huminstoffen (hier Fulvinsäure). Längerfristig sind so Vorhersagen über einen Transport des hochradioaktiven Abfalls nach Auslaugung und Austritt aus einem Endlager bis in die Biosphäre möglich. Gerade der Ultraspurenbereich, im Fernfeld eines Endlagers zu erwarten, ist dabei von besonderem Interesse. Darüber hinaus machen nuklearforensische Untersuchungen – in Hinblick auf illegal benutztes Nuklearmaterial, Schmuggel oder Nuklearterrorismus – zur Bestimmung der Herkunft, des Alters oder der Radiotoxizität isotopenselektive Nachweismethoden im Ultraspurenbereich notwendig. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden hierfür die Resonanzionisationsmassenspektrometrie (RIMS) zur isotopenselektiven Spuren- und Ultraspurenanalyse von U und Pu sowie die Kapillarelektrophorese (CE) gekoppelt an die induktiv gekoppelte Plasma (ICP)-Massenspektrometrie (CE-ICP-MS) zur Speziation von Pu eingesetzt. Für den isotopenselektiven Nachweis von Ultraspurenmengen von Uran mittels RIMS wurden vorbereitende Studien durchgeführt und mehrere zweifach resonante Anregungsleitern mit nicht-resonanter Ionisation untersucht. Eine Effizienz von ca. 10^-10 bei einer Nachweisgrenze von 10^12 Atomen U-238 konnte erzielt werden. In Zusammenarbeit mit dem Institut für Radiochemie, TU München, wurde mittels RIMS die Isotopenzusammensetzung von Plutonium, abgetrennt aus einem panzerbrechenden Urangeschoss aus dem Kosovokonflikt, bestimmt und dieses als Waffenplutonium mit einem Gehalt von 15 pg Pu-239/g Uran identifiziert. Rückschlüsse über Herkunft und Alter des Plutoniums konnten daraus gewonnen werden. Für Studien zur Umweltüberwachung von Plutonium in Rheinland-Pfalz wurden Grund-, Oberflächen- und Klärwasserproben mittels RIMS untersucht. Oberhalb der Nachweisgrenze von ca. 10^7 Atomen Pu-239/500 mL konnte kein signifikanter Gehalt bestimmt werden. Zusätzlich wurden Klärschlammproben untersucht, wobei in einer Probe 5,1*10^7 Atome Pu-239/g gemessen wurde, was auf eine Anreicherung von Pu im Klärschlamm aus großen Wasservolumina hindeuten könnte. Speziationsuntersuchungen von Plutonium in Kontakt mit Fulvinsäure und dem Tonmineral Kaolinit wurden in Hinblick auf die Wechselwirkungen im Umfeld eines nuklearen Endlagers durchgeführt. Die Redoxkinetik von Pu(VI) in Kontakt mit Gorleben-Fulvinsäure zeigt eine mit steigendem pH zunehmend schnellere und vollständige Reduktion und ein vergleichbares Verhalten zur Huminsäure. Für ein Plutoniumgemisch aus allen vier umweltrelevanten Oxidationsstufen in Kontakt mit Gorleben-Fulvinsäure konnte nach ca. 1 Monat Kontaktzeit eine fasst vollständige Reduktion zum tri- und tetravalenten Pu beobachtet werden. Sorptionsuntersuchungen der stabilsten Oxidationsstufe, Pu(IV), in Kontakt mit Kaolinit bei pH = 0 bis 13 im Konzentrationsbereich 10^-7 bis 10^-9 mol/L verdeutlichen das ausgeprägte Sorptionsverhalten von Pu(IV) (ca. 60% bis 90% Sorption) im umweltrelevanten pH-Bereich bei einem Einsetzen der Sorption bei pH = 0 bis 2. Im Rahmen des "Colloid and Radionuclide Retardation" (CRR) Experiments im Felslabor Grimsel, Schweizer Alpen, wurde in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Institut für Nukleare Entsorgung, Karlsruhe, die kolloidgetragene Migration von Pu(IV) in einem Grundwasserstrom durch Scherzonen im Granitgestein unter umweltrelevanten Bedingungen untersucht. Bei Zugabe von im Grundwasser stabilen Bentonitkolloiden – Bentonit wird als ein geeignetes Verschlussmaterial für nukleare Abfälle erforscht – konnte ein erhöhter Transport des Pu(IV) beobachtet werden, der durch Sorption des Pu an die mobilen Kolloide hervorgerufen wird. Zur Speziation von Plutonium im Ultraspurenbereich wurde im Rahmen dieser Arbeit an der Entwicklung der Kopplung der CE mit der sehr sensitiven RIMS gearbeitet. Das Prinzip der offline-Kopplung basiert auf dem Sammeln der zu unterschiedlichen Zeiten am Ende der Kapillare eluierten Oxidationsstufen in einzelnen Fraktionen. Aus jeder Fraktion wird ein eigenes Filament hergestellt und mit RIMS auf seinen Plutoniumgehalt untersucht. Eine erste Validierung der Methode konnte durch Bestimmung der Oxidationsstufenzusammensetzung eines bekannten Gemischs erfolgreich für einen Gehalt von ca. 6*10^9 Atome Pu-239 durchgeführt werden. Dies stellt einen möglichen Zugang zu dem erwarteten Konzentrationsbereich im Fernfeld eines Endlagers dar.

