The First Occurrence in the Fossil Record of an Aquatic Avian Twig-Nest with Phoenicopteriformes Eggs: Evolutionary Implication

14 p.

O novo nordeste: Celso Furtado, Josué de Castro e o debate sobre desenvolvimentismo e o sertão nordestino nos anos 50

Esta Dissertação analisa os pressupostos teóricos do debate entre dois pensadores brasileiros e nordestinos de projeção internacional no campo intelectual do pensamento sobre Desenvolvimento - o economista Celso Furtado, arquiteto da chamada Política de Desenvolvimento para o Nordeste, e o Geógrafo, médico e sociólogo Josué de Castro, autor do célebre livro Geografia da Fome - em torno da condição sócio-histórico-econômica do sertão nordestino em fins dos anos 50 e dos planos desenvolvimentistas da Operação Nordeste, posterior base da criação da Superintendência do Desenvolvimento do Nordeste (Sudene), como meio de melhor iluminar e compreender as bases teóricas, as críticas e as conseqüências das políticas desenvolvimentistas aplicadas em meados do século XX ao sertão do nordeste na configuração socioeconômica do semi-árido nordestino atual, bem como meio de melhor mapear as divergências dentro do campo intelectual desenvolvimentista brasileiro do final da década de 1950.

Temporal and spatial variations in the quality of water in El Gergal Reservior, Seville, Spain

It is often difficult to define ‘water quality’ with any degree of precision. One approach is that suggested by Battarbee (1997) and is based on the extent to which individual lakes have changed compared with their natural ‘baseline’ status. Defining the base-line status of artificial lakes and reservoirs however, is, very difficult. In ecological terms, the definition of quality must include some consideration of their functional characteristics and the extent to which these characteristics are self-sustaining. The challenge of managing lakes in a sustainable way is particularly acute in semi-arid, Mediterranean countries. Here the quality of the water is strongly influenced by the unpredictability of the rainfall as well as year-to-year variations in the seasonal averages. Wise management requires profound knowledge of how these systems function. Thus a holistic approach must be adopted and the factors influencing the seasonal dynamics of the lakes quantified over a range of spatial and temporal scales. In this article, the authors describe some of the ways in which both long-term and short-term changes in the weather have influenced the seasonal and spatial dynamics of phytoplankton in El Gergal, a water supply reservoir situated in the south of Spain. The quality of the water stored in this reservoir is typically very good but surface blooms of algae commonly appear during warm, calm periods when the water level is low. El Gergal reservoir is managed by the Empresa Municipal de Abastecimiento y Saneamiento (EMASESA) and supplies water for domestic, commercial and industrial use to an area which includes the city of Seville and twelve of its surrounding towns (ca. 1.3 million inhabitants). El Gergal is the last of two reservoirs in a chain of four situated in the Rivera de Huelva basin, a tributary of the Guadalquivir river. It was commissioned by EMASESA in 1979 and since then the company has monitored its main limnological parameters on, at least, a monthly basis and used this information to improve the management of the reservoir. As a consequence of these intensive studies the physical, chemical and biological information acquired during this period makes the El Gergal database one of the most complete in Spain. In this article the authors focus on three ‘weather-related’ effects that have had a significant impact on the composition and distribution of phytoplankton in El Gergal: (i) the changes associated with severe droughts; (ii) the spatial variations produced by short-term changes in the weather; (iii) the impact of water transfers on the seasonal dynamics of the dinoflagellate Ceratium.

Geomorphology of a Portion of the Easternmost Ventura Basin

The Humphreys Quadrangle is a portion of the easternmost Ventura Basin underlain by a thick series of Tertiary sedimentary rocks. On these rocks a great variety of geomorphic forms have been molded by the processes of running water typical of a semi-arid climate and by several types of mass movement. Among the different categories of mass movement present, a new type, the siltflow, was observed.

The geomorphic forms of special interest present in the quadrangle are rock cones, open canyonheads, asymmetric canyons, and stream terraces and straths. The author urges the adoption of the definition of strath as that part of an old dissected valley floor, including the floors of tributary valleys, which was not part of the floodplain of the main valley stream.

An old erosion surface, the Puckett Mesa Surface, is present in the Humphreys Quadrangle which is correlative with certain of the older stream terraces. By correlating the variation of gradient and of fill of the stream terraces with post –Wisconsin climatic fluctuations the age of the Puckett Mesa Surface is set at approximately 6000 B.C. This correlation sets the probable age of the older Rancho La Brea deposits at 6000 to 8000 B. C. and the probable age of the Carpenteria brea deposits at 1000 to 1 B. C.

