Multi-Eruption Solar Energetic Particle Events Observed by SOHO/ERNE

In the last two decades of studying the Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) phenomenon, intensive emphasis has been put on how and when and where these SEPs are injected into interplanetary space. It is well known that SEPs are related to solar flares and CMEs. However, the role of each in the acceleration of SEPs has been under debate since the major role was taken from flares ascribed to CMEs step by step after the skylab mission, which started the era of CME spaceborn observations. Since then, the shock wave generated by powerful CMEs in between 2-5 solar radii is considered the major accelerator. The current paradigm interprets the prolonged proton intensity-time profile in gradual SEP events as a direct effect of accelerated SEPs by shock wave propagating in the interplanetary medium. Thus the powerful CME is thought of as a starter for the acceleration and its shock wave as a continuing accelerator to result in such an intensity-time profile. Generally it is believed that a single powerful CME which might or might not be associated with a flare is always the reason behind such gradual events.

In this work we use the Energetic and Relativistic Nucleus and Electrons ERNE instrument on board Solar and Heliospheric Observatory SOHO to present an empirical study to show the possibility of multiple accelerations in SEP events. In the beginning we found 18 double-peaked SEP events by examining 88 SEP events. The peaks in the intensity-time profile were separated by 3-24 hours. We divided the SEP events according to possible multiple acceleration into four groups and in one of these groups we find evidence for multiple acceleration in velocity dispersion and change in the abundance ratio associated at transition to the second peak. Then we explored the intensity-time profiles of all SEP events during solar cycle 23 and found that most of the SEP events are associated with multiple eruptions at the Sun and we call those events as Multi-Eruption Solar Energetic Particles (MESEP) events. We use the data available by Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronograph LASCO on board SOHO to determine the CME associated with such events and YOHKOH and GOES satellites data to determine the flare associated with such events. We found four types of MESEP according to the appearance of the peaks in the intensity-time profile in large variation of energy levels. We found that it is not possible to determine whether the peaks are related to an eruption at the Sun or not, only by examining the anisotropy flux, He/p ratio and velocity dispersion. Then we chose a rare event in which there is evidence of SEP acceleration from behind previous CME. This work resulted in a conclusion which is inconsistent with the current SEP paradigm. Then we discovered through examining another MESEP event, that energetic particles accelerated by a second CME can penetrate a previous CME-driven decelerating shock. Finally, we report the previous two MESEP events with new two events and find a common basis for second CME SEPs penetrating previous decelerating shocks. This phenomenon is reported for the first time and expected to have significant impact on modification of the current paradigm of the solar energetic particle events.

Estudio clínico del tratamiento de las exóstosis digitales mediante la implantación de un gel biocompatible

Antecedentes: La exóstosis digital es una patología común que se presenta con frecuencia en las consultas de podología. A pesar del alto grado de incidencia es una entidad clínica muy poco estudiada. En la actualidad, los tratamientos propuestos para resolver esta patología son el tratamiento conservador mediante ortesis de silicona y el tratamiento quirúrgico consistente en la resección de la exostosis. Consideramos necesario otra alternativa de tratamiento como la infiltración de un gel de Poliacrilamida (PAAG) que presente mayores beneficios y menos inconvenientes a los pacientes que los tratamientos propuestos hasta el momento. Material y Métodos: Estudio realizado durante los meses de octubre de 2006 y febrero de 2009, sobre 54 pacientes (2 varones y 52 mujeres) de edades comprendidas entre 43 y 85 años afectados de exostosis digital. Se procede a la infiltración de un gel biocompatible en la zona de la exostosis para aislar la misma y evitar presiones según técnica de infiltración descrita. Todos los pacientes firman el documento de consentimiento informado. Los datos fueron recogidos de forma objetiva y subjetivamente en cada uno de los pacientes. La posterior evaluación de los datos y su tratamiento estadístico se llevó a cabo de forma disociada y anónima. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el paquete estadístico SPSS-PC 17.0. Resultados: El heloma interdigital en 4º espacio y 5º dedo se presentó en el 35,2% de los casos; el heloma en dorso del 5º dedo en el 29,6%; el heloma en dorso de dedo central en el 11,1% de los casos; heloma interdigital en 4º espacio y 4º dedo en el 9,3%; y el resto de lesiones primarias en un 14,9% del total de los casos. De cada uno de los casos se observó: tratamientos previos, cantidad de fármaco infiltrada, reacción al fármaco, controles y satisfacción del paciente al tratamiento. A un 57,4% de los pacientes no se les había realizado ningún tratamiento previo, mientras que a un 33,3% se le había realizado una ortesis de silicona. Analizando la cantidad de PAAG infiltrado en cada caso nos resultó una media de 0,542 cc con una desviación típica de 0,2237 cc. La cantidad mínima fue de 0,20 cc, hasta un máximo de 1,50 cc. La reacción observada al fármaco a las 24 y 48 horas de la infiltración fue prácticamente la misma que la del periodo inicial, observándose el habón en ambos tiempos de valoración. Se practicaron cuatro controles posinfiltración a la semana, al mes, a los tres meses y a los seis meses, en los que a seis meses pudimos concluir que en la mayoría de los casos ? 45 de 54 - persistió el habón de PAAG del inicio. La satisfacción se valora a la semana, al mes, a los tres meses y a los seis meses siendo a los 6 meses el grado de satisfacción de los pacientes del 98%. Conclusiones: El tratamiento del heloma provocado por exostosis digital mediante infiltración de gel de poliacrilamida según la técnica protocolizada en este estudio clínico es factible, reproductible y eficaz. Alcanzando el producto un alto nivel de tolerancia y adaptación a las estructuras anatómicas y disminuyendo los efectos secundarios, lo que nos hace afirmar que es una técnica segura con la que hemos obtenido óptimos resultados en lo que se refiere a efectividad del tratamiento y disminución del dolor. Podemos concluir que la infiltración de gel de poliacrilamida se convierte una nueva opción de tratamiento en el caso de exostosis digitales.

