生物质气化与废弃物焚烧联合发电的技术经济分析

介绍了生物质气化与废弃物焚烧联合发电技术项目，确定了该项目经济效益的评价指标，定量计算了项目的投资回收期、净现值和内部收益率。同时还对燃料费用、上网电价和固定资产变化引起的敏感性进行分析。结果表明，该联合发电技术的动态投资回收期为9.05a，净现值为2770万元，内部收益率为15.82％，三个经济指标均符合行业标准。从经济角度看是完全可行的。

Thermodynamic analysis of GaSb-GaCl3 vapor phase epitaxy

A thermodynamic model for the GaSb-GaCl3 system in a closed quartz ampoule was proposed. The species in the gas phase are GaCl, GaCl3, Sb-4, Sb-2. The partial pressures of these species and total pressure in the ampoule have been calculated. The calculated results indicate that the equilibrium partial pressures of GaCl, GaCl3, Sb4, Sb2 and the total pressure in the ampoule have strong dependence on temperature, free volume inside the closed ampoule and amount of transport agent GaCl3. The total pressure will give strong influence not only on the flow pattern in the ampoule, but also on the uniformity of the epilayer.

燕沟流域退耕地土壤有机碳、全氮和酶活性对植被恢复过程的响应

本文以黄土高原丘陵区陕北延安燕沟流域为例,研究了退耕地土壤有机碳、全氮和酶活性对植被恢复过程的响应。结果表明,随植被恢复年限的增加,植被盖度、多度和物种数均呈现先增加后减少然后又增加的趋势。同当年对照农地相比,随着植被恢复年限的增加,表层(0~20 cm)土壤有机碳、全氮、蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均明显增加,过氧化氢酶活性随植被恢复年限的增加变化不明显。同对照农地相比,表层土壤有机碳、全氮、蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性分别增加了35%~184.6%、5.7%~157.4%、89.6%~566%、32.9%~331.2%和0.18%~184.8%。表层土壤有机碳和脲酶活性对植被恢复的响应是在植被恢复初期(0~8年),随植被恢复年限的增加而增加,植被恢复8~29年期间,随植被恢复年限的增加而减少,而植被恢复29 a以后,又随植被恢复年限的增加而增加。而表层土壤全氮、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性对植被恢复的响应是在植被恢复初期(0~16年),随植被恢复年限的增加而增加,植被恢复16~29年期间,随植被恢复年限的增加而减少,植被恢复29 a以后,又随植被恢复年限的增加而增加。表层土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性与有机碳...

黄土高原土壤水分与水土保持措施相互作用

土壤水是重要的生态水源和水文要素之一 ,黄土高原位于干旱半干旱地区 ,降水量的年际变化大和季节分配极不均匀 ,土壤水资源对植物生长发育的影响尤为重要。同时 ,土壤水的数量及其分布也受人类活动影响。水土保持措施是黄土高原人类改造下垫面过程之一 ,这种改造会影响土壤水分的静态分布和动态过程。水土保持坡面工程措施能有效地提高土壤含水率。深根系人工林草植被使土壤含水率降低 ,甚至造成利用性土壤干层 ,影响人工植被的永续发展。尽管天然植被也有较高的生产力水平 ,但并未引起土壤水分状况的恶化 ,这是黄土高原植被营造及规划中值得注意和进一步研究的问题

Studies of methane reforming with carbon dioxide on hexaaluminates

In this paper, a series of Sr1-xLaxNiAl11O19 catalysts were synthesized and their chemical and physical properties were investigated by XRD, UV-DRS, H-2-O-2 titration, TPR and Py-IR techniques. The experimental results show that the Sr1-xLaxNiAl11O19 catalysts have a magnetoplumbite structure and Ni ion is shared between tetrahedral and octahedral sites of the spinel blocks, and the amount of nickel ions in the tetrahedral environment increases with the increase of x value in Sr1-xLaxNiAl11O19. The TPR study revealed that the reducibility of the series of the catalysts depends strongly on the substitution value x, that is, a low temperature peak appears for samples without substitution, in case of samples with x = 1 high temperature peak appears, and for samples with 0and high temperature peaks appear. The partial substitution of Sr2+ by La3+ shows no significant effect on the catalytic activity for reforming reaction due to the similar dispersion of Ni particle. Whereas, the substitution has a great effect on the acidity of catalyst, the number of acidic sites and amount of the carbon deposition on the catalyst surface. So it is evident that carbon deposition in carbon dioxide reforming of methane can be suppressed by decreasing the acidity of the complex oxides catalysts.

