Parafoveal letter recognition at reduced contrast in normal aging and in patients with risk factors for AMD

Background Patients with early age-related maculopathy ( ARM) do not necessarily show obvious morphological signs or functional impairment. Many have good visual acuity, yet complain of decreased visual performance. The aim of this study was to investigate the aging effects on performance of parafoveal letter recognition at reduced contrast, and defects caused by early ARM and normal fellow eyes of patients with unilateral age-related macular degeneration (nfAMD). Methods Testing of the central visual field (8 radius) was performed by the Macular Mapping Test (MMT) using recognition of letters in 40 parafoveal target locations at four contrast levels (5, 10, 25 and 100%). Effects of aging were investigated in 64 healthy subjects aged 23 to 76 years (CTRL). In addition, 39 eyes (minimum visual acuity of 0.63; 20/30) from 39 patients with either no visible signs of ARM, while the fellow eye had advanced age-related macular degeneration (nfAMD; n=12), or early signs of ARM (eARM; n=27) were examined. Performance was expressed summarily as a ""field score"" (FS). Results Performance in the MMT begins to decline linearly with age in normal subjects from the age of 50 and 54 years on, at 5% and 10% contrast respectively. The differentiation between patients and CTRLs was enhanced if FS at 5% was analyzed along with FS at 10% contrast. In 8/12 patients from group nfAMD and in 18/27 from group eARM, the FS was statistically significantly lower than in the CTRL group in at least one of the lower contrast levels. Conclusion Using parafoveal test locations, a recognition task and diminished contrast increases the chance of early detection of functional defects due to eARM or nfAMD and can differentiate them from those due to aging alone.

Experimental selective choriocapillaris photothrombosis using a modified indocyanine green formulation

Background: This in vivo study assessed and compared the effectiveness of an aqueous indocyanine green (ICG) formulation (R-ICG) and a lipid ICG formulation (L-ICG) in occluding the rabbit choriocapillaris, and determined the singlet oxygen quantum yields and aggregation properties of both formulations in vitro. Methods: Singlet oxygen production and aggregation were compared. The eye fundus of 30 albino rabbits was irradiated 0-15 min after dye injection using an 810 nm diode laser. Fluorescein angiography and light microscopy were used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of R-ICG and L-ICG. Results: L-ICG decreased the dimerisation constant and the tendency of ICG to form aggregates, and increased the efficiency of ICG in generating singlet oxygen (R-ICG, Phi Delta= 0.120 and L-ICG, Phi Delta= 0.210). Using a 10 mg/kg dose, choriocapillaris occlusion was achieved at a light dose of 35.8 J/cm(2) with L-ICG and 71.6 J/cm(2) with R-ICG with minimal damage to the neurosensory retina. Conclusion: Restrictions to the use of ICG in aqueous solution, low singlet oxygen quantum yields and high aggregation tendency, were overcome with L-ICG. The lower laser irradiance required to obtain choriocapillaris occlusion may suggest that L-ICG is a more potent and selective photosensitiser than R-ICG.

Panretinal photocoagulation versus PRP plus intravitreal bevacizumab for high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy (IBeHi study)

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) compared with PRP plus intravitreal bevacizumab on best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and total area of fluorescein leakage from active new vessels (NVs) in patients with high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Methods: We carried out a prospective study of patients with high-risk PDR and no prior laser treatment who were randomly assigned to receive PRP (PRP group) or PRP plus intravitreal injection of 1.5 mg of bevacizumab (PRP-plus group). In all patients, the PRP was administered at two time-points (weeks 1 and 3), with the intravitreal bevacizumab delivered at the end of the second laser episode in the PRP-plus group. Standardized ophthalmic evaluation including Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study BCVA as well as stereoscopic fundus photography and fluorescein angiography were performed at baseline and at weeks 4, 9 (+/- 1) and 16 (+/- 2). Main outcome measures included changes in BCVA and in total area of fluorescein leakage from active NVs. Results: Twenty-two (n = 30 eyes) consecutive patients completed the 16-week follow-up. There was no significant difference between the PRP and PRP-plus groups with respect to age, gender, type or duration of diabetes, area of fluorescein leakage from active NVs or BCVA. No significant difference in BCVA was observed between the groups throughout the study period. However, the total area of actively leaking NVs was significantly reduced in the PRP-plus group compared with the PRP group at weeks 4, 9 and 16 (p < 0.001). No major adverse events were identified. Conclusions: In the short-term, the adjunctive use of intravitreal bevacizumab with PRP was associated with a greater reduction in the area of active leaking NVs than PRP alone in patients with high-risk PDR.

