444 resultados para joc seriós


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Most intense cold surges and associated frost events in southern and southeastern Brazil are characterized by a large amplitude trough over South America extending toward tropical latitudes and a ridge to the west of it over the Pacific Ocean. In this study, potential vorticity (PV) streamers serve to examine the flow condition leading to cold surges. Case studies suggest that several PV anomalies are related to cold surge episodes: (1) the potential vorticity unit (2-PVU) isoline upstream of South America becomes progressively more distorted prior and during the cold surge episode, indicating a flow situation which is conducive for Rossby wave breaking and hence a flow which strongly deviates from zonality; (2) the initial stage of a cold surge episode is characterized by a northward bulging of high-PV air to the east of the Andes, resulting in a PV streamer whose northern end reaches Uruguay and southeastern Brazil; the strong PV gradient on its western flank constitutes a flow configuration that induces and maintains the transport of sub-Antarctic air toward the subtropics; (3) a distinct negative PV anomaly, a blocking, originates over the eastern South Pacific, upstream of the South America sector. A composite analysis of 27 cold surges is performed for stratospheric PV streamer frequency on several isentropic surfaces. It reveals that equatorward wave breaking over South America and the western South Atlantic represents an important potential component of the dynamics of intense cold surges. The indications are most pronounced around the isentropic levels of 320 K and immediately before the day with largest temperature drops over subtropical Brazil.

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Nonverbales Verhalten spielt in zwischenmenschlichen Interaktionen eine bedeutende Rolle. Es beeinflusst mutmaßlich den Verlauf eines Gesprächs, die Beziehung zwischen den Interaktionspartnern und die reziproke Sympathie. Trotz dieser immensen Bedeutung wird nonverbales Verhalten von den Beteiligten meist nicht bewusst wahrgenommen. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich diesem wirkungsvollen Phänomen und vergleicht nonverbales Verhalten in kooperativen und kompetitiven Interaktionsbedingungen. Im Fokus der Experimentalstudie steht die nonverbale Synchronisation. Diese bezieht sich auf den dynamischen, quantitativen Aspekt der Koordination nonverbalen Verhaltens zwischen den Interaktionspartnern, konkret auf die Angleichung der Bewegungsenergie. Primäres Ziel ist es zu evaluieren, ob und inwiefern das nonverbale Verhalten, insbesondere das Ausmaß an Synchronisation, zwischen kooperativen und kompetitiven Bedingungen variiert. Hierzu wurden in einer Stichprobe von N = 168 gesunden Teilnehmern fünf standardisierte Interaktionen à fünf Minuten mit gleichgeschlechtlichen Dyaden realisiert. Die Probanden kannten sich vorher nicht. Die Interaktanten sahen sich aufgefordert, sowohl aktive Kooperationen zu etablieren, als auch in bestimmten Aufgaben zu konkurrieren. Kompromiss, Konsens, Konflikt, ungleicher Konflikt und Spiel waren die verschiedenen Bedingungen. Die resultierenden Synchronisationswerte basieren auf digitalen Videoaufnahmen von dyadischen Interaktionen, die durch das automatisierte, objektive Verfahren der Motion Energy Analysis (MEA) quantifiziert wurden. Neben den Synchronisationsprozessen wurden auch globale Bewegungscharakteristika wie Geschwindigkeit oder Maxima durch MEA erfasst. Des Weiteren wurden mittels Fragebögen individuelle Charakteristika (u.a. Empathie, Stimmung) sowie Einschätzungen (z.B. Sympathie) der Probanden erhoben und mit Synchronie in Zusammenhang gesetzt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich nonverbale Synchronisation auf signifikant höherem Level manifestiert, als dies per Zufall erwartet werden könnte. Dabei war die Synchronisation in der spielerischen Kooperation am höchsten ausgeprägt - gefolgt von kompetitiven und (seriös-)kooperativen Interaktionen. Außerdem korrespondierten höhere Synchronisationswerte mit verstärkt positiven Affekten und verringerten negativen Emotionen. Darüber hinaus waren globale Bewegungsparameter wie Dauer und Komplexität oder der Prozentsatz von Bewegungen über dem Schwellenwert positiv mit Synchronisationsprozessen assoziiert. Das MEA-Verfahren sowie ein erstmals erprobtes Interaktionsparadigma konnten validiert werden.

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The synthesis of the two fluorinated tricyclic nucleosides 6?-F-tc-T and 6?-F-tc-5MeC, as well as the corresponding building blocks for oligonucleotide assembly, was accomplished. An X-ray analysis of N4-benzoylated 6?-F-tc-5MeC reavealed a 2?-exo (north) conformation of the furanose ring, characterizing it as an RNA mimic. In contrast to observations in the bicyclo-DNA series, no short contact between the fluorine atom and the H6 of the base, reminiscent of a nonclassical F···H hydrogen bond, could be observed. Tm measurements of modified oligodeoxynucleotides with complementary RNA showed slightly sequence-dependent duplex stabilization profiles with maximum ?Tm/mod values of +4.5 °C for 6?-F-tc-5MeC and +1 °C for 6?-F-tc-T. In comparison with parent tc-modified oligonucleotides, no relevant changes in Tm were detected, attributing the fluorine substituent a neutral role in RNA affinity. A structural analysis of duplexes with DNA and RNA by CD-spectroscopy revealed a shift from B- to A-type conformation induced by the 6?-F-tc-nucleosides. This is not a specific ?fluorine effect?, as the same is also observed for the parent tc-modifications. The two fluorinated tc-nucleosides were also incorporated into a pure tricyclo-DNA backbone and showed no discrimination in Tm with complementary RNA, demonstrating that 6?-F substitution is also compatible within fully modified tc-oligonucleotides.

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This work presents a characterization of the surface wind climatology over the Iberian Peninsula (IP). For this objective, an unprecedented observational database has been developed. The database covers a period of 6years (2002–2007) and consists of hourly wind speed and wind direction data recorded at 514 automatic weather stations. Theoriginal observations underwent a quality control process to remove rough errors from the data set. In the first step, the annual and seasonal mean behaviour of the wind field are presented. This analysis shows the high spatial variability of the wind as a result of its interaction with the main orographic features of the IP. In order to simplify the characterization of the wind, a clustering procedure was applied to group the observational sites with similar temporal wind variability. A total of 20 regions are identified. These regions are strongly related to the main landforms of the IP. The wind behaviour of each region, characterized by the wind rose (WR), annual cycle (AC) and wind speed histogram, is explained as the response of each region to the main circulation types (CTs) affecting the IP. Results indicate that the seasonal variability of the synoptic scale is related with intra-annual variability and modulated by local features in the WRs variability. The wind speed distribution not always fit to a unimodal Weibull distribution consequence of interactions at different atmospheric scales. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of the temporal and spatial variability of surface winds. Taken together, