A normative study of distortion product otoacoustic emissions in six-year-old school children

Evoked otoacoustic emissions have demonstrated potential for application in the community-based hearing screening of paediatric populations. Distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs), as opposed to transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs), have not been extensively researched in this regard. The current study aimed to describe the range of DPOAE values obtained in a large cohort (1576 ears) of 6-year-old children in school settings and to examine possible ear asymmetry, gender and history of ear infection effects on the data. Results indicated a variety of significant effects, particularly in the high frequencies, for DPOAE signal-to-noise ratio. The measurement parameter, DPOAE amplitude (DP-amp), was found to display potentially less clinical applicability due to large standard deviation values. Use of descriptive normative data, as derived in the present investigation, may contribute toward future improvements in the hearing screening of 6-year-old schoolchildren

Production of the baculovirus-expressed dengue virus glycoprotein NS1 can be improved dramatically with optimised regimes for fed-batch cultures and the addition of the insect moulting hormone, 20-Hydroxyecdysone

A perennial problem in recombinant protein expression is low yield of the product of interest. A strategy which has been shown to increase the production of baculovirus-expressed proteins is to utilise fed-batch cultures. One disadvantage of this approach is the time-consuming task of optimising the feeding strategy. Previously, a statistical optimisation routine was applied to develop a feeding strategy that increased the yield of beta-Galactosidase (beta-Gal) by 2.4-fold (Biotechnol. Bioeng, 59 (1998) 178). This involves the single addition of nutrient concentrates (amino acids, lipids. glucose and yeastolate ultrafiltrate) into Sf9 cell cultures grown in SF900II medium. In this study, it is demonstrated that this optimised fed-batch strategy developed for a high-yielding intracellular product beta-Gal could be applied successfully to a relatively low-yielding glycosylated and secreted product such as the dengue virus glycoprotein NS1. Optimised batch infections yielded 4 mug/ml of NS1 at a peak cell density of 4.2 x 10(6) cells/ml. In contrast. optimised fed-batch infections exhibited a 3-fold improvement in yield, with 12 mug ml of NS1 produced at a peak cell density of 11.3 x 10(6) cells/ml. No further improvements in yield were recorded when the feed volumes were doubled and the peak cell density was increased to 23 x 10(6) cells/ml, unless the cultures were stimulated by the addition of 4 mug/ml of 20-Hydroxyecdysone (an insect moulting hormone). In this case, the NS1 yield was increased to 20 mug/ml. which was nearly 5-fold higher than optimised batch cultures. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

The effects of level of dietary protein on the milk production and rumen physiology of dairy cows fed a diet based on a tropical grass hay

zFour rumen-fistulated, multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows in early lactation were offered mixed diets based on rhodes grass hay (Chloris gayana) cv. Callide containing 13, 14, 15 or 16% crude protein (CP) on a dry matter basis, in a 4 x 4 latin square design. The estimated undegradable protein concentration in these diets was similar with rumen degradable protein concentration varying. Cows fed a diet containing 13% CP had lower (P = 0.07) milk yields than cows in other treatments (20.4 vs 21.9, 22.0 and 22.2 L/d for 13, 14, 15 and 16% CP, respectively). A positive linear relationship was found (P = 0.06) between organic matter intake and dietary CP%. There were negative linear relationships between dietary CP% and digestibilities of dry matter (P = 0.09), organic matter (P = 0.06) and neutral detergent fibre (P = 0.02). Feeding a diet containing 13% CP resulted in significantly lower (P = 0.001) molar proportions (%) of rumen valerate in comparison with other treatments. The molar proportions of isovalerate differed (P = 0.001) between treatments (0.66, 0.78, 0.89 and 1.04%) for 13, 14, 15 and 16% CP, respectively). Dietary protein level had no effect on rates of passage, in situ digestion of rhodes grass hay or ratios of allantoin: creatinine in urine. These data showed that increasing the dietary CP concentration of lactating cows fed diets based on rhodes grass hay increased intakes and not significantly improved at dietary CP concentrations above 14% DM.