Influência da luminosidade na fisiologia e morfoanatomia de jequitibá branco (Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi.) Kuntze) e jequitibá rosa (Cariniana legalis (Mart.) Kuntze)

Cariniana estrellensis (Raddi.) Kuntze e C. legalis (Mart.) Kuntze são arbóreas nativas do Brasil que, além de possuírem alto poder econômico, são objeto de interesse em programas de recuperação de áreas degradadas e em plantios comerciais. A escassez de informações relacionadas ao desempenho ecofisiológico dessas espécies em condições ambientais estressantes dificultam o manejo e conservação das mesmas. Dessa forma, o presente estudo objetivou avaliar a ecofisiologia das espécies em um gradiente de irradiância, por meio de dois experimentos. No experimento 1, plantas de C. estrellensis com 12 meses de idade foram submetidas a quatro tratamentos: 40%, 50%, 70% e 100% de irradiância, durante 104 dias. Ao final desse período foram feitas análises de crescimento, do conteúdo de pigmentos fotossintéticos, de trocas gasosas, da fluorescência da clorofila a, do conteúdo foliar de carboidratos solúveis, das características anatômicas foliares e caulinares e da plasticidade fenotípica da espécie. No experimento 2, plantas de C. estrellensis e C. legalis com 14 meses de idade foram submetidas a dois tratamentos: 30% e 100% de irradiância (sombra e sol, respectivamente), durante 30 dias. Ao final desse período foram feitas análises do estresse oxidativo das espécies, por meio da quantificação da atividade das enzimas catalase e peroxidase do ascorbato e por meio da quantificação do conteúdo foliar de pigmentos fotossintéticos. No experimento 1, em 70% de irradiância, as plantas apresentaram melhor crescimento em altura e diâmetro, maior massa seca de folhas (MSF), de caule (MSC) e de raiz (MSR). Em 70% e 100% de irradiância, as plantas apresentaram folhas menores (AFU) e mais espessas (AFE e MFE) resultando em menor área foliar total (AFT). Nesses tratamentos as plantas também apresentaram menor conteúdo foliar de clorofila a (Chl a) e b (Chl b), porém, maior razão Chl a/b e maior conteúdo de carotenóides, o que implicou em menor razão Chl a/Carot. Taxas fotossintéticas maiores foram encontradas nas plantas em 70% e inibidas em 40% e 50%, em função da baixa irradiância solar, e em 100%, possivelmente pela ocorrência de fotoinibição, como mostraram os parâmetros do fluxo de energia do fotossistema II. De acordo com a análise da fluorescência da clorofila a, em pleno sol, as plantas apresentaram menor densidade de centros de reação ativos (RC/ABS) e maior dissipação de energia (DI0/ABS), culminando com menor desempenho do fotossistema II (PIabs) e desempenho total (PITotal). O conteúdo foliar de carboidratos solúveis foi maior nas plantas em 70%, seguido das plantas em 100% de irradiância, com exceção da glicose, que não variou entre os tratamentos. A maior espessura encontrada nas folhas sob 100% de irradiância foi em função da maior espessura das epidermes adaxial e abaxial e dos parênquimas paliçádico e esponjoso. E o maior diâmetro do caule em 70% de irradiância se deu pela maior espessura do xilema e floema secundários. No experimento 2, as plantas em pleno sol de ambas as espécies também apresentaram menor conteúdo foliar de clorofila a (Chl a) e b (Chl b) e maior razão Chl a/b. No entanto, o conteúdo de carotenóides foi maior, o que implicou em menores razões Chl a/Carot. A atividade da catalase (CAT) variou em função do tempo e da espécie, apresentando uma queda em C. estrellensis aos 16 dias, possivelmente em função de fotoinativação, e um aumento em C. legalis aos 30 dias. Já a atividade da peroxidase do ascorbato (APX) não variou em função do tempo, da espécie ou dos tratamentos. O estudo da plasticidade fenotípica mostrou que C. estrellensis é uma espécie plástica, principalmente em função das variáveis de fotossíntese e trocas gasosas, sendo capaz de sobreviver no gradiente de irradiância testado, o que viabiliza o seu uso em projetos de recuperação de áreas degradadas. E, uma vez que as análises ecofisiológicas mostraram que C. estrellensis e C. legalis apresentaram melhor desempenho em luminosidade moderada, sugere-se que ambas comportaram-se como espécies intermediárias no processo de sucessão florestal. No entanto, uma vez que a concentração de pigmentos foliares e a produção de enzimas antioxidantes inferiram maior susceptibilidade de C. estrellensis à fotoinibição em alta irradiância, sugere-se maior viabilidade do uso de C. legalis em projetos de recuperação de áreas degradas.

