Partial lateralization of the nasopalatine nerve at the incisive foramen for ridge augmentation in the anterior maxilla prior to placement of dental implants: a retrospective case series evaluating self-reported data and neurosensory testing

The objective of this study was to assess implant therapy after a staged guided bone regeneration procedure in the anterior maxilla by lateralization of the nasopalatine nerve and vessel bundle. Neurosensory function following augmentative procedures and implant placement, assessed using a standardized questionnaire and clinical examination, were the primary outcome variables measured. This retrospective study included patients with a bone defect in the anterior maxilla in need of horizontal and/or vertical ridge augmentation prior to dental implant placement. The surgical sites were allowed to heal for at least 6 months before placement of dental implants. All patients received fixed implant-supported restorations and entered into a tightly scheduled maintenance program. In addition to the maintenance program, patients were recalled for a clinical examination and to fill out a questionnaire to assess any changes in the neurosensory function of the nasopalatine nerve at least 6 months after function. Twenty patients were included in the study from February 2001 to December 2010. They received a total of 51 implants after augmentation of the alveolar crest and lateralization of the nasopalatine nerve. The follow-up examination for questionnaire and neurosensory assessment was scheduled after a mean period of 4.18 years of function. None of the patients examined reported any pain, they did not have less or an altered sensation, and they did not experience a "foreign body" feeling in the area of surgery. Overall, 6 patients out of 20 (30%) showed palatal sensibility alterations of the soft tissues in the region of the maxillary canines and incisors resulting in a risk for a neurosensory change of 0.45 mucosal teeth regions per patient after ridge augmentation with lateralization of the nasopalatine nerve. Regeneration of bone defects in the anterior maxilla by horizontal and/or vertical ridge augmentation and lateralization of the nasopalatine nerve prior to dental implant placement is a predictable surgical technique. Whether or not there were clinically measurable impairments of neurosensory function, the patients did not report them or were not bothered by them.

A DERMATOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF SYNTHETIC PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES (PARESTHESIA, FENVALERATE, PERMETHRIN)

In this investigation, differences in parasthesia were detected by human participants between synthetic pyrethroids with a cyano group in the (S)-configuration of the 3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol of their molecular structure (fenvalerate) and those that do not (permethrin). A strong relationship was noted between insecticidal potency and degree of induced cutaneous sensation for the alpha-cyano and non-cyano pyrethroids, with a prominent difference between the two. A linear correlation between concentration and degree of induced dysesthesia was observed for both pyrethroids. Regressing the cutaneous sensation on the common logarithm of concentration resulted in a regression equation of Y = 84.0 + 31.0X(,1) for fenvalerate and Y = 27.5 + 15.8X(,1) for permethrin. An evaluation for dermal cytotoxicity in albino rabbits yielded a slight increase in cutaneous perfusion as indicated both visually and by laser Doppler velocimetry. However, no significant difference was detected in edema or thermal variation. Histopathological alterations were minimal after repeated daily applications with the majority of changes involving acanthosis. A highly efficacious therapeutic agent for pyrethroid exposure was noted to be dl-alpha tocopherol acetate. An impressive degree of inhibition of parasthesia resulted from the topical application of vitamin E acetate, with a therapeutic index of almost 100%. ^

The Effects of Heat Acclimation Followed by Sleep Deprivation on Perceived Exertion, Thirst, and Thermal Sensations in Exercising Males

Subjects were tested while walking on a tradmill for 11 days in a row at sub-maximal levels for 90 minutes the heat. After the 10th day, subjects were kept awake for 24 hours before being tested in a state of sleep deprivation on the 11th day. Subjects rated their perceived exertion, thirst levels, and thermal sensations at regular intervals before, during, and after exercise each day. The changes in RPE, thirst, and thermal sensations were examined to determine the progression of heat acclimation and to observe changes in the subjects' perceived workloads. While subjects were significantly less thirsty on day 10 than when beginning the study on day 1, no significant changes occured in regards to thermal sensations or RPE values. On the 11th day, these variables were again observed in order to examine the effects of sleep deprivation on the adaptations of heat acclimation. After 28 hours of sleep loss, subjects rated themselves as feeling significantly more thristy after exercise than they had on day 10, yet again there was no significant change in thermal sensations or RPE values. Throughout the study, RPE and thermal sensation ratings seemed to be closely linked while sensations of thirst fluctuated independently.

Blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes in total cortex and subcortex, pain, reward, and vigilance regions during mechanical pressure pain after morphine administration

Morphine is the most common clinical choice in the management of severe pain. Although the molecular mechanisms of morphine have already been characterized, the cerebral circuits by which it attenuates the sensation of pain have not yet been studied in humans. The objective of this two-arm (morphine versus placebo), between-subjects study was to examine whether morphine affects pain via pain-related cortical circuits, but also via reward regions that relate to the motivational state, as well as prefrontal regions that relate to vigilance as a result of morphine's sedative effects. Cortical activity was measured by the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). ^ The novelty of this study is at three levels: (i) to develop a methodology that will assess the average BOLD signal across subjects for the pain, reward, and vigilance cortical systems; (ii) to examine whether the reward and/or sedative effects of morphine are contributing factors to cortical regions associated with the motivational state and vigilance; and (iii) to propose a neuroanatomical model related to the opioid-sensitive effects of reward and sedation as a function of cortical activity related to pain in an effort to assess future analgesics. ^ Consistent with our hypotheses, our findings showed that the decrease in total pain-related volume activated between the post- and the pre-treatment morphine group was about 78%, while the post-treatment placebo group displayed only a 5% decrease when compared to pre-treatment levels of activation. The volume increase in reward regions was 451% in the post-treatment compared to the pre-treatment morphine condition. Finally, the volumetric decrease in vigilance regions was 63% in the posttreatment compared to the pre-treatment morphine condition. ^ These findings imply that changes in the blood flow of the reward and vigilance regions may be contributing factors in producing the analgesic effect under morphine administration. Future studies need to replicate this study in a higher resolution fMRI environment and to assess the proposed neuroanatomical model in patient populations. The necessity of pain research is apparent, since pain cuts across different diseases especially chronic ones, and thus, is recognized as a vital public health developing area. ^

El microclima urbano en los espacios abiertos : estudio de casos en Madrid

El microclima urbano juega un rol importante en el consumo energético de los edificios y en las sensaciones de confort en los espacios exteriores. La urgente necesidad de aumentar la eficiencia energética, reducir las emisiones de los contaminantes y paliar la evidente falta de sostenibilidad que afecta a las ciudades, ha puesto la atención en el urbanismo bioclimático como referente para una propuesta de cambio en la forma de diseñar y vivir la ciudad. Hasta ahora las investigaciones en temas de microclima y eficiencia energética se han concentrado principalmente en como orientar el diseño de nuevos desarrollo. Sin embargo los principales problemas de la insostenibilidad de las actuales conurbaciones son el resultado del modelo de crecimiento especulativo y altamente agotador de recursos que han caracterizado el boom inmobiliario de las últimas décadas. Vemos entonces, tanto en España como en el resto de los Países Europeos, la necesidad de reorientar el sector de la construcción hacía la rehabilitación del espacio construido, como una alternativa capaz de dar una solución más sostenible para el mercado inmobiliario. En este propósito de mejorar la calidad de las ciudades actuales, el espacio público juega un papel fundamental, sobre todo como lugar para el encuentro y la socialización entre los ciudadanos. La sensación térmica condiciona la percepción de un ambiente, así que el microclima puede ser determinante para el éxito o el fracaso de un espacio urbano. Se plantea entonces cómo principal objetivo de la investigación, la definición de estrategias para el diseño bioclimático de los entornos urbanos construidos, fundamentados en las componentes morfotipológica, climática y de los requerimientos de confort para los ciudadanos. Como ulterior elemento de novedad se decide estudiar la rehabilitación de los barrios de construcción de mediado del siglo XX, que en muchos casos constituyen bolsas de degrado en la extendida periferia de las ciudades modernas. La metodología empleada para la investigación se basa en la evaluación de las condiciones climáticas y de confort térmico de diferentes escenarios de proyecto, aplicados a tres casos de estudio situados en un barrio periurbano de la ciudad de Madrid. Para la determinación de los parámetros climáticos se han empleado valores obtenidos con un proceso de simulación computarizada, basados en los principios de fluidodinámica, termodinámica y del intercambio radioactivo en el espacio construido. A través de uso de programas de simulación podemos hacer una previsión de las condiciones microclimáticas de las situaciones actuales y de los efectos de la aplicación de medidas. La gran ventaja en el uso de sistemas de cálculo es que se pueden evaluar diferentes escenarios de proyecto y elegir entre ellos el que asegura mejores prestaciones ambientales. Los resultados obtenidos en los diferentes escenarios han sido comparados con los valores de confort del estado actual, utilizando como indicador de la sensación térmica el índice UTCI. El análisis comparativo ha permitido la realización de una tabla de resumen donde se muestra la evaluación de las diferentes soluciones de rehabilitación. Se ha podido así demostrar que no existe una solución constructiva eficaz para todas las aplicaciones, sino que cada situación debe ser estudiada individualmente, aplicando caso por caso las medidas más oportunas. Si bien los sistemas de simulación computarizada pueden suponer un importante apoyo para la fase de diseño, es responsabilidad del proyectista emplear las herramientas más adecuadas en cada fase y elegir las soluciones más oportunas para cumplir con los objetivos del proyecto. The urban microclimate plays an important role on buildings energy consumption and comfort sensation in exterior spaces. Nowadays, cities need to increase energy efficiency, reduce the pollutants emissions and mitigate the evident lack of sustainability. In reason of this, attention has focused on the bioclimatic urbanism as a reference of change proposal of the way to design and live the city. Hitherto, the researches on microclimate and energy efficiency have mainly concentrated on guiding the design of new constructions. However the main problems of unsustainability of existing conurbations are the result of the growth model highly speculative and responsible of resources depletion that have characterized the real estate boom of recent decades. In Spain and other European countries, become define the need to redirect the construction sector towards urban refurbishment. This alternative is a more sustainable development model and is able to provide a solution for the real estate sector. In order to improve the quality of today's cities, the public space plays a key role, especially in order to provide to citizens places for meeting and socializing. The thermal sensation affects the environment perception, so microclimate conditions can be decisive for the success or failure of urban space. For this reasons, the main objective of this work is focused on the definition of bioclimatic strategies for existing urban spaces, based on the morpho-typological components, climate and comfort requirements for citizens. As novelty element, the regeneration of neighborhoods built in middle of the twentieth century has been studied, because are the major extended in periphery of modern cities and, in many cases, they represent deprived areas. The research methodology is based on the evaluation of climatic conditions and thermal comfort of different project scenarios, applied to three case studies located in a suburban neighborhood of Madrid. The climatic parameters have been obtained by computer simulation process, based on fluid dynamics, thermodynamics and radioactive exchange in urban environment using numerical approach. The great advantage in the use of computing systems is the capacity for evaluate different project scenarios. The results in the different scenarios were compared with the comfort value obtained in the current state, using the UTCI index as indicator of thermal sensation. Finally, an abacus of the thermal comfort improvement obtained by different countermeasures has been performed. One of the major achievement of doctoral work is the demonstration of there are not any design solution suitable for different cases. Each situation should be analyzed and specific design measures should be proposed. Computer simulation systems can be a significant support and help the designer in the decision making phase. However, the election of the most suitable tools and the appropriate solutions for each case is designer responsibility.