Carbon dioxide emissions from semi-arid soils amended with biochar alone or combined with mineral and organic fertilizers

Semi-arid soils cover a significant area of Earth s land surface and typically contain large amounts of inorganic C. Determining the effects of biochar additions on CO2 emissions fromsemi-arid soils is therefore essential for evaluating the potential of biochar as a climate change mitigation strategy. Here, we measured the CO2 that evolved from semi-arid calcareous soils amended with biochar at rates of 0 and 20 t ha?1 in a full factorial combination with three different fertilizers (mineral fertilizer, municipal solid waste compost, and sewage sludge) applied at four rates (equivalent to 0, 75, 150, and 225 kg potentially available N ha?1) during 182 days of aerobic incubation. A double exponential model, which describes cumulative CO2 emissions from two active soil C compartments with different turnover rates (one relatively stable and the other more labile), was found to fit verywell all the experimental datasets. In general, the organic fertilizers increased the size and decomposition rate of the stable and labile soil C pools. In contrast, biochar addition had no effects on any of the double exponential model parameters and did not interact with the effects ascribed to the type and rate of fertilizer. After 182 days of incubation, soil organic and microbial biomass C contents tended to increase with increasing the application rates of organic fertilizer, especially of compost, whereas increasing the rate of mineral fertilizer tended to suppress microbial biomass. Biochar was found to increase both organic and inorganic C contents in soil and not to interactwith the effects of type and rate of fertilizer on C fractions. As a whole, our results suggest that the use of biochar as enhancer of semi-arid soils, either alone or combined with mineral and organic fertilizers, is unlikely to increase abiotic and biotic soil CO2 emissions.

Factors driving the carbon mineralization priming effect in a sandy loam soil amended with different types of biochar

The effect of biochar on the soil carbon mineral- ization priming effect depends on the characteristics of the raw materials, production method and pyrolysis conditions. The goal of the present study is to evaluate the impact of three different types of biochar on physicochemical properties and CO2 emissions of a sandy loam soil. For this purpose, soil was amended with three different biochars (BI, BII and BIII) at a rate of 8 wt % and soil CO2 emissions were measured for 45 days. BI is produced from a mixed wood sieving from wood chip production, BII from a mixture of paper sludge and wheat husks and BIII from sewage sludge. Cumulative CO2 emissions of biochars, soil and amended soil were well fit to a simple first-order kinetic model with correlation coef- ficients (r 2 ) greater than 0.97. Results show a negative prim- ing effect in the soil after addition of BI and a positive prim- ing effect in the case of soil amended with BII and BIII. These results can be related to different biochar properties such as carbon content, carbon aromaticity, volatile matter, fixed carbon, easily oxidized organic carbon or metal and phenolic substance content in addition to surface biochar properties. Three biochars increased the values of soil field capacity and wilting point, while effects over pH and cation exchange capacity were not observed.

Optimización de la gasificación de lodos de estaciones depuradoras de aguas residuales urbanas para minimizar la formación de alquitranes

La gasificación de lodos de depuración es una alternativa atractiva para generar gases combustibles como H2 y CO. A su vez, estos gases pueden emplearse como materias primas para la obtención de productos químicos orgánicos y combustibles líquidos. Sin embargo, la gasificación no está exenta de problemas como el ligado a la generación de residuos sólidos y alquitrán. El alquitrán en el gas puede ser un inconveniente para emplear el gas como combustible por las obstrucciones y corrosión en los equipos. Dado que las condiciones de gasificación influyen en la producción de alquitrán, este trabajo de investigación se ha centrado en analizar la influencia de parámetros como la temperatura, la carga de alimentación, el tamaño de partícula, el agente gasificante y la utilización de catalizadores en la gasificación en lecho fluidizado de lodos de depuración. Adicionalmente a la medición del efecto de los anteriores parámetros en la producción y composición del alquitrán, también se ha cuantificado su influencia en la producción y composición del gas y en producción del residuo carbonoso. Los resultados muestran que el incremento de la carga de alimentación (kg/h.m2) provoca el descenso de la producción de gas combustible y el incremento del residuo carbonoso y del alquitrán debido a la reducción del tiempo de residencia del gas lo que supone un menor tiempo disponible para las reacciones gas-gas y gas-sólido ligadas a la conversión del alquitrán y del residuo carbonoso en gases combustibles. También se ha comprobado que, el aumento del tamaño de partícula, al incrementar el tiempo de calentamiento de ésta, tiene un efecto similar en los productos de la gasificación que el derivado del incremento en la carga de alimentación. La utilización de una temperatura de gasificación alta (850 ºC), el empleo de aire-vapor como agente gasificante y/o catalizadores primarios como la dolomía consiguen reducir la producción de alquitrán. ABSTRACT Gasification of sewage sludge is an attractive alternative for generating of fuel gases such as H2 and CO. These gases, in turn, can be used as raw materials for the production of organic chemicals and liquid fuel. However, gasification is not without problems as the linked ones to production of char and tar. The tar in the gas can be an inconvenience for to use it as fuel by the problems of blockage and corrosion in the equipments. Since the gasification conditions affect the production of tar, this research has focused on analysing the influence of parameters such as temperature, throughput, the particle size, the gasifying agent and the use of catalysts in the fluidized bed gasification of sewage sludge. In addition to measuring the effect of the above parameters on the production and composition of the tar, it has also been quantified their influence on the yield and composition of the gas and char production. The results show that higher throughput (kg/h.m2) leads to a reduction of fuel gas production and an increase in the production of char and tar, this owes to a lower of gas residence time or what is the same thing less time available for gas-solid and gas-gas reactions attached to the conversion of tar and char to fuel gases. There has also been proven that the rising in particle size, by the increasing heating time of it, has a similar effect in the products of gasification that the results by the rise in the throughput. The applications a high gasification temperature (850 ° C), the use of air-steam as gasifying agent and/or dolomite as primary catalysts are able to reduce the production of tar.