Cold storage of peaches cv. Aurora grown in the Zona da Mata Mineira, Minas Gerais State, Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the postharvest behavior of peach cv. Aurora 1 harvested in the Zona da Mata region of Minas Gerais in two ripening stages and kept under different storage temperatures. Fruits on mid-ripe and fully ripe stages were stored at three temperatures: 5.6 ± 1.57 °C and 72.8 ± 3.8% RH; 10.4 ± 0.5 °C and 95.8 ± 5.5% RH; 21.04 ± 1.63 °C and 96.9 ± 2.6% RH up to 28 storage days (SD) . During storage, fruits stored at 21.04 ± 1.63 °C were evaluated every two days until 8 SD, and every four days for fruits stored at other temperatures. The harvest day was assigned as day zero. The variables evaluated were CO2 production, color of the pericarp and pulp, fresh mass loss, flesh firmness, total soluble solids, titratable acidity, contents of ascorbic acid and carotenoids. The fresh mass loss increased during storage, peaking at 5.6 °C. The reduction in ascorbic acid content was higher in fully ripe fruits at all temperatures. Mid-ripe fruits reached the end of the storage period with better quality. The temperature of 10.4 °C was the most efficient in keeping postharvest quality of peach cv. Aurora 1 harvested in the Zona da Mata region.

Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of bioactive compounds from microalgae and volatile oils from aromatic plants

A discussion of the most interesting results obtained in our laboratories, during the supercritical CO(2) extraction of bioactive compounds from microalgae and volatile oils from aromatic plants, was carried out. Concerning the microalgae, the studies on Botryococcus braunii and Chlorella vulgaris were selected. Hydrocarbons from the first microalgae, which are mainly linear alkadienes (C(23)-C(31)) with an odd number of carbon atoms, were selectively extracted at 313 K increasing the pressure up to 30.0 MPa. These hydrocarbons are easily extracted at this pressure, since they are located outside the cellular walls. The extraction of carotenoids, mainly canthaxanthin and astaxanthin, from C. vulgaris is more difficult. The extraction yield of these components at 313 K and 35.0 MPa increased with the degree of crushing of the microalga, since they are not extracellular. On the other hand, for the extraction of volatile oils from aromatic plants, studies on Mentha pulegium and Satureja montana L were chosen. For the first aromatic plant, the composition of the volatile and essential oils was similar, the main components being the pulegone and menthone. However, this volatile oil contained small amounts of waxes, which content decreased with decreasing particle size of the plant matrix. For S. montana L it was also observed that both oils have a similar composition, the main components being carvacrol and thymol. The main difference is the relative amount of thymoquinone, which content can be 15 times higher in volatile oil. This oxygenated monoterpene has important biological activities. Moreover, experimental studies on anticholinesterase activity of supercritical extracts of S. montana were also carried out. The supercritical nonvolatile fraction, which presented the highest content of the protocatechuic, vanilic, chlorogenic and (+)-catechin acids, is the most promising inhibitor of the enzyme butyrylcholinesterase. In contrast, the Soxhlet acetone extract did not affect the activity of this enzyme at the concentrations tested. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Stress diário e saúde ocular – Corioretinopatia serosa central: estudo de caso