Using quantitative descriptive analysis and temporal dominance of sensations analysis as complementary methods for profiling commercial blackcurrant squashes

Quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) is used to describe the nature and the intensity of sensory properties from a single evaluation of a product, whereas temporal dominance of sensation (TDS) is primarily used to identify dominant sensory properties over time. Previous studies with TDS have focused on model systems, but this is the first study to use a sequential approach, i.e. QDA then TDS in measuring sensory properties of a commercial product category, using the same set of trained assessors (n = 11). The main objectives of this study were to: (1) investigate the benefits of using a sequential approach of QDA and TDS and (2) to explore the impact of the sample composition on taste and flavour perceptions in blackcurrant squashes. The present study has proposed an alternative way of determining the choice of attributes for TDS measurement based on data obtained from previous QDA studies, where available. Both methods indicated that the flavour profile was primarily influenced by the level of dilution and complexity of sample composition combined with blackcurrant juice content. In addition, artificial sweeteners were found to modify the quality of sweetness and could also contribute to bitter notes. Using QDA and TDS in tandem was shown to be more beneficial than each just on its own enabling a more complete sensory profile of the products.

Mealiness assessment in apples and peaches using MRI techniques

Mealiness (woolliness in peaches) is a negative attribute of sensory texture that combines the sensation of a desegregated tissue with the sensation of lack of juiciness. In this study, 24 apples cv. Top Red and 8 peaches cv. Maycrest, submitted to 3 and 2 different storage conditions respectively have been tested by mechanical and MRI techniques to assess mealiness. With this study, the results obtained on apples in a previous work have been validated using mathematical features from the histograms of the T2 maps: more skewed and the presence of a tail in mealy apples, similar to internal breakdown. In peaches, MRI techniques can also be used to identify woolly fruits. Not all the changes found in the histograms of woolly peaches are similar from those observed in mealy apples pointing to a different underlying physiological change in both disorders.

Influence of some oenological practices on the aromatic and sensorial characteristics of white Verdejo wines

Changes in the aromatic composition as well as sensory characteristics in Verdejo white wines were analysed based on two factors: the winemaking methodology and the storing time of wine in bottles. The volatile components were determined by GLC-MS, and the sensory profile was designed and assessed according to the ISO 11035 standard. The results showed that when wines were made in oak barrels, either completely or partially, which means the wines were in contact with the lees, the levels of 1-octanol, ethyl heptanoate and ethyl decanoate were significantly affected (P menor que 0.05); the softness sensation was also influenced (P menor que 0.05). However, the amount of time the wines were stored in bottles significantly affected (P menor que 0.05) the levels of 1-hexanol, ethyl heptanoate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl decanoate, hexyl acetate, isoamyl acetate and isoamyl lactate and also an odour note (tropical fruit). The compounds with higher OAV values belong to the groups of esters and fatty acids. For these reasons, the composition and the quality of the aroma of Verdejo white wines appear to be significantly affected both by use of oak barrels in winemaking and the time the wines are stored in bottles.

Diseño y test VHDL de un cambiador de formato para ver TV3D en un televisor convencional

La difusión de TV3D actual utiliza formatos como el Side-by-Side o Top-and-Bottom, en los que cada par de imágenes, correspondiente a las vistas de los ojos derecho e izquierdo, se encapsula con la mitad de la resolución espacial en una sola imagen. Estas imágenes se muestran de manera casi simultánea de forma que el ojo humano compone una imagen con profundidad que se asemeja a la visión binocular natural. Desde hace un par de años las principales plataformas de televisión han empezado a crear canales con contenido 3D. La televisión 3D (TV3D) se ha introducido en los hogares gracias a los televisores estereoscópicos. Estos televisores, que son compatibles con los formatos antes mencionados, extraen de cada imagen sus dos vistas, recuperan la resolución original y presentan cada vista alternativamente en la pantalla, generando al mismo tiempo una señal de sincronismo para las gafas activas, creando de esta forma la sensación tridimensional de las imágenes. En este PFC se pretende realizar el diseño VHDL de un cambiador de formato que genere en tiempo real la secuencia de imágenes correspondiente a los ojos derecho e izquierdo, con resolución completa, a partir de una secuencia codificada en formato tipo Top-and-Bottom y el banco de test para su prueba. Este circuito se implementará como un periférico del procesador NIOS II de Altera. El diseño podría utilizarse como parte de un sistema que permita la visualización de las actuales emisiones de televisión 3D en un televisor convencional. La tecnología de referencia que se utilizará serán las FPGAs, más concretamente la tarjeta Cyclone III FPGA Starter Kit (EP3C25 FPGA) de Altera, junto a una tarjeta de ampliación de Microtronix con entrada y salida HDMI para video y audio. Además se pretende crear la documentación necesaria para el desarrollo de futuros trabajos relacionados con la televisión 3D. ABSTRACT Current TV3D broadcasting uses formats as Side-by-Side or Top-and-Bottom, where every single pair of images, corresponding to left and right eyes views, are encapsulated with half spatial resolution in one single image. These images are almost simultaneously displayed so that the human eye forms an image with depth resembling naturally binocular vision. From a couple of years the major TV platforms have begun to create 3D content channels. 3D Television (3DTV) has been introduced in homes through stereoscopic televisions. These televisions, which are compatible with the above formats, each image is extracted from the two views, and recover the original resolution and displays alternately each view in screen, while generating a synchronization signal for active glasses, thereby creating the three-dimensional sensation of the images. The main objective in this PFC is to make the design of an exchanger VHDL format in real time to generate the image sequence corresponding to the right and left eyes, with full resolution from an encoded sequence type format Top-and-Bottom and test bench for testing. This circuit is implemented as a Altera NIOS II processor peripheral.The design could be used as part of a system enabling the display of current television broadcasts 3D on a conventional television. The reference technology that will be use are FPGAs, more specifically Cyclone III FPGA Starter Card Kit (EP3C25 FPGA) Altera, along with an expansion card Microtronix with HDMI input and output video and audio. It also aims to create documentation for the development of future works related to 3D TV.

Estudio Acústico y Electroacústico de la sala de conciertos Ritmo y Compás (Madrid)

En el presente proyecto se ha realizado un estudio de las condiciones acústicas y del refuerzo sonoro de la sala de conciertos Ritmo y Compás (Madrid), repasando las principales magnitudes de calidad acústica. El proyecto combina medidas y simulaciones. Con las medidas se obtienen los parámetros acústicos de la sala, que permiten cuantificar la sensación que producen en la audiencia las cualidades acústicas de un espacio. Mediante software de simulación electroacústica (EASE) se ha generado el modelo geométrico y acústico de la sala, ajustado en base a los resultados experimentales. El objetivo fundamental del trabajo es generar un modelo virtual que refleje fielmente las condiciones reales de la sala de conciertos, de forma que se puedan estudiar en profundidad las características acústicas y electroacústicas del recinto. En el proceso de análisis se ha querido resaltar la importancia de la acústica en salas de conciertos de música amplificada, muchas veces relegada a un segundo plano por el diseño electroacústico. La calidad de una sala de este tipo depende estrechamente de la sonorización, pero su inevitable relación con las cualidades acústicas del recinto obliga a establecer una serie de criterios acústicos mínimos que aseguren las mejores condiciones para el sistema sonoro. Dado el peso de las simulaciones, en el proyecto se presentan los resultados obtenidos con distintos métodos y recursos de análisis software para apoyar el estudio, con una información completa que muestre, con la máxima claridad, el potencial de la sala Ritmo y Compás como sala de conciertos. SUMMARY. This project is about the acoustical and electroacustical studio of “Ritmo y Compás”, an important concert hall in Madrid, analyzing the main magnitudes of acoustic quality. The project combines measurements and simulations. With the measurements it is obtained the acoustic parameters of the hall, allowing the quantification of the sensation produced in the audience by the acoustic attributes of the hall. With the acoustic simulation software (Ease), based on the experimental results, the geometric and acoustic model has been created. The main purpose of this study is to generate a virtual model that accurately reflects the real conditions of the concert hall, allowing the deep study of the acoustic and electroacoustic features of the hall. In the process of the analysis, the importance of the acoustic characteristic in the amplified music concert halls was emphasized, which is often underestimate because of the electroacoustic design. The quality of this kind of hall strictly depends on the sound electrical system, but its inevitable relation with the acoustic characteristics of the hall, forces to establish a series of minimum acoustic rules that assures the best conditions for the sound system. Due to the importance of the simulations in the project, the results are presented with different methods and analysis software resources to back up the study with complete information that shows the maximum quality and clarity of the potential of the enclosure Ritmo y Compás as a concert hall.

Identification procedure of mealy apples by instrumental means. Extraction of storage features.

Mealiness is a negative attribute of sensory texture that combines the sensation of a disaggregated tissue with the sensation of lack of juiciness. Since January 1996, a wide EC Project entitled : "Mealiness in fruits. Consumers perception and means for detection'" is being carried out. Within it, three sensory panels have been trained at : the Institute of Food Research (IFR, United Kingdom), the Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA, Spain) and the Institut voor Agrotechnologisch Onderzoek (ATO-DLO, Netherlands) to assess mealiness in apples. In all three cases, mealiness has been described as a multidimensional sensory descriptor capable of gathering the loss of consistency (of crispness and of hardness) and of juiciness. Also within the EC Project several instrumental procedures have been tested for mealiness assessment. In this sense the Physical Properties Laboratory (ETS1A-UPM) has focused its aims in a first stage on performing instrumental tests for assessing some textural descriptors as crispiness, hardness and juiciness. The results obtained within these tests have shown to correlate well with the sensory measurements (Barreiro et Ruiz-Altisent, 1997) in apples, but also have succeed when trying to generate several texture degradation levels on peaches from which mealiness appears to be the last stage (Ortiz et al. 1997).