Estudio clínico del tratamiento de las exóstosis digitales mediante la implantación de un gel biocompatible

Antecedentes: La exóstosis digital es una patología común que se presenta con frecuencia en las consultas de podología. A pesar del alto grado de incidencia es una entidad clínica muy poco estudiada. En la actualidad, los tratamientos propuestos para resolver esta patología son el tratamiento conservador mediante ortesis de silicona y el tratamiento quirúrgico consistente en la resección de la exostosis. Consideramos necesario otra alternativa de tratamiento como la infiltración de un gel de Poliacrilamida (PAAG) que presente mayores beneficios y menos inconvenientes a los pacientes que los tratamientos propuestos hasta el momento. Material y Métodos: Estudio realizado durante los meses de octubre de 2006 y febrero de 2009, sobre 54 pacientes (2 varones y 52 mujeres) de edades comprendidas entre 43 y 85 años afectados de exostosis digital. Se procede a la infiltración de un gel biocompatible en la zona de la exostosis para aislar la misma y evitar presiones según técnica de infiltración descrita. Todos los pacientes firman el documento de consentimiento informado. Los datos fueron recogidos de forma objetiva y subjetivamente en cada uno de los pacientes. La posterior evaluación de los datos y su tratamiento estadístico se llevó a cabo de forma disociada y anónima. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el paquete estadístico SPSS-PC 17.0. Resultados: El heloma interdigital en 4º espacio y 5º dedo se presentó en el 35,2% de los casos; el heloma en dorso del 5º dedo en el 29,6%; el heloma en dorso de dedo central en el 11,1% de los casos; heloma interdigital en 4º espacio y 4º dedo en el 9,3%; y el resto de lesiones primarias en un 14,9% del total de los casos. De cada uno de los casos se observó: tratamientos previos, cantidad de fármaco infiltrada, reacción al fármaco, controles y satisfacción del paciente al tratamiento. A un 57,4% de los pacientes no se les había realizado ningún tratamiento previo, mientras que a un 33,3% se le había realizado una ortesis de silicona. Analizando la cantidad de PAAG infiltrado en cada caso nos resultó una media de 0,542 cc con una desviación típica de 0,2237 cc. La cantidad mínima fue de 0,20 cc, hasta un máximo de 1,50 cc. La reacción observada al fármaco a las 24 y 48 horas de la infiltración fue prácticamente la misma que la del periodo inicial, observándose el habón en ambos tiempos de valoración. Se practicaron cuatro controles posinfiltración a la semana, al mes, a los tres meses y a los seis meses, en los que a seis meses pudimos concluir que en la mayoría de los casos ? 45 de 54 - persistió el habón de PAAG del inicio. La satisfacción se valora a la semana, al mes, a los tres meses y a los seis meses siendo a los 6 meses el grado de satisfacción de los pacientes del 98%. Conclusiones: El tratamiento del heloma provocado por exostosis digital mediante infiltración de gel de poliacrilamida según la técnica protocolizada en este estudio clínico es factible, reproductible y eficaz. Alcanzando el producto un alto nivel de tolerancia y adaptación a las estructuras anatómicas y disminuyendo los efectos secundarios, lo que nos hace afirmar que es una técnica segura con la que hemos obtenido óptimos resultados en lo que se refiere a efectividad del tratamiento y disminución del dolor. Podemos concluir que la infiltración de gel de poliacrilamida se convierte una nueva opción de tratamiento en el caso de exostosis digitales.