Alterations of the global water cycle and their effects on river structure, function and services

River structure and functioning are governed naturally by geography and climate but are vulnerable to natural and human-related disturbances, ranging from channel engineering to pollution and biological invasions. Biological communities in river ecosystems are able to respond to disturbances faster than those in most other aquatic systems. However, some extremely strong or lasting disturbances constrain the responses of river organisms and jeopardise their extraordinary resilience. Among these, the artificial alteration of river drainage structure and the intense use of water resources by humans may irreversibly influence these systems. The increased canalisation and damming of river courses interferes with sediment transport, alters biogeochemical cycles and leads to a decrease in biodiversity, both at local and global scales. Furthermore, water abstraction can especially affect the functioning of arid and semi-arid rivers. In particular, interception and assimilation of inorganic nutrients can be detrimental under hydrologically abnormal conditions. Among other effects, abstraction and increased nutrient loading might cause a shift from heterotrophy to autotrophy, through direct effects on primary producers and indirect effects through food webs, even in low-light river systems. The simultaneous desires to conserve and to provide ecosystem services present several challenges, both in research and management.

Caracterização do conteúdo orgânico e posicionamento palinoestratigráfico de sedimentos eocretáceos na área de Aramari Bacia do Recôncavo

O presente estudo baseou-se na análise do conteúdo orgânico do furo de sondagem rasa do poço 9-FBA-69-BA localizado na Bacia do Recôncavo. Foram utilizadas 126 amostras para análise de COT e 35 pares de lâminas para as análises palinológicas e palinofaciológicas. As análises palinofaciológicas mostraram que os componentes orgânicos particulados são dominados por material orgânico amorfo em praticamente toda a seção. Representantes alóctones estão pontualmente presentes e representados por fitoclastos, grãos de pólen e esporos. Os resultados de COT mostram valores percentuais acima de 1% em praticamente todo o intervalo estudado. Através da observação à luz de microscopia branca transmitida e luz incidente, foi possível individualizar três palinofácies distintas para a seção, levando-se em conta os tipos e o grau de preservação da matéria orgânica. A análise do ICE (Índice de Coloração dos Esporos) apresenta valores de maturação entre 4,5 a 5, caracterizando um grau de maturação térmica próximo da janela de geração de hidrocarbonetos. A associação palinoflorística mostra uma baixa diversidade de representantes, onde dentre os 292 palinomorfos com 28 gêneros e 11 espécies de grãos de pólen e esporos, 167 são representados somente pela espécie Classopollis classoides. Baseado na associação palinoflorística presente e na análise litológica do poço podemos inferir que a sedimentação ocorreu em um paleoambiente fluvial deltaico- lacustre, sob um clima árido a semiárido visto a abundante presença de formas Rimuladas. Apesar da não detecção das formas guias diagnósticas de idade, que definem as palinozonas do arcabouço palinoestratigráfico válido para seções cretáceas brasileiras, a associação palinológica recuperada, com formas típicas do eocretáceo (Classopollis classoides, Araucariacites australis, Equisetosporites sp.), aliado a presença da espécie Vitreisporites pallidus, e ausência de formas do neocretáceo, nos permitiu posicionar a seção na palinozona Vitreisporites pallidus considerada de idade Aratu

Avaliação do reúso agrícola de águas oleosas da indústria de petróleo tratadas por eletrofloculação e osmose inversa: efeitos na germinação, no desenvolvimento de plântulas de girassol e em atributos do solo

A presente tese de doutorado teve como objetivo estabelecer parâmetros para avaliar a viabilidade do reúso agrícola de águas oleosas da indústria de petróleo, como as águas de produção (AP) de campos de exploração onshore do semiárido nordestino, na irrigação de culturas de girassol destinadas à produção de biodiesel. A AP foi produzida sinteticamente e tratada utilizando-se as técnicas de eletrofloculação (EF) e de osmose inversa (OI). Foram analisados os efeitos da AP não tratada, tratada por EF e por EF combinada com osmose inversa (EF+OI) na germinação, desenvolvimento e produção de biomassa de plântulas de girassol e também nos atributos de um solo característico do semiárido nordestino. Na melhor condição operacional do tratamento da AP por EF (28,6 A m-2 durante 4 min.) foram obtidas eficiências de remoção de óleos e graxas (O&G), demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), cor e turbidez superiores a 95%. O tratamento EF+OI promoveu a remoção do excesso de salinidade e de ferro oriundo da etapa de EF, enquadrando-se esses parâmetros dentro de níveis de referência recomendados para água de irrigação. Níveis de O&G e DQO superiores, respectivamente, a 337 mg L-1 e 1.321 mg O2 L-1 na AP bruta produziram efeitos tóxicos, reduzindo-se o índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e o percentual de plântulas normais do girassol. Por outro lado, os efluentes tratados por EF e EF+OI produziram efeitos similares no percentual de sementes germinadas, no IVG, no percentual de plântulas normais e na produção de biomassa do girassol. O uso da AP tratada por EF, com ou sem diluição, contribuiu significativamente para o aumento da salinidade e dos teores de sódio do solo, diferentemente da tratada por EF+OI, que produziu efeitos similares ao do controle (água destilada)