Temperaturas de confort e implicaciones energéticas en viviendas climatizadas mecánicamente. Estudio en clima cálido y húmedo

Este trabajo presenta un estudio de campo sobre confort térmico basado en la concepción adaptativa, para la determinación de las temperaturas y rangos de confort térmico de sujetos habituados a espacios enfriados mecánicamente en viviendas con aire acondicionado (AA) en el clima cálido y húmedo de la ciudad de Maracaibo (Venezuela) y las consecuentes implicaciones energéticas que tiene la satisfacción de esa demanda de confortabilidad en el sector residencial de la ciudad. Para la estimación de la temperatura de confort (Tc) y el rango de temperaturas de confort se aplican diferentes metodologías de análisis estadístico, las cuales son comparadas con las respectivas calculadas con el índice PMV; se analizan también otros aspectos asociados a la confortabilidad térmica, tales como las respuestas en las diferentes escalas de valoración de la confortabilidad, las preferencias, experiencias y expectativas térmicas de los sujetos. Las implicaciones energéticas se determinan en base al consumo de la energía eléctrica residencial debido exclusivamente a la variación de la Tc, entre la obtenida inicialmente en espacios naturalmente ventilados (NV) en Maracaibo (Bravo y Gonzalez 2001a) y la determinada ahora en espacios con AA. Para ello, se utiliza una metodología que es el resultado de la modificación parcial de la propuesta por Yamtraipat et al (2006). Entre los resultados y conclusiones derivadas de este estudio se encuentra que el 57 % de las personas prefieren las mismas condiciones confortables experimentadas en los ambientes con AA y solamente un 30 % prefieren experimentar ambientes ligeramente fríos y ligeramente calientes. Mientras tanto, las estimaciones de la Tc, y el respectivo rango, varían de acuerdo a la metodología empleada. Con la convencional metodología adaptativa, la Tc se estima en 25 °C en un amplio rango de 6 °C, entre 22 °C y 28 °C; mientras que con la metodología denominada “método de los promedios de los intervalos de las sensaciones térmicas” (Gómez-Azpeitia et al, 2007), la misma Tc se estima en 24 °C, en un rango estrecho de 22,5 °C a 25,5 °C y en un rango ampliado de 21 °C a 27 °C (amplitud 6 °C), donde se encuentran las tres cuartas partes de las personas del estudio. Ambas Tc son muy próximas a la temperatura operativa optima de 24,5 °C (rango de 23 °C a 26 °C) establecida por las normas internacionales ISO 7730:1994 y ASHRAE 55:1992 para el verano en climas templados. Sin embargo, la Tc estimada con los valores de PMV resulta ser superior en 1 °C y 2 °C a la Tc estimada con la metodología adaptativa (25 °C) y con el metodo de los promedios de los intervalos (24 °C), respectivamente. Con la metodología aplicada y la muestra del estudio se estima que de haberse registrado una Tbsint igual o próxima a 28 C (equivalente a la Tc en espacios NV en Maracaibo) en todos los espacios medidos (con Tbsint entre 19 C y 29 C), el ahorro total de la energía anual seria de 1.648,1 GWh en un ano respecto al consumo de AA en el año 2007 (2.522,3 GWh en un ano), mientras que el ahorro de energía asumiendo Tbsint de 24 C y de 25 C, resultan en 651,9 GWh en un ano y 425,7 GWh en un ano, respectivamente. Esto significa respectivos consumos adiciones de energía eléctrica equivalentes al 60,4 % y 74,2 %. Finalmente, los hábitos o conductas adoptadas por las personas de este estudio, sumado a las predominantes manifestaciones de confortabilidad en ambientes enfriados mecánicamente, redundan en mayores adaptaciones a condiciones de frio y exigencias de temperaturas de confort más bajas, con su consecuente consumo energético para proveerlas. ABSTRACT This investigation presents a study on thermal comfort following the adaptive approach for the determination of the thermal comfort temperatures and ranges of subjects accustomed to mechanically refrigerated spaces in dwellings with air conditioning (AA) systems in the hot and humid weather of the city of Maracaibo (Venezuela) and the ensuing energy use implications it has on the satisfaction of such demand of comfortability in the residential sector of the city. For the estimation of the comfort temperature (Tc) and the range of comfort temperatures different statistical analysis methodologies were used, which are then compared to the respective values calculated with the PMV index, also discusses other aspects related with thermal comfortability were analyzed, such as the responses on the different scales of perception of thermal comfortability, preferences, experiences and expectations of the analyzed subjects. The energetic implications are determined through the residential energy consumption related exclusively with the variation of the Tc between the originally calculated for naturally ventilated (NV) spaces in Maracaibo (Bravo y Gonzalez 2001a) and the one calculated on the present study with AA. For this, a new methodology was developed by partially modifying the Yamtraipat et al (2006) proposal. Among the results and conclusions of this study are that 57 % of the studied subjects prefer the same comfortable conditions experienced on AA environments and only a 30 % prefer to experience slightly cooler or warmer environments. Also, estimations of the Tc and its respective range vary according to the used methodology. With the conventional adaptive methodology, the Tc is estimated in 25 °C with a wide range of 6 °C, between 22 °C and 28 °C, while using the “thermal sensation intervals averages method” (Gomez-Azpeitia et al, 2007) the Tc is estimated in 24 °C on a narrow range between 22.5 °C and 25.5 °C and a widened range of 21 °C to 27 °C (6 °C in amplitude), a range where . of the studied subjects are located. Both Tc are very close to the optimum operation temperature of 24.5 °C (with a range between 23 °C and 26 °C) established on the ISO 7730:1994 and ASHRAE 55:1992 international norms for the summer on warm climates. However, the estimated Tc with the PMV indexes results to be 1 °C and 2 °C above the Tc estimated with the adaptive methodology (25 °C) and the thermal sensation intervals averages method (24 °C), respectively. With the applied methodology and this study sample, its estimated that if a Tbsint equal or close to 28 °C (equivalent to the Tc in NV spaces in Maracaibo) was registered in all measured spaces (with Tbsint between 19 °C and 29 °C) the total yearly energy savings would be of 1.648,1 GWh in a year with respect to the AA consumption in the year 2007 (2.522.3 GWh in a year), while the energy savings assuming a Tbinst of 24 °C and 25 °C result in 651.9 GWh and 425.7 Gwh in a year, respectively. This means that the respective additional electrical energy consumption amount to 60.4 % and 74.2 %, respectively. Finally, the habits or behaviors adopted by the subjects analyzed on this study, added to the predominant manifestations of comfortability in mechanically refrigerated environments result in greater adaptations to colder conditions and lower thermal comfort temperature demands, with the consequential increase in power consumption to meet them.