The JK three-product cyclone - performance and potential applications

In spite of their wide application in comminution circuits, hydrocyclones have at least one significant disadvantage in that their operation inherently tends to return the fine denser liberated minerals to the grinding mill. This results in unnecessary overgrinding which adds to the milling cost and can adversely affect the efficiency of downstream processes. In an attempt to solve this problem, a three-product cyclone has been developed at the Julius Kruttschnitt Mineral Research Centre (JKMRC) to generate a second overflow in which the fine dense liberated minerals can be selectively concentrated for further treatment. In this paper, the design and operation of the three-product cyclone are described. The influence of the length of the second vortex finder on the performance of a 150-mm unit treating a mixture of magnetite and silica is investigated. Conventional cyclone tests were also conducted under similar conditions. Using the operational performance data of the three-product and conventional cyclones, it is shown that by optimising the length of the second vortex finder, the amount of fine dense mineral particles that reports to the three-product cyclone underflow can be reduced. In addition, the three-product cyclone can be used to generate middlings stream that may be more suitable for flash flotation than the conventional cyclone underflow, or alternatively, could be classified with a microscreen to separate the valuables from the gangue. At the same time, a fines stream having similar properties to those of the conventional overflow can be obtained. Hence, if the middlings stream was used as feed for flash flotation or microscreening, the fines stream could be used in lieu of the conventional overflow without compromising the feed requirements for the conventional flotation circuit. Some of the other potential applications of the new cyclone are described. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Fatores intervenientes na implementação de ações estratégicas para a promoção do selo de indicação geográfica das panelas de barro de goiabeiras

Visando a proteção da propriedade industrial advinda de uma região demarcada, surgiu a Indicação Geográfica (IG). O registro da IG é conferido aos produtos ou serviços característicos de seu local de origem, apresentando qualidades únicas em função dos recursos naturais. Além disso, a IG é responsável por distinguir estes produtos em relação aos disponíveis no mercado. Neste contexto, entidades como Sebrae, MAPA e INPI, têm promovido ações estratégicas com o objetivo de apoiar a proteção do saber fazer e consequentemente, os produtos tradicionais das regiões. Tais entidades são responsáveis por promover a sustentabilidade do processo juntos aos produtores, assim como disseminar o selo para os consumidores. Assim, iniciativas como esta precisam ser apoiadas a fim de entregar resultados significativos para o desenvolvimento das regiões e seus respectivos produtos com o selo de IG. O Plano de Apoio à Gestão da Indicação Geográfica desenvolvido pelo Sebrae/ES tem três pilares: melhoria do processo de produção, promoção do produto e a sustentabilidade do processo. A presente pesquisa, baseando-se nas teorias sobre estratégia e implementação de estratégias, analisa os fatores intervenientes que contribuem para o sucesso da implementação do Plano de Apoio à Gestão da indicação geográfica das Panelas de Barro de Goiabeiras, bairro do município de Vitória, capital do Espírito Santo. A pesquisa é um estudo de caso de natureza qualitativa, exploratória e descritiva ex-post-facto. Os dados foram coletados nos documentos (plano de ação do Sebrae/ES, Livro dos Saberes e relatórios desenvolvidos por consultores especializados) e por meio de entrevistas com seis agentes de políticas públicas e cinco paneleiras, envolvidos na elaboração e implementação do plano de ação. Para a análise dos dados, adotou-se a metodologia de análise de conteúdo com index definido a posteriori. Do Plano de Apoio à Gestão da IG das Paneleiras de Goiabeiras, foram agrupadas três ações estratégicas buscando identificar em que medida os fatores intervenientes afetaram a implementação de cada ação estudada: Ação1: fortalecimento dos aspectos culturais do produto, Ação 2: fortalecimento dos aspectos sociais do produto e Ação 3: fortalecimento dos aspectos econômicos associados à diferenciação por IG. Os resultados mostraram que na Ação 1 o fator interveniente liderança superou as expectativas na implementação das estratégias. Já os aspectos políticos, o acompanhamento de resultados e a estrutura organizacional desenvolveram as ações conforme o planejado, enquanto os fatores intervenientes cultura e clareza nas estratégias apresentaram oportunidades de melhorias. Na Ação 2 somente os fatores intervenientes recursos, cultura e clareza nas estratégias apresentaram-se de acordo com o proposto, enquanto a liderança e a estrutura organizacional mostraram-se como pontos de oportunidades de melhoria. Por fim, na Ação 3 nenhum fator interveniente foi destaque como uma oportunidade de melhoria. A estrutura organizacional e os aspectos políticos apresentaram-se de acordo, enquanto os recursos e a liderança superaram as expectativas.