Periodic autoregressive moving average models for the analysis of streamflow [abstract]

EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): Streamflow values show definite seasonal patterns in their month-to-month correlation structure. The structure also seems to vary as a function of the type of stream (coastal versus mountain or humid versus arid region). The standard autoregressive moving average (ARMA) time series model is incapable of reproducing this correlation structure. ... A periodic ARMA time series model is one in which an ARMA model is fitted to each month or season but the parameters of the model are constrained to be periodic according to a Fourier series. This constraint greatly reduces the number of parameters but still leaves the flexibility for matching the seasonally varying correlograms.

半干旱草原碳素循环与生产力的研究

半干旱草原是脆弱的生态系统，长期受人类活动的强烈影响，受全球变化的作用本地区的气温可能有较大幅度的升高，而降水的变化较小，气候条件更加恶劣。本文根据时空代换的原理，选择主要受降水和人类活动控制的五种主要植物群落，包括羊草群落、大针茅群落、克氏针茅群落、羊草．冷蒿群落和沙蒿群落，从野外直接原状移栽到一起，分别在生长初期、前期、盛期和后期采用动态IRGA法测定了群落的气体交换特征。同时对主要植物种类的功能叶片的光合和蒸腾特征进行了同期测定。此外在野外用密闭室碱液吸收法直接动态测定了大针茅群落的土壤呼吸，并通过调查推算了流域内沙地和锡林河河谷湿地间在水资源利用和生产力方面的相互作用。在此基础上讨论了该区域生产力和碳素循环对气候变化可能图景的响应。文章认为气温升高而降水变化微弱的前景可能导致区域生产力的降低，在气候变化过程中该区域可能是碳源，但是气候稳定后碳素可能基本平衡。

毛乌素沙地优势植物对全球气候变化的响应研究

毛乌素沙地是中国半干旱地区典型沙地，这里的干旱生态系统对全球的水热配合格局的变化具有很灵敏的响应。随着未来全球气候变化，如温度和降水量变化，将给这里的陆地生态系统分布格局和生产力以及水分平衡带来巨大影响。故本文人工控制157. 5mm、315. Omm、472. 5mm和630. Omm4种施水量水平以及25/20℃和28/23℃（白天／晚上）两种温度，来研究与模拟毛乌素沙地优势植物对水分和温度变化的响应。 以沙柳、杨柴和油蒿幼苗为研究对象，人工控制4种降水量水平来探讨它们的水分平衡对全球变化中降水量变化的响应。结果表明，随着施水量的增加，沙地贮水量及其它的变化量、湿度、蒸发量和蒸腾量均逐渐增大。并且157. 5mm和315. Omm施水量的植物沙地出现水分亏缺现象。相同施水量下，沙地蓄水量和湿度均杨柴沙地>沙柳沙地>油蒿沙地，而植物蒸腾量却油蒿>沙柳>杨柴。 以沙柳和油蒿幼苗为研究对象，人工控制4种降水量水平来探讨植物气体交换过程对全球变化中降水量变化的响应。结果表明，施水量的增加显著提高了两种植物的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度和光能利用效率，并且显著降低了叶片温度。同时，157. 5mm施水量造成沙柳和油蒿的净光合速率和蒸腾速率具有显著的“午睡”现象，而充足施水却有效的解除或缓解这种“午睡”现象。 以沙柳、杨柴、油蒿和柠条幼苗为研究对象，人工控制4种降水量水平来探讨植物叶绿素荧光对全球变化中降水量变化的响应。结果表明，不同施水量对这4种植物的初始荧光、最大荧光、可变荧光和PSII光化学效率均具有显著影响。157. 5mm施水量的沙柳、杨柴、油蒿和柠条以及630. Omm施水量的柠条出现明显的光抑制现象。 以沙柳、杨柴、油蒿和柠条幼苗为研究对象，人工控制4种降水量水平来探讨植物生长对全球变化中降水量变化的响应。结果表明，施水量的增加对沙柳、油蒿和杨柴枝叶形态和生物量等都具有显著正效应。而157. 5mm和630. Omrn的施水量对柠条生长具有负作用。另外，沙柳、杨柴和油蒿根冠生物量比随着施水量增加均逐渐减小，而不同施水量的油蒿根冠生物量比之间差异不显著。 以柠条、杨柴和油蒿幼苗为研究对象，人工控制两种温度水平来探讨植物形态、生物量和气候交换特征对增温的响应。结果表明，增温显著提高了柠条和杨柴株高、叶数、叶面积、生物量、净光合速率、蒸腾速率和气孔导度，却显著降低了水分利用效率。增温对油蒿叶数、叶大小、叶面积、生物量、蒸腾速率和气孔导度没有显著影响，却显著提高了油蒿的树高和净光合速率。柠条、杨柴和油蒿之间的种间生长和生理特征均有显著差异。