¿Es este un proyecto de Mies? / Is this a Mies s project?

Is this a Mies?s project? Disappearances, or the art of being a Mies project Angel Borrego Several years ago I had to solve the structure of Mies House of the Werkbund exhibition of 1931 as an exercise for a course named Structures Projects in the School of Architecture of Madrid. We were offered this house as an exercise because there had been some complaints about having to calculate and deal with ?bad, real, anonymous? architecture widely recognized as such, in so far as it has been widely published, that furthermore had some ideal quality to it, a quality reinforced by the fact that it was not there anymore, one could not go and see it, old and deteriorated, all images we have of it are of a shiny new object: in fact its ideal quality was even present in that it had not even been designed to be a completely real house, as nobody ever lived there and wasn?t supposed to. It was a three dimensional representation of a house, what gave it a further flair of ideality. And it was as well the representation of an idea, and we all liked that. Last but not least, it had Mies to back it up, which promised us the remote possibility of analyzing one of his works in depth, with proper tools (this was a structures course, and we had already read, or heard, something about the importance of structures in Mies?s work.) We were lured by the possibility of reconstructing, if not the pavilion, some of the ideas leading to it. Ideas that were themselves structural, like the ?perfectly regular all columnar structure?, an ideal structure. We had a sensation that we could somehow reproduce the process and thoughts of Mies leading to the solution of a particular work, investigate him in a cuasi archaeological manner, reconstruct the project, as if being able to reconstruct one work we could reconstruct the entire Mies, and placing ourselves in his position replace him, which was to know for once where we were (1). All these thoughts, passed through our minds more or less abstractly, believe it or not, before we realized that we were supposed to imagine that the roof was also supported by the walls and that the plan was lacking two columns, which was short. We could not believe that only to make the exercise more difficult, as it was admitted, the professors would mutilate a Mies work in such a way. The exercise had lost all interest to us and there were some timid protests. The surprise came when, though admitting that the supporting walls had been their idea, the professors said they had not manipulated the plan of the house at all. Some confusion followed, since that seemed quite incredible to us, even more to professors I guess. Two of us went to the library and checkout two books, one being the ?History of Modern Architecture? (the Benevolo as it was known), from where they said to have copied the plan of the house for the exercise, and another book on Mies that included the same project. The Benevolo was actually lacking the two columns, but the other book included them, making clear our point. We were able to reorient the exercise and calculate the house just as Mies had designed it. We, the students I mean, were really happy, since we had a voice in the discipline of architecture: our own discipline since we were the ones being disciplined, and we had been allowed to freely talk our way through it. I had the nice sensation that what happened was curiously and rewardingly similar to, or a kind of metaphor for, the flowing space of the free plan, that was allowed to move through the perfectly regular structure, a most disciplined structure. As Mark Wigley has noted, discipline is intimately related to prothesis. The concept of prothesis (pro-thesis) would be already architectural as ?the act of placing before?, referring to a structure that has to be placed before anything else; it is already a structure, rather than being something added that could be removed..