Integrating environmental and economic life cycle analysis in product development: a material selection case study

Purpose Achieving sustainability by rethinking products, services and strategies is an enormous challenge currently laid upon the economic sector, in which materials selection plays a critical role. In this context, the present work describes an environmental and economic life cycle analysis of a structural product, comparing two possible material alternatives. The product chosen is a storage tank, presently manufactured in stainless steel (SST) or in a glass fibre reinforced polymer composite (CST). The overall goal of the study is to identify environmental and economic strong and weak points related to the life cycle of the two material alternatives. The consequential win-win or trade-off situations will be identified via a Life Cycle Assessment/Life Cycle Costing (LCA/LCC) integrated model. Methods The LCA/LCC integrated model used consists in applying the LCA methodology to the product system, incorporating, in parallel, its results into the LCC study, namely those of the Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) and the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA). Results In both the SST and CST systems the most significant life cycle phase is the raw materials production, in which the most significant environmental burdens correspond to the Fossil fuels and Respiratory inorganics categories. The LCA/LCC integrated analysis shows that the CST has globally a preferable environmental and economic profile, as its impacts are lower than those of the SST in all life cycle stages. Both the internal and external costs are lower, the former resulting mainly from the composite material being significantly less expensive than stainless steel. This therefore represents a full win-win situation. As a consequence, the study clearly indicates that using a thermoset composite material to manufacture storage tanks is environmentally and economically desirable. However, it was also evident that the environmental performance of the CST could be improved by altering its End-of-Life stage. Conclusions The results of the present work provide enlightening insights into the synergies between the environmental and the economic performance of a structural product made with alternative materials. Further, they provide conclusive evidence to support the integration of environmental and economic life cycle analysis in the product development processes of a manufacturing company, or in some cases even in its procurement practices.

The quest for a sustainable product: An environmental study of tyre recyclates

The main objective of the present study is to assess the environmental advantages of substituting aluminium for a polymer composite in the manufacture of a structural product (a frame to be used as a support for solar panels). The composite was made of polypropylene and a recycled tyres’ rubber granulate. Analysis of different composite formulations was performed, to assess the variation of the environmental impact with the percentage of rubber granulate incorporation. The results demonstrate that the decision on which of the two systems (aluminium or composite) has the best life cycle performance is strongly dependent on the End-of Life (EoL) stage of the composite frame. When the EoL is deposition in a landfill, the aluminium frame performs globally better than its composite counterpart. However, when it is incineration with energy recovery or recycling, the composite frame is environmentally preferable. The raw material production stage was found to be responsible for most of the impacts in the two frame systems. In that context, it was shown that various benefits can accrue in several environmental impact categories by recycling rubber tyres and using the resulting materials. This is in a significant part also due to the recycling of the steel in the tyres. The present work illustrates how it is possible to minimize the overall environmental impact of consumer products through the adequate selection of their constitutive materials in the design stage. Additionally it demonstrates how an adequate EoL planning can be an important issue when developing a sustainable product, since it can highly influence its overall life cycle performance.

Improving FEM crash simulation accuracy through local thickness estimation based on CAD data

In this paper, we present a method for estimating local thickness distribution in nite element models, applied to injection molded and cast engineering parts. This method features considerable improved performance compared to two previously proposed approaches, and has been validated against thickness measured by di erent human operators. We also demonstrate that the use of this method for assigning a distribution of local thickness in FEM crash simulations results in a much more accurate prediction of the real part performance, thus increasing the bene ts of computer simulations in engineering design by enabling zero-prototyping and thus reducing product development costs. The simulation results have been compared to experimental tests, evidencing the advantage of the proposed method. Thus, the proposed approach to consider local thickness distribution in FEM crash simulations has high potential on the product development process of complex and highly demanding injection molded and casted parts and is currently being used by Ford Motor Company.