Strategy of fish seed production in India

In tropical countries like India, climatic conditions vary in different parts, as a result the breeding of fast growing species such as Catla and silver carps poses considerable problems due to erratic or late monsoon or prolonged dry spell. Hence it is not possible to meet the fish seed requirement of the country. Therefore: to meet the future requirement and to over-come the environmental conditions a Modern carp Hatchery CIFE D-81 was designed. The system provides optimum temperature, silt free clean, cool, highly oxygenated water, low current and continuous removal of metabolites. It has been successfully demonstrated at Rawatbhata (Rajasthan), Badkhal (Haryana), Badbhada (M.P), Guntur and East Godavari District (A.P). Recently a Modern Carp Hatchery was installed in a semi-arid zone, Damdama (Haryana), during 1984, where it has produced record 1.88 crores of fish seed and worked successfully.

施肥和降水增加对半干旱草地生产力和温室气体排放的影响

人类活动能显著地改变生态系统的属性和功能。这些变化不仅发生在容易观察的局部层面上，如土壤沙化、植被退化等;还能更深刻地影响到微生物控制的温室气体释放，进而影响大尺度上气候的变化。本论文根据2 年田间试验结果报告了人类干扰（草地退耕和施肥）和降水增加30%对中国北部农牧交错区（内蒙古多伦县）半干旱草地生态系统生产力和温室气体排放的影响。 本研究发现氮是影响该区草地和弃耕地生产力的最重要因子，即使低量的氮肥应用(5 g N y-1)也能使该区草地地上净初级生产力（ANPP）增加36-46%。然而氮对草地生产力影响主要集中在地上部分，对地下净初级生产力（BNPP） 影响比较微弱。单独使用磷肥对ANPP 和BNPP 均无显著影响，氮磷混施对ANPP 有显著正交互作用。增加的降水对草地和弃耕地ANPP 和BNPP 有弱的正效应，增加30%降水使草地对照ANPP 增加9-25%，BNPP 增加12%-17%，弃耕地对照ANPP 增加7%-37%，BNPP 增加36%-37% 。草地和弃耕地对照ANPP 并无显著差别，由于高于弃耕地1-3 倍的BNPP，总体上草地比弃耕地有更高的固碳能力。这个结果也说明草地能更有效地把植物地上部分固定的碳转移到地下，这与草地长期发育积累的丰富地下根系和高根冠比物种组成有关。 水肥处理及土地利用方式也深刻改变了温室气体排放。温带草地和弃耕地CO2 排放（系统呼吸：Re）存在显著季节变化，温度、水分和地上生物量是控制这些变化的主要因子。在气候温暖的6-9 月份，生物量和土壤水分是决定系统呼吸季节变化主要因子，而与温度无明显相关。随着氮肥使用，草地和弃耕地呼吸速率加大，其温度敏感系数Q10 也明显升高，这主要与氮肥使用后增加的地上生物量有关。由于水分促进作用和生物量的弱增长，增加的降水也加大了草地和弃耕地CO2 排放。低的地下生物量和有机碳氮并没有导致弃耕地低的CO2 排放，显示了农垦后土壤结构破坏导致的有机碳分解增加不会在农业弃耕后短期内（5-6 年）停止。 除了对生物量的不敏感性外，中国北部半干旱生态系统N2O 排放表现出与CO2 排放类似的变化规律：水分和温度是N2O 季节变化的主导因子;氮肥使用和降水增加都增加了N2O 排放;N2O 排放在草地对照和弃耕地对照之间没有显著差别。更少的根系对无机氮的竞争导致了弃耕地比草地有更高的N2O 释放因子（单位氮添加所引起N2O 释放）。低的土壤水分（<70% WFPS ）和无机氮都是限制反硝化发生的重要条件，因此硝化可能是草地和弃耕地N2O 的最主要来源。半干旱草地生态系统N2O 排放与CO2 排放之间存在着显著线性关系。 中国北部半干旱草地和弃耕地都起着CH4 汇的生态功能。水分是控制CH4 吸收季节变异的主导变量，土壤空隙水含量（WFPS）与CH4 指数递减方程能解释其变异的64%-83% 。增加的降水导致了土壤水分增加，从而引起甲烷氧化菌所需基质（CH4 和O2）扩散受阻，减小了土壤CH4 吸收功能。施肥并没有抑制CH4 吸收，相反由于施肥后植物速生对土壤水的抽干作用，施肥增加了植物速生期时的CH4 吸收。CH4 吸收对农垦引起的土壤微生物生境结构破坏非常敏感，在农业措施停止5-6 年后的弃耕地，CH4 吸收仍比草地低24%。 本研究初步分析了影响中国北部农牧交错区草地生态系统生产力及温室气体排放的自然环境因子和人为因子，给出了它们之间的定性、定量关系，为科学地管理中国北部草地，充分发挥其生态和经济效益功能提供了有效信息。