基于拉格朗日松弛的供应链合作生产计划模型研究

为解决供应链生产计划协调问题,通过市场价格和中间库存因素使供应链上下游企业结合成一个整体,建立一种供应链上下游一体化计划模型,从整体考虑供应链合作计划问题.为获取问题的可行解,采用拉格朗日松弛技术进行优化,为供应链上下游企业在信息共享条件下实现"多赢"目标,提供了理论依据.仿真结果验证了模型和算法的有效性。

地震数据波动方程反演方法研究

Geophysical inversion is a theory that transforms the observation data into corresponding geophysical models. The goal of seismic inversion is not only wave velocity models, but also the fine structures and dynamic process of interior of the earth, expanding to more parameters such as density, aeolotropism, viscosity and so on. As is known to all, Inversion theory is divided to linear and non-linear inversion theories. In rencent 40 years linear inversion theory has formed into a complete and systematic theory and found extensive applications in practice. While there are still many urgent problems to be solved in non-linear inversion theory and practice. Based on wave equation, this dissertation has been mainly involved in the theoretical research of several non-linear inversion methods: waveform inversion, traveltime inversion and the joint inversion about two methods. The objective of gradient waveform inversion is to find a geologic model, thus synthetic seismograms generated by this geologic model are best fitted to observed seismograms. Contrasting with other inverse methods, waveform inversion uses all characteristics of waveform and has high resolution capacity. But waveform inversion is an interface by interface method. An artificial parameter limit should be provided in each inversion iteration. In addition, waveform information will tend to get stuck in local minima if the starting model is too far from the actual model. Based on velocity scanning in traditional seismic data processing, a layer-by-layer waveform inversion method is developed in this dissertation to deal with weaknesses of waveform inversion. Wave equation is used to calculate the traveltime and derivative (perturbation of traveltime with respect to velocity) in wave-equation traveltime inversion (WT). Unlike traditional ray-based travetime inversion, WT has many advantages. No ray tracing or traveltime picking and no high frequency assumption is necessary and good result can be got while starting model is far from real model. But, comparing with waveform inversion, WT has low resolution. Waveform inversion and WT have complementary advantages and similar algorithm, which proves that the joint inversion is a better inversion method. And another key point which this dissertation emphasizes is how to give fullest play to their complementary advantages on the premise of no increase of storage spaces and amount of calculation. Numerical tests are implemented to prove the feasibility of inversion methods mentioned above in this dissertation. Especially for gradient waveform inversion, field data are inversed. This field data are acquired by our group in Wali park and Shunyi district. Real data processing shows there are many problems for waveform inversion to deal with real data. The matching of synthetic seismograms with observed seismograms and noise cancellation are two primary problems. In conclusion, on the foundation of the former experiences, this dissertation has implemented waveform inversions on the basis of acoustic wave equation and elastic wave equation, traveltime inversion on the basis of acoustic wave equation and traditional combined waveform traveltime inversion. Besides the traditional analysis of inversion theory, there are two innovations: layer by layer inversion of seimic reflection data inversion and rapid method for acoustic wave-equation joint inversion.