Economic viability of the third milking in systems of production using closed-circuit mechanical milking

This study aimed to analyze the economic viability of the third milking in production systems using mechanical milking in a closed circuit, aiming to provide technicians and farmers with information to assist them in decision-making. Specifically, it intended: (a) to estimate the cost of one milking; (b) to estimate the cost of the third milking; (c) to develop a mathematical equation to estimate the minimum amount of milk produced with two milkings, from which it would be economically feasible to do the third milking. Data were collected from three dairy farms, from November 2010 to March 2011, keeping a twice-a-day milking frequency, with three data collections in each farm, totalizing nine collections. Considering the average data, it would be feasible to do the third milking if the average milk yield per day of lactating cows in a twice-a-day milking frequency was greater than or equal to 24.43 kg of milk.

Effect of spatial arrangement on the production components and yield of sunflower

ABSTRACT The sunflower plant is an oilseed crop that has aroused a great interest in the Brazilian and international scenery especillay because of the possibility of using its oil for biodiesel production. The objective of this study was to evaluate productivity and yield components of Embrapa 122 sunflower according to the spatial arrangement. Treatments were arranged in 4 x 4 factorial arrangement, which are the four spacings between rows (0.30; 0.50; 0.70 and 0.90 m) and four sowing densities (30,000; 45,000; 60,000 and 75,000 plants ha-1). The experiment was carried out in a complete randomized block design with four replications. The experiments were conducted in the experimental area of the Plant Science Department in Fortaleza, State of Ceará-Brazil and on the Curu Vale Experimental Farm in Pentecoste, State of Ceará-Brazil. Productivity and the following production components were analyzed in the end of the crop cycle: harvested capitula, capitulum diameter, capitulum mass, achene mass per capitulum, mass of 100 achenes, achenes per capitulum, harvest index and oil content in the achenes. The experiments were analyzed jointly in relation to the cropping area and the data submitted to analysis of variance and quantitative factors tested by polynomial regression. The variables, spacing, density and cropping area did not interact with these variables and the spatial arrangement of the plants affected only the components. The cropping area influences the productive behavior of sunflower Embrapa 122. The spatial arrangement of the plants of sunflower of variety Embrapa 122 influences yield components but does not affect productivity.

Desenvolvimento, testes e qualidade de software

RESUMO: Hoje em dia o software tornou-se num elemento útil na vida das pessoas e das empresas. Existe cada vez mais a necessidade de utilização de aplicações de qualidade, com o objectivo das empresas se diferenciarem no mercado. As empresas produtoras de software procuram aumentar a qualidade nos seus processos de desenvolvimento, com o objectivo de garantir a qualidade do produto final. A dimensão e complexidade do software aumentam a probabilidade do aparecimento de não-conformidades nestes produtos, resultando daí o interesse pela actividade de testes de software ao longo de todo o seu processo de concepção, desenvolvimento e manutenção. Muitos projectos de desenvolvimento de software são entregues com atraso por se verificar que na data prevista para a sua conclusão não têm um desempenho satisfatório ou por não serem confiáveis, ou ainda por serem difíceis de manter. Um bom planeamento das actividades de produção de software significa usualmente um aumento da eficiência de todo o processo produtivo, pois poderá diminuir a quantidade de defeitos e os custos que decorrem da sua correcção, aumentando a confiança na utilização do software e a facilidade da sua operação e manutenção. Assim se reconhece a importância da adopção de boas práticas no desenvolvimento do software. Para isso deve-se utilizar uma abordagem sistemática e organizada com o intuito de produzir software de qualidade. Esta tese descreve os principais modelos de desenvolvimento de software, a importância da engenharia dos requisitos, os processos de testes e principais validações da qualidade de software e como algumas empresas utilizam estes princípios no seu dia-a-dia, com o intuito de produzir um produto final mais fiável. Descreve ainda alguns exemplos como complemento ao contexto da tese. ABSTRACT: Nowadays the software has become a useful element in people's lives and it is increasingly a need for the use of quality applications from companies in order to differentiate in the market. The producers of software increase quality in their development processes, in order to ensuring final product quality. The complexity and size of software, increases the probability of the emergence of non-conformities in these products, this reason increases of interest in the business of testing software throughout the process design, development and maintenance. Many software development projects are postpone because in the date for delivered it’s has not performed satisfactorily, not to be trusted, or because it’s harder to maintain. A good planning of software production activities, usually means an increase in the efficiency of all production process, because it can decrease the number of defects and the costs of it’s correction, increasing the reliability of software in use, and make it easy to operate and maintenance. In this manner, it’s recognized the importance of adopting best practices in software development. To produce quality software, a systematic and organized approach must be used. This thesis describes the main models of software development, the importance of requirements engineering, testing processes and key validation of software quality and how some companies use these principles daily, in order to produce a final product more reliable. It also describes some examples in addition to the context of this thesis.