The role of macrophytes in the economy of the lower Sondu-Miriu river of Lake Victoria

This paper highlights the results of a 12 month's ecological study of macrophytes and their role in the economy of the lower Sondu-Miriu river of Lake Victoria. A total of 34 species of aquatic macrophytes were identified. These were grouped as emergent, floating leaved, free floating and submersed. The major community type identified were dominated by Cladium jamaicanse (Crantz) Kurk., Cyperus paprus (L.) and Cyperus latifolius (Poir). The study observed an over dependence on macrophytes by the local community for the supply of bedding, grazing fields, fuel, roofing and other building materials. The white (heart) of Typha shoot, Nile cabbage (Pistia stratiotes and a legume solanum nigrum traditionally known as "osuga" are used as vegetables by local community. The only source of protein in this arid region is the fish caught in the swamps and birds which inhabit the swamp. The swamp provides the only source of green pasture in the dry season for the animals. An export oriented economy has developed involving mat making and basket weaving with exports reaching as far as Japan. The study proposes a rational and sustainable exploitation of the littoral zone to support the adjacent rural community.

黄土高原半干旱区集雨补灌生态农业研究进展

黄土高原半干旱地区在中国旱作农业生产中占有重要地位。干旱缺水与水土流失并存是制约该区域经济发展的两大瓶颈因素。水保农业和径流农业两种旱作农业生产方式已趋于成熟,但对天然降水调控利用能力低下,难于实现农业生产的优质高产高效。集雨补灌生态农业是在继承水保农业和径流农业成功技术基础上,对降雨调控利用方式的进一步发展,它能在时间和空间两个方面实现降雨径流的富集叠加,能充分发挥环境资源与水肥光热因子的协同增效作用,大幅度提高农业生产力,实现同步缓解干旱缺水与水土流失双重目标。集雨补灌是黄土高原半干旱区农业可持续发展的一种综合模式和战略性措施,对黄土高原半干旱区生态型现代农业发展具有重要推动作用。

砂石覆盖厚度和粒径对土壤蒸发的影响

在干旱半干旱地区,砂石覆盖作为一项传统的覆盖技术,可以明显减少土壤蒸发,为作物生长提供良好的水分条件。为研究不同粒径和厚度砂石覆盖对土壤蒸发的影响,进行了室内模拟试验,对3种粒径(2.5~10、10~25和25~40 mm)和2种覆盖厚度(8 cm和14 cm)以及不同粒径砂石配比条件下土壤水分蒸发进行了研究。结果表明,砂石覆盖能有效地抑制土壤蒸发,在土壤含水量较高的阶段,这种抑制作用更加明显。砂石覆盖对土壤蒸发的抑制作用与粒径和覆盖厚度密切相关,在2.5~40 mm粒径范围内,随着砂石粒径的增大,砂石覆盖对蒸发的抑制作用降低,对蒸发过程的影响减弱,覆盖厚度越大,蒸发量越小。有效的砂石配比应选择细砂石处理,不宜过粗。