Aerosol particle size distributions at a traffic exposed site and an urban background location in Oporto, Portugal

Aerosol size distributions from 6 to 700 nm were measured simultaneously at an urban background site and a roadside station in Oporto. The particle number concentration was higher at the traffic exposed site, where up to 90% of the size spectrum was dominated by the nucleation mode. Larger aerosol mode diameters were observed in the urban background site possibly due to the coagulation processes or uptake of gases during transport. Factor analysis has shown that road traffic and the neighbour stationary sources localised upwind affect the urban area thought intra-regional pollutant transport.

Síntese e estudo de ortossilicatos de zinco luminescentes com aplicação da técnica sol-gel

Usually, the concepts of the Sol-Gel technique are not applied in experimental chemistry courses. This work presents a feasible experiment for chemistry instruction, which involves the synthesis of luminescent materials - Zn2SiO4, with and without Mn2+ as a dopant - by the Sol-Gel technique. The obtained materials were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, X-Ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy and luminescence measures by UV-vis spectroscopy. The results allow the students to confirm the luminescent properties of the zinc orthosilicate luminophores as well as the structural features expected from literature data.

Estudo de liberação e permeação in vitro do diclofenaco de dietilamônio em microemulsão gel-like

The goal of this study was to produce and characterize a new microemulsion gel-like carrier system (MEG) by using the pseudo-ternary phase-diagram concept. The diclofenac diethylamine (DDA) was incorporated in the MEG and its in vitro release and permeation profiles were performed using Franz-type diffusion cells. The results revealed that the commercial DDA emulgel provided significantly higher Kp of DDA (2.2-fold) as compared to the MEG. Similar data were obtained in the permeation studies in which DDA Kp 4.7-fold higher. Therefore, MEG presents higher potential as a topical delivery system for DDA when compared to the commercial DDA emulgel.

Materiais híbridos à base de sílica obtidos pelo método sol-gel

This review deals with silica based hybrid materials obtained by the sol-gel method. It involves concepts, classifications and important definitions regarding the sol-gel method that allows obtaining materials with organic and inorganic components dispersed in a molecular or nanometric level. We discuss the properties and characteristics of hybrid materials related to experimental synthesis conditions. We devote a special attention to the nanostructured materials, where the self-organization is imposed by the organic component. Finally, we present some important applications of these materials based on their specific properties.

Utilização e recuperação de sílica gel impregnada com nitrato de prata

Argentation chromatography is used to increase the selectivity of the chromatographic process, chiefly in the resolution of complex mixtures of nonpolar substances. Although efficient, this technique generates residues containing heavy metal which makes its discarding through common procedures impracticable. In the present work a simple method for recycling of silica, and also silver, from argentation chromatography is described. This procedure uses initially a treatment of H2O2/HNO3, with subsequent treatment with H2O2/H2SO4 , allowing an efficient recycling of both components. This methodology is simple, costless, removes impurities efficiently, and does not modify retention parameters nor specific surface in a significant way.

Emprego de sílica gel organicamente modificada e impressa ionicamente para pré-concentração seletiva on-line de íons cobre

The present work purposes the preparation of a silica gel sorbent organically modified with 2-aminoethyl-3-aminobutylmethyldimethoxysilane (AAMDMS) and imprinted with Cu2+ ions by means surface imprinting technique and its use for selective on-line sorbent preconcentration of Cu2+ ions with further UV-VIS spectrophotometric determination by flow injection analysis. The Cu2+-imprinted silica gel, when compared with non imprinted silica gel and silica gel, showed from the binary mixture of Cu2+/Ni2+ relative selectivity coefficient (k') of 6.84 and 5.43 and 6.64 and 19.83 for the mixture Cu2+/Pb2+, thus demonstrating higher selectivity of Cu2+-imprinted silica gel towards Cu2+ ions. Under optimized condition, the on-line preconcentration method provided detection limit of 3.4 μg L-1 and linear range ranging from 30.0 up to 300.0 μg L-1 (r = 0.995). The accuracy of method was successfully assessed by analyzing different kind of spiked water samples with recovery values ranging from 92.2 up to 103.0%.

