957 resultados para morphological traits


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为了研究高原植物对青藏高原特殊环境的适应机制,本文选取青藏高原高寒草原优势物种紫花针茅和青藏苔草作为研究物种,运用数量分析的方法对它们的形态结构及生态适应性进行了研究。试图通过对环境因子和这些形态结构变化之间的关系进行分析以找出这两种植物是如何适应严酷的环境以及这两种具有不同克隆生长方式的植物是否具有不同的适应机制。 2004年8月,我们沿青藏公路设置一条从西大滩到羊八井的样带,并进行取样。样带的生态特征从南到北变化较大:海拔从4586m上升到4901m,生长季降水量从384.0cm下降到202.2cm,生长季月均温从5.1℃下降到1.4℃,生长季月均相对湿度从65%,下降到54%,生长季蒸发量从1242cm下降到798cm,生长季月均风速从2.4m/s增大到4.0m/s。将采集的植物叶片材料制成石蜡切片,采用番红固绿对染,在显微镜下观察测量。同时研究了青藏苔草的根茎特征。数据分析中运用了变异系数比较,多重比较,相关分析和回归分析被用来分析结构变化及其与生态因子的关系。 结果表明,两物种的叶片结构特征在不同环境中的种群间存在显著差异。总体上,青藏苔草的保护组织、光合组织以及综合指标变异系数明显大于紫花针茅的,仅输导组织相关指标的变异系数小于紫花针茅的。这些结果表明,在叶片结构水平上青藏苔草比紫花针茅具有较大的可塑性,也意味着青藏苔草对生态因子变化的潜在适应能力可能较紫花针茅强。 紫花针茅和青藏苔草的大部分叶片结构特征与其生存环境的生态因子间存在着线性回归关系:紫花针茅叶肉细胞大小随土壤有效K含量增高而减小;下表皮厚度和韧皮部面积随生长季云盖度增高而增大;单一导管半径和导管平均面积随生长季月均湿度的增加而增大;青藏苔草上表皮细胞厚度随生长季月均最低温的降低而增厚;泡状细胞厚度随大陆度的增强而增加;上表皮细胞大小随土壤pH的增大而增大;导管总数和韧皮部面积随土壤速效P含量的增高而增加;气腔总面积随土壤有效K含量增高而增大。 青藏苔草分枝方式为典型的合轴分枝。分株间由埋藏在地下的匍匐根状茎连接,其扩展方式不呈直线形。青藏苔草喜沙质土,其根茎一般分布在沙土中10cm以下,在部分通气性能良好的风成沙丘或沙地,深度可超过50cm,间隔子长度依生境的不同而变化很大,短的仅约3cm,而长的可达2m多。 青藏苔草的间隔子长度和节间长度随有效温度的增加而减小,根茎每间隔子节间数随降水的增加而减少,在较低有效温度下和较低水分供给的情况下单位面积分布的克隆分株数量较少,在较高有效温度下和较高水分供给的情况下单位面积的克隆分株数量分布较多。这种变化趋势有助于青藏苔草有效迅速地占领条件适合的生境,充分利用生境内的各种资源,扩大种群;在不利条件下,青藏苔草则减少单位面积内克隆分株的分布,以适应不良生境。

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Genetic and morphological characters of four hatchery population (Shambhuganj, Brahmaputra, Anudan and Bhai-Bhai) of Thai pangas, Pangasius hypophthalmus in Mymensingh region of Bangladesh was studied using morphological characters and allozyme markers from 29 November 2001 to 29 November 2002. A total of 14 morphometric and 6 meristic characters were verified, among which 3 morphometric (BDA, PELFL and HW) and 2 meristic characters (AFR, CFR) of Anudan hatchery population were found to be significantly higher (p>0.001) than those of the other three hatchery populations. Brahmaputra hatchery population was also significantly higher in two meristic characters (PCFR and CFR). For allozyme electrophoresis nine enzyme markers were used viz.: Esr-1*, G3pdh-2*, Gpi-1*, Gpi-2*, Ldh-1*, Ldh-2*, Mdh-1*, Mdh-2* and Pgm* where three loci (Esr-1*, Gpi-2* and Pgm*) were polymorphic (p>0.95) in Anudan and Brahmaputra hatchery populations. The mean proportion of polymorphic loci per population was higher (33.3%) in Brahmaputra and Anudan hatchery populations. Also the expected heterozygosity levels were 0.149 and 0.177 in Brahmaputra and Anudan hatchery populations, respectively. Based on Nei's (1972) genetic distances, the UPGMA dendrogram grouped the populations into two clusters. The Brahmaputra and Anudan populations are in one group; Shambhuganj, and Bhai-Bhai populations are in the second group. High genetic variation in Thai pangas was observed in the Brahmaputra and Anudan hatchery populations and less variation in the other two hatchery populations.