三峡库区堆积层斜坡稳定性分级与应用研究

Considering the lacking of standard for the classification of Accumulative slopes so far, research working was conducted based on the results of geological investigation, data analysis and experiment carried out in Wanzhou. By mean of statistical method and grey system, the author studied in detail inflationary factors to Accumulative slopes. In order to study the mechanism of Rock-Soil Aggregate (RSA), numerical testing method was used. Coordinates in the two and three dimensional space and its corresponding rock fragments in the sample were generated randomly by VB and Particle flow code. After being built the models of RSA with different rock content, uniaxial and triaxial numerical simulation tests were carried out respectively. In order to study the effect of rainfall in Accumulative slopes, in situ infiltration testing had been conducted on site in Wanzhou, Three Gorges Area. Relationship between the infiltration rate and amount of precipitation has been obtained. Eleven factors are considered in the classification of Accumulative slopes in this paper.(1)On the basis of four basic factors and four inducing factors, sum-and-difference method for the classification system has been built. (2)After weight of factors being determined by analytic hierarchy process and membership function of Accumulative slopes stability being built in virtue of fuzzy mathematics, AHP-FM model of Accumulative slopes stability has been completed. In the end of this paper, having been applied on stability of Accumulative slopes in Three Gorge area and compared with result by limit equilibrium, classification system has good effect.

品牌形象的消费行为学分析

Brand image is the attributes set and the related associations of a brand in consumers mind, and it is the subjective reflections of brands. The paper explored the factors of brand image system and their weight. As the traditional means to evaluate weight coefficients are not perfect, a new method, conjoint analysis, was attempted. The factors of brand image were explored through questionnaire. Sports sneaker, toothpaste, and personal stereo were chosen as product sample, and four hundred and twenty university students from Tangshan city and Beijing as subjects(each person evaluated two kinds of products). The first two kinds of products were requisites of students, and sports sneaker belonged to High conspicuous products and toothpaste was low conspicuous product. On the other hand, personal stereo was the sample of development and entertainment products. Several factors of three products brand were taken out with factor analysis. In order to explore the weight of the brand image factors, a contrast of factor contribution ratio method, holistic quartation method and conjoint analysis is made here. Twenty university students evaluated the weight of the image factors of three kinds of brand with holistic quartation method, then they gave the weight of personal stereo with conjoint analysis method. Product function, advertising and propaganda, symbolic meaning, market orientation, brand appetency, consuming experience are the factors of sports sneaker brand image. Product function, advertising and propaganda, market orientation, product grade, corporation image are the factors of toothpaste brand image. Corporation image and product function, advertising and propaganda, consuming experience, symbolic meaning, price and function ratio are the factors of personal stereo brand image. So the hypothesis was proved that brand image is an ordinal and organical system, "ordinal" means the weight of factors are different, "organical" means that brand image can be deposed into several factors and the factors belonged to function components and meaning components (function components are the factors about physical characteristics and function, which are called "hard factors"); meaning factors are those that can show the personality、value and lifestyle of consumers, which are called "soft factors". The research also gave evidence of the hypothesis below: the factor structures of brand image of different product category have commonness and individuality; the function components of low conspicuous products are more important than the high conspicuous products. The exploration of conjoint analysis is what the paper seeks to be some creative in some degree.

Separation of compounds interacting with liposome membrane in combined prescription of traditional Chinese medicines with immobilized liposome chromatography

Immobilized liposome chromatography (ILC), the stationary phase of which has been regarded as a mimic biomembranes system was used to separate and analyze compounds interacting with liposome membrane in Danggui Buxue decoction, a combined prescription of traditional Chinese medicines (CPTCMs), and its compositions Radix Astragli and Radix Angelica Sinensis. More than 10 main peaks in the extract of Danggui Buxue decoction were resolved on the ILC column, suggesting that more than 10 components in the prescription have significant retention on ILC column. Ligustilide, astragaloside, TV and formononetin, three main bioactive ingredients in Danggui Buxue decoction, were found to have relatively significant, while ferulic acid, another bioactive ingredient in the prescription, relatively weak retention on ILC column. Effects of the eluent pH and amount of immobilized phosphatidylcholine (PC) on separation of interactional compounds in the extract of Danggui Buxue decoction were also investigated. It was found that these two factors strongly affected the retention of some interactional compounds. In addition, the fractions partitioned with different solvents from water extract of this combined prescription were evaluated with this ILC column system. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