Objectivos - Na sociedade atual as pessoas são diariamente expostas a inúmeras situações de stress. As exaltações vividas são transformadas em energia pulsional que por sua vez deve ser despendida segundo três vias: psíquica, motora e visceral. Se esta energia não for despendida pelas duas primeiras vias, acumula-se como carga psíquica originando tensão psíquica. A tensão gerada vai repercutir-se na saúde de cada indivíduo. Uma das causas da Coriorretinopatia Central Serosa (CRCS) é o stress. A CRCS é uma patologia de carácter esporádico, caracterizada por um descolamento seroso espontâneo da retina neuro sensorial na região macular, com consequente comprometimento da acuidade visual (AV). Sendo uma patologia de carácter esporádico desencadeada por situações de stress, pretende-se caracterizar as manifestações consequentes desta patologia, bem como abordar os factores diagnósticos da mesma, no caso em estudo. Metodologia - Estudo de caso. Análise de um paciente do sexo masculino, de 36 anos de idade, com diagnóstico de CRCS. Resultados - A CRCS caracteriza-se por um descolamento seroso da retina neuro sensorial na região macular, com comprometimento da visão. O paciente chegou à consulta com queixa de baixa de acuidade visual súbita do olho esquerdo. Realizaram-se exames para concluir o diagnóstico sendo estes, OCT, angiografia e avaliação da acuidade visual. Na angiografia verifica-se afeção da área macular, ao OCT verifica-se descolamento seroso da retina neuro sensorial na região macular. A acuidade visual era de 6/10 no olho esquerdo e 10/10 no olho direito. Apresentava ainda queixas de metamorfopsias. Discussão / Conclusão - Ainda que a etiologia da CRCS não seja totalmente conhecida, encontra-se associada a situações de stress, a hipertensão arterial, a comportamentos decorrentes da forma exagerada e ansiosa de viver, à competitividade, gravidez e medicação sistémica de esteróides. O tratamento inicial recomendado é repouso absoluto, caso se verifique insucesso o tratamento passará pela realização de terapia fotodinâmica.

O ortoptista nos cuidados de saúde primários: contributo para uma referenciação de qualidade

Deficiência visual é um problema de saúde mundial que afeta 285 milhões de pessoas, 39 milhões apresentam cegueira e 246 milhões apresentam baixa visão. 65% das pessoas com baixa visão e 82% das pessoas cegas das pessoas apresentam mais de 50 anos de idade. Estima-se que cerca de 80% dos casos sejam preveníveis ou tratáveis. 20% da população residente em Portugal é idosa - mais de dois milhões de pessoas com 65 anos. 21% de pessoas vivem sozinhas em Portugal, maioria delas idosas, e geralmente no interior do país. 50% dos indivíduos submetidos a programas de rastreio visual apresentam alterações reversíveis da função visual, especialmente por não terem o erro refrativo corrigido ou por terem cataratas (deficiência visual reversível). 200.000 pessoas apresentam hipertensão ocular, das quais 1/3 sofre de glaucoma; 6.000 pessoas apresentam cegueira irreversível por glaucoma (esta doença pode ser prevenida através de assistência oftalmológica adequada); 15.000 diabéticos estarão em risco de cegar por retinopatia e maculopatia diabética (pode ser prevenida ou tratada, através de fotocoagulação da retina por laser e/ou por vitrectomia); 35.000 pessoas sofrem de baixa de visão: doenças da retina e da coroideia, nomeadamente DMLI, que afetará 5% das pessoas com mais de 55 anos e uma em cada 10 pessoas com mais de 65 anos; estima-se que 45 mil pessoas sofram de DMI: cerca de 30 mil tem tratamento possivel, que poderá ser determinante para travar a progressão da doenca para um estadio de deficiência visual com consequências nefastas para a qualidade vida.

Contributo para a determinação simultânea, por cromatografia líquida de alta resolução, de carotenoides, vitamina A e vitamina E em amostras compostas por diferentes matrizes alimentares

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Biológica

Effect of peel and seed removal on the nutritional value and antioxidant activity of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) fruits

The effect of peel and seed removal, two commonly practiced procedures either at home or by the processing industry, on the physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds contents and antioxidant capacity of tomato fruits of four typical Portuguese cultivars (cereja, chucha, rama and redondo) were appraised. Both procedures caused significant nutritional and antioxidant activity losses in fruits of every cultivar. In general, peeling was more detrimental, since it caused a higher decrease in lycopene, bcarotene, ascorbic acid and phenolics contents (averages of 71%, 50%, 14%, and 32%, respectively) and significantly lowered the antioxidant capacity of the fruits (8% and 10%, using DPPH. and b-carotene linoleate model assays, correspondingly). Although seeds removal favored the increase of both color and sweetness, some bioactive compounds (11% of carotenoids and 24% of phenolics) as well as antioxidant capacity (5%) were loss. The studied cultivars were differently influenced by these procedures. The fruits most affected by peeling were those from redondo cultivar (-66% lycopene, -44% b-carotene, -26% ascorbic acid and -38% phenolics). Seeds removal, in turn, was more injurious for cereja tomatoes (-10% lycopene, -38% b-carotene, -25% ascorbic acid and -63% phenolics). Comparatively with the remaining ones, the rama fruits were less affected by the trimming procedures.

Assessment of nutritional and metabolic profiles of pea shoots: The new ready-to-eat baby-leaf vegetable

Pea-shoots are a new option as ready-to-eat baby-leaf vegetable. However, data about the nutritional composition and the shelf-life stability of these leaves, especially their phytonutrient composition is scarce. In this work, the macronutrient, micronutrient and phytonutrients profile of minimally processed pea shoots were evaluated at the beginning and at the end of a 10-day storage period. Several physicochemical characteristics (color, pH, total soluble solids, and total titratable acidity) were also monitored. Standard AOAC methods were applied in the nutritional value evaluation, while chromatographic methods with UV–vis and mass detection were used to analyze free forms of vitamins (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS), carotenoids (HPLC-DAD-APCI-MSn) and flavonoid compounds (HPLC-DAD-ESI-MSn). Atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-AAS) was employed to characterize the mineral content of the leaves. As expected, pea leaves had a high water (91.5%) and low fat (0.3%) and carbohydrate (1.9%) contents, being a good source of dietary fiber (2.1%). Pea shoots showed a high content of vitamins C, E and A, potassium and phosphorous compared to other ready-to-eat green leafy vegetables. The carotenoid profile revealed a high content of β-carotene and lutein, typical from green leafy vegetables. The leaves had a mean flavonoid content of 329 mg/100 g of fresh product, mainly composed by glycosylated quercetin and kaempferol derivatives. Pea shoots kept their fresh appearance during the storage being color maintained throughout the shelf-life. The nutritional composition was in general stable during storage, showing some significant (p < 0.05) variation in certain water-soluble vitamins.

An exanthematic disease epidemic associated with coxsackievirus B3 infection in a day care center

An epidemic of exanthematic illness in a day care center is described. Ten children aged 7 to 13 months were affected by the illness. The exanthem was characterized by nonconfluent macular or maculopapular lesions that appeared on the face, body and limbs. Fifty percent of the infected children had fever of up to 39ºC at the beginning of the disease. Coxsackievirus B3 (CB3) was isolated from the stool of one ill child. Paired serum samples were obtained from eight ill children and six of them presented seroconversion to CB3. Antibodies to CB3 were detected at titers higher than 16 in a single serum sample collected from the other two patients. Neutralizing antibodies to CB3 were detected in 71.0% of the contact children.

Valorization of traditional portuguese apples and cherries: biochemical characterization and development of functional ingredients

Dissertation presented to obtain a Ph.D degree in Engineering and Technology Sciences, Biotechnology at the Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa

Impact of boiling on phytochemicals and antioxidant activity of green vegetables consumed in the Mediterranean diet

The effect of boiling (10 minutes) on eleven green vegetables frequently consumed in the Mediterranean diet was evaluated. For that, some physicochemical parameters and the contents of vitamin C, phenolics and carotenoids, as well as the antioxidant activity, were determined in raw and boiled samples. The raw vegetables analysed in this study were good sources of vitamin C, carotenoids and phenolic compounds, with contents ranging from 10.6 to 255.1 mg/100 g, 0.03 to 3.29 mg/100 g and 202.9 to 1010.7 mg/100 g, respectively. Boiling promoted losses in different extensions considering both the different bioactive compounds and the distinct vegetables analysed. Contrary to phenolics (more resistant), vitamin C was the most affected compound. Boiling also originated significant losses in the antioxidant activity of the vegetables. Considering all the parameters analysed, the vegetables most affected by boiling were broccoli and lettuce. The least affected ones were collard and tronchuda cabbage.