Escuela en Hunstanton de A+P Smithson: el Nuevo Brutalismo en Inglaterra

La tesis estudia en detalle la Hunstanton Secondary School y su trascendencia. Así, se trata de analizar el conjunto de procesos que hace que esta obra sea entendida como el manifiesto construido del Nuevo Brutalismo en Inglaterra. La Escuela en Hunstanton fue la primera obra proyectada y construida por los Smithson y, si se considera que el legado que dejaron Alison y Peter fue más de carácter teórico que constructivo, ésta se ha convertido en un edificio relevante dentro de su trayectoria profesional. Además, el rigor con el que fue realizado el proyecto y la ratificación de las ideas que subyacían tras él, a pesar del extenso intervalo temporal que caracterizó su proceso constructivo, hacen que esta obra se convierta en una síntesis de la filosofía arquitectónica gestada en Inglaterra tras la guerra. Por otro lado, hay que contemplar que la sencillez del lenguaje constructivo empleado, viene dada por la compleja reiteración de los sistemas proyectuales tipo que formulan para este proyecto y el establecimiento de una gramática casi matemática. La sistematización de su vocabulario hace que, tras el análisis de su arquitectura, se encuentren nuevos parámetros capaces de documentar este momento de la historia de la arquitectura en Inglaterra. La envolvente del edificio constituye al tiempo fachada y estructura. Esta característica ha pasado inadvertida cuando, en numerosas ocasiones y durante seis décadas, se han venido publicando las fotografías de la obra terminada y los dibujos que los Smithson habían realizado en la fase de proyecto. Como consecuencia, ha proliferado el conocimiento de la arquitectura de la escuela a un nivel más superficial, mostrando el resultado formal de la misma y con ello, simplemente se ha dejado intuir la gran influencia que Mies Van der Rohe provocó en los Smithson en los primeros años de desarrollo de su labor como arquitectos. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es, por tanto, facilitar el entendimiento del espacio que propusieron los Smithson a partir del análisis pormenorizado de los distintos sistemas constructivos empleados y del equipo personal que se vio implicado en su construcción. Para ello, es necesario abordar el estudio de los materiales y mecanismos proyectuales que hicieron posible que este conjunto de espacios –interiores y exteriores- resultase definido a través de la relación entre dos variables: una evidente austeridad en la utilización de los materiales y la combinación de los distintos sistemas intervinientes a partir del recurso de la repetición. La Escuela de Hunstanton, a pesar de las inoportunas intervenciones realizadas para adaptar el centro a unas necesidades derivadas de su número de alumnos actual (el doble que en su inicio), continúa proclamando su integridad espacial. Partiendo de la hipótesis de que la arquitectura de la Secondary School en Hunstanton, representa el manifiesto construido del Nuevo Brutalismo en Inglaterra, se concluye que el resultado de su construcción fue consecuencia de numerosas influencias que, en relación con los Smithson, estuvieron presentes durante los años en que se gestó. Algo que va más allá de la conclusión de aquellos debates arquitectónicos que se habían emprendido, por escrito, en las distintas revistas locales de arquitectura. Los mecanismos compositivos empleados, también habían tenido mucho que ver con lo que los historiadores del arte habían venido aportando a la historia de la arquitectura hasta ese momento. Desde los años 40, éstos últimos habían emprendido una nueva manera de contar la historia en la que quedaba fuertemente involucrada su capacidad crítica, provocando interferencias en la mentalidad de los arquitectos de nueva generación y otorgándoles un bagaje cultural subliminalmente determinado y subjetivo. Por supuesto, en el resultado arquitectónico final, también tuvieron mucho que ver los recursos materiales de que se disponía en aquel momento. Así como la optimización de los mismos a través de la adopción de nuevas metodologías de trabajo como puede ser la organización multidisciplinar. La inclusión del ingeniero Ronald Jenkins en el equipo de trabajo de los Smithson supuso una gran oportunidad. Este ingeniero, propuso poner en práctica la entonces innovadora Teoría Plástica en la metodología de cálculo estructural y, con ello consiguió enriquecer el resultado espacial, posibilitando la percepción de una arquitectura ligera –a pesar de sus grandes dimensiones- y vinculada al paisaje donde se inserta. Pero todos estos condicionantes fueron pasados a su vez por el filtro del deseo de una regeneración social, que buscaba el modelo de la sociedad americana. El Buen Vivir que propugnaban los americanos, viajaba a Europa de la mano de la publicidad. Y, al igual que la componente publicitaria tuvo algo que ver en el proceso creativo de la arquitectura de la escuela, también lo tuvo el conocimiento del arte pop y sus recursos compositivos. ABSTRACT The thesis examines in detail the project of Hunstanton Secondary School and the architectural language’s significance used in it. Thus, it is reinterpreting the set of processes that makes this work to be understood as the “built manifesto” of the English New Brutalism. Hunstanton School’s project was the first work designed and built by the Smithsons and, considering their legacy -more theoretical than constructed-, make of this building an important work within their career. In addition, the rigor with which it was carried out the project and the ratification of the ideas lying behind him, make this work becomes a synthesis of the architectural philosophy gestated in England after the war, despite the extensive time interval that characterized its construction process. On the other hand, it must be considered the simplicity of the constructive language used in this project. It is given by the complex projective repetition of the type systems and by the establishment of a quasi-mathematical grammar. The systematization of its vocabulary makes, after a deep analysis of its architecture, to recognize new parameters able to document this moment in the history of English architecture. The building envelope is, at the same time, facade and structure. This feature has been overlooked when many photographs of the finished work and its drawings -made by the Smithsons during the design phase- has been exposed over six decades. As a result, it has proliferated the knowledge of Hunstanton Secondary Modern School’s architecture as a more superficial level, just by showing the formal outcome of its project and thus simply been left the sensation of the great influence that Mies Van der Rohe provocated in the Smithson thinking during their first years of developing his work as architects. Therefore, the main objective of this thesis is to facilitate an understanding of the Smithsons’ proposed space. This is made possible through the detailed analysis of the different systems used in it and, by understanding the knowledge of the team involved in its construction. To prove this, it is necessary to pay attention to the study of the materials and to different project mechanisms that make possible to this group of spaces -inner and outer- be defined through the game played by two variables: an apparent austerity in the use of materials and the combination of the various participant systems through the resource of repetition. Despite the untimely interventions made in order to adapt the center to the new needs (the large increase in the number of students), Hunstanton School’s building continues proclaiming its spatial integrity. Assuming that Hunstanton Secondary School’s architecture represents the manifesto of New Brutalism in England, it is concluded that the result of its construction was the result of numerous influences that, in connection with the Smithsons, were present during the years in which its project was conceived. This meaning goes beyond the conclusions made from the architectural debate that was published in many of local architectural magazines. The compositional mechanisms employed, are also linked to what art historians had contributed to the history of architecture until then. Since the 40s, historians had undertaken a new way to tell History. This new mode strongly implied its critical capacity. All this, was causing interferences in the mentality of the architects of the new generation and, giving them a subliminally determined and very subjective cultural background. Of course, the final architectural result had much to do with the material resources available at that time and, with its optimization through the adoption of new working methods as the multidisciplinary organization. The inclusion of engineer Ronald Jenkins in the team of the Smithsons was a great opportunity. He proposed to implement the new Plastic Theory in the structural calculation and thereby he got enrich the spatial results achieved, by enabling the perception of a lightweight construction, despite its large size and, linked to the landscape where it is inserted. But all these conditions were passed through the filter of social regeneration’s desire, following the American society’s model. This American model travelled to Europe in the hands of advertising. And, in the same way that publicity had something to do with the creative process of this architecture, also had a lot to do the knowledge of pop art and its compositional resources.

La ciudad y el viento : la morfología urbana y su relación con el uso estancial del espacio público abierto en territorios con vientos fuertes y climas fríos : el caso de la ciudad de Punta Arenas, región de Magallanes, Chile

El presente trabajo ahonda en el conocimiento del viento urbano. La investigación pasa revista a la historia de la relación del viento y la ciudad y revisa tres pares de disciplinas implicadas en comprender mejor dicha relación: la arquitectura y el urbanismo, la meteorología y la climatología y, por último, la ingeniería aeroespacial y la aerodinámica civil. Se estudian el comportamiento y la fluidez del viento al desplazarse por cuerpos romos no fuselados (los edificios y la trama urbana), así como sus efectos dentro de la ciudad. Asimismo, se examinan las metodologías existentes para comprenderlo, medirlo y analizarlo, desde los estudios de proporción y modelamiento en túneles de viento hasta las simulaciones virtuales y las dinámicas de fluidos CFD. Posteriormente se reconoce un caso de estudio que permite analizar el viento como un factor aislado, pero desde los parámetros morfológicos de una ciudad en la que se generan patrones aerodinámicos muy característicos: Punta Arenas, la ciudad más austral del mundo, donde los vientos corren casi siempre desde la misma dirección, el “oeste”, a más de 33,3 m/s, lo que equivale a 120 Km/h. La hipótesis de la investigación es que la morfología del casco histórico de Punta Arenas genera patrones aerodinámicos que condicionan el bienestar en los espacios públicos. El objetivo general de la investigación es estudiar los efectos aerodinámicos presentes en la morfología urbana para mejorar la permanencia en los espacios públicos, proponiendo estrategias para el desarrollo morfológico y volumétrico de los cuerpos edificados. En el desarrollo del caso de estudio se reconocen, al interior del cañón urbano, las temperaturas, los índices de asoleamiento y sus conos de sombra, la dirección del viento y la visualización del vórtice al interior del cañón urbano, para determinar cómo estos factores impactan en el espacio público. Las conclusiones indican que los patrones aerodinámicos presentes en la morfología urbana conducen el viento hacia los espacios públicos que se encuentran o desprotegidos del viento o con excesiva turbulencias, por tanto, los patrones aerodinámicos inciden en el uso estancial de los espacios públicos, generando problemas mecánicos al peatón e incidiendo en la sensación térmica en dichos espacios. Ello permite confirmar que es posible modificar y mejorar el uso de los espacios públicos si somos capaces de modelar la morfología urbana con el fin de reorientar los patrones aerodinámicos que afectan significativamente a dichos espacios. ABSTRACT This work deepens into the knowledge of urban wind. The study reviews the history of the relationship between the wind and the city and reviews three pairs of disciplines involved in understanding better these relationship: Architecture and Urbanism, Meteorology and Climatology and, finally, Aerospace and Civil Aerodynamics. The behavior and flow of wind through blunt bodies not fairings (the buildings and the urban fabric) and its effects within the city are studied. Also, existing methodologies to understand, measure and analyze the wind are examined, from the studios of proportion and modeling in wind tunnels to virtual simulations and fluid dynamics CFD. Subsequently, a case study to analyze the wind as an isolated factor is recognized, but from the morphological parameters of a city where very characteristic aerodynamic patterns are generated: Punta Arenas, the southernmost city in the world, where the winds run almost always from the same direction, the "West", at more than 33.3 m/s, which is equivalent to 120 km/h. The research hypothesis is that the morphology of the historic center of Punta Arenas generates aerodynamic patterns that determine the well-being in public spaces. The overall objective of the research is to study the aerodynamic effects present in the urban morphology to improve retention in public spaces, proposing strategies for morphological and volumetric development of the built bodies. In developing the case study are recognized, within the urban canyon, temperatures, rates of sunlight and shadow cones, wind direction and visualization of the vortex into the urban canyon, to determine how these factors impact in public space. The findings indicate that the aerodynamic patterns in urban morphology lead wind to public spaces that are unprotected or find themselves in a condition of excessive wind or turbulence; therefore, aerodynamic patterns affect the use of public spaces, generating mechanical problems for pedestrians and affecting the thermal sensation in such spaces. This confirms that it is possible to modify and improve the use of public spaces if we are able to model the urban morphology in order to reorient the aerodynamic patterns that significantly affect those spaces.