Materiais híbridos orgânico-inorgânicos (ormosil) obtidos por sol-gel com potencial uso como filtro solar

This work aimed at the synthesis and characterization of particles of modified silica containing the organic filter dibenzoylmethane (DBM) by the hydrolytic sol-gel method, with modifications to the Stöber route. The structures of the resulting Xerogels were characterized by diffuse reflectance UV-VIS spectroscopy in the solid state, infrared absorption spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and 29Si Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (29Si NRM). The results showed favorable formation of hybrid organic-inorganic nanoparticles with efficient absorption/reflectance of radiation in the UV / VIS range, which enables their potential use as sunscreen.

Biochemical properties of Bacillus sp. ITP-001 lipase immobilized with a sol gel process

This work presents biochemical characterization of a lipase from a new strain of Bacillus sp. ITP-001, immobilized using a sol gel process (IB). The results from the biochemical characterization of IB showed increased activity for hydrolysis, with 526.63 U g-1 at pH 5.0 and 80 ºC, and thermal stability at 37 ºC. Enzymatic activity was stimulated by ions such as EDTA, Fe+3, Mn+2, Zn+2, and Ca+2, and in various organic solvents. Kinetic parameters obtained for the IB were Km = 14.62 mM, and Vmax = 0.102 mM min-1 g-1. The results of biochemical characterization revealed the improved catalytic properties of IB.

Time-series forecasting of pollutant concentration levels using particle swarm optimization and artificial neural networks

This study evaluates the application of an intelligent hybrid system for time-series forecasting of atmospheric pollutant concentration levels. The proposed method consists of an artificial neural network combined with a particle swarm optimization algorithm. The method not only searches relevant time lags for the correct characterization of the time series, but also determines the best neural network architecture. An experimental analysis is performed using four real time series and the results are shown in terms of six performance measures. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed methodology achieves a fair prediction of the presented pollutant time series by using compact networks.

Formulation and characterization of poloxamer 407®: thermoreversible gel containing polymeric microparticles and hyaluronic acid

The influence of the composition and preparation method on the sol-gel transition temperature (Tsol-gel) and rheological response of poloxamer-based formulations was determined. Manual and more complex mechanical stirring were found to provide similar results. In addition, a linear dependence of Tsol-gel on the poloxamer content was observed in the range of concentrations analyzed, and a Poloxamer 407® concentration of 18% was selected. The addition of hyaluronic acid did not lead to significant changes in the Tsol-gel values. In contrast, the addition of microparticles caused a reduction in Tsol-gel without a significant reduction in gel strength, and pseudoplastic characteristics were observed, indicating that a thermoreversible gel was obtained with a rheology suitable for application in the treatment of burn wounds.

Epoxidação do β-cariofileno com lipases imobilizadas em gel de ágar

The immobilization of enzymes and microorganisms on solid supports has been developed in recent years. These biocatalysts may be used in organic media allowing their storage and reuse, thus reducing costs of the process. Herein, lipases from various sources were immobilized in agar gel and used as catalysts in the chemo-enzymatic epoxidation of β-caryophyllene. Several experimental parameters, such as the use of different organic solvents including ionic liquids, time, temperature, and agitation rate were evaluated. The mono-epoxide was obtained as a single product. The best result was achieved using immobilized F-AP15 lipase, forming the corresponding β-caryophyllene epoxide at a conversion of 96% in an 8h reaction at 35 ºC.

Determination of anti-cancer drug emodin using a silica-gel-modified carbon paste electrode

In this paper, a silica-gel-modified carbon paste electrode (Si-gel/CPE) was used to determine the anti-cancer drug emodin by anodic stripping differential pulse voltammetry (ASDPV). The effects of the silica-gel content, the pH of the supporting electrolyte, and the scan rate on the oxidation current of emodin were investigated. The oxidation currents of emodin obtained from ASDPV measurements were linearly correlated with the concentration in the range of 5.0 × 10-9 to 300.0 × 10-9 mol L-1. The limit of detection was determined to be 1.5 × 10-9 mol L-1. The current method was successfully applied to determine emodin in a knotweed root sample, with recovery rate of 92.5% to 98.3%.