Accountability and co-production of information and control: social observatories and their relationship with government agencies

Abstract:Through the development of a proposal to categorize accountability into four stages - classical, cross-sectional, systemic, and diffused -, this article aims to identify characteristics of co-production of information and socio-political control of public administration in the work of Brazilian social observatories in relationship with government control agencies. The study analyses data from 20 social observatories and, particularly, three experiences of co-production of information and control, based on a systemic perspective on accountability and a model with four categories: Political and cultural; valuing; systemic-organizational, and production. The conclusions summarize characteristics of these practices, specific phases in the accountability processes, as well as the potentialities and challenges of co-production of information and control, which not only influences, but it is also influenced by the accountability system.

Probing the scalar-pseudoscalar mixing in the 125 GeV Higgs particle with current data

LHC has found hints for a Higgs particle of 125 GeV. We investigate the possibility that such a particle is a mixture of scalar and pseudoscalar states. For definiteness, we concentrate on a two-Higgs doublet model with explicit CP violation and soft Z(2) violation. Including all Higgs production mechanisms, we determine the current constraints obtained by comparing h -> yy with h -> VV*, and comment on the information which can be gained by measurements of h -> b (b) over bar. We find bounds vertical bar s(2)vertical bar less than or similar to 0.83 at one sigma, where vertical bar s(2)vertical bar = 0 (vertical bar s(2)vertical bar = 1) corresponds to a pure scalar (pure pseudoscalar) state.

Occupational exposure to aflatoxin (AFB1) in poultry production

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been recognized to produce cancer in human liver. In addition, epidemiological and laboratory studies demonstrated that the respiratory system was a target for AFB1. Exposure occurs predominantly through the food chain, but inhalation represents an additional route of exposure. The present study aimed to examine AFB1 exposure among poultry workers in Portugal. Blood samples were collected from a total of 31 poultry workers from six poultry farms. In addition, a control group (n = 30) was included comprised of workers who undertook administrative tasks. Measurement of AFB1 in serum was performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For examining fungi contamination, air samples were collected through an impaction method. Air sampling was obtained in pavilion interior and outside the premises, since this was the place regarded as the reference location. Using molecular methods, toxicogenic strains (aflatoxin-producing) were investigated within the group of species belonging to Aspergillus flavus complex. Eighteen poultry workers (59%) had detectable levels of AFB1 with values ranging from <1 ng/ml to4.23 ng/ml and with a mean value of 2 ± 0.98ng/ml. AFB1 was not detected in the serum sampled from any of the controls. Aspergillus flavus was the fungal species third most frequently found in the indoor air samples analyzed (7.2%) and was the most frequently isolated species in air samples containing only Aspergillus genus (74.5%). The presence of aflatoxigenic strains was only confirmed in outdoor air samples from one of the units, indicating the presence of a source inside the building in at least one case. Data indicate that AFB1 inhalation represents an additional risk in this occupational setting that needs to be recognized, assessed, and prevented.