"Call for prices": Strategic implications of raising consumers' costs

Many consumer durable retailers often do not advertise their prices and instead ask consumers to call them for prices. It is easy to see that this practice increases the consumers' cost of learning the prices of products they are considering, yet firms commonly use such practices. Not advertising prices may reduce the firm's advertising costs, but the strategic effects of doing so are not clear. Our objective is to examine the strategic effects of this practice. In particular, how does making price discovery more difficult for consumers affect competing retailers' price, service decisions, and profits? We develop a model in which a manufacturer sells its product through a high-service retailer and a low-service retailer. Consumers can purchase the retail service at the high-end retailer and purchase the product at the competing low-end retailer. Therefore, the high-end retailer faces a free-riding problem. A retailer first chooses its optimal service levels. Then, it chooses its optimal price levels. Finally, a retailer decides whether to advertise its prices. The model results in four structures: (1) both retailers advertise prices, (2) only the low-service retailer advertises price, (3) only the high-service retailer advertises price, and (4) neither retailer advertises price. We find that when a retailer does not advertise its price and makes price discovery more difficult for consumers, the competition between the retailers is less intense. However, the retailer is forced to charge a lower price. In addition, if the competing retailer does advertise its prices, then the competing retailer enjoys higher profit margins. We identify conditions under which each of the above four structures is an equilibrium and show that a low-service retailer not advertising its price is a more likely outcome than a high-service retailer doing so. We then solve the manufacturer's problem and find that there are several instances when a retailer's advertising decisions are different from what the manufacturer would want. We describe the nature of this channel coordination problem and identify some solutions. © 2010 INFORMS.

Interprofessional attitudes amongst undergraduate students in the health professions: a longitudinal questionnaire survey

Background: Interprofessional education (IPE) introduced at the beginning of pre-registration training for healthcare professionals attempts to prevent the formation of negative interprofessional attitudes which may hamper future interprofessional collaboration. However, the potential for IPE depends, to some extent, on the readiness of healthcare students to learn together. Objectives: To measure changes in readiness for interprofessional learning, professional identification, and amount of contact between students of different professional groups; and to examine the influence of professional group, student characteristics and an IPE course on these scores over time. Design: Annual longitudinal panel questionnaire survey at four time-points of pre-registration students (n = 1683) drawn from eight healthcare groups from three higher education institutions (HEIs) in the UK. Results: The strength of professional identity in all professional groups was high on entry to university but it declined significantly over time for some disciplines. Similarly students’ readiness for interprofessional learning was high at entry but declined significantly over time for all groups, with the exception of nursing students. A small but significant positive relationship between professional identity and readiness for interprofessional learning was maintained over time. There was very minimal contact between students from different disciplines during their professional education programme. Students who reported gaining the least from an IPE course suffered the most dramatic drop in their readiness for interprofessional learning in the following and subsequent years; however, these students also had the lowest expectations of an IPE course on entry to their programme of study. Conclusion: The findings provide support for introducing IPE at the start of the healthcare students’ professional education to capitalise on students’ readiness for interprofessional learning and professional identities, which appear to be well formed from the start. However, this study suggests that students who enter with negative attitudes towards interprofessional learning may gain the least from IPE courses and that an unrewarding experience of such courses may further reinforce their negative attitudes.

Non-covalent imprinting of phosphorous esters

The creation of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for the recognition of phosphate and phosphonate esters is reported. The single, weak hydrogen-bond acceptor site in these molecules has been targeted using a 1,3-diarylurea functional monomer. Polymers were prepared using either stoichiometric ratios of functional monomer to template or a large excess of the template during imprinting. The recognition properties of the polymers were assessed in the chromatographic mode for their ability to retain the templates and analogous analytes. The results are discussed with regards to the choice and amount of template, polymerisation conditions and the composition of the chromatographic mobile phase.

METHOD OF DETECTING BIOPRODUCTS USING LOCALIZED SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE SENSOR OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES

(EN)Disclosed is a method of detecting bioproducts using Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) of gold nanoparticles, which can diagnose bioproducts based on changes in the maximum wavelength occurred by an antigen-antibody reaction after immobilization of the gold nanoparticles onto a glass panel. A sensor using such method exhibits high sensitivity, is low in price, and makes quick diagnosis possible, thereby being applicable to various biological fields associated with environmental contaminants, pathogens and the like, as well as diagnosis of diseases. Further, it provides a technology for manufacturing a sensor having higher sensitivity, low price and quick performance, as compared to conventional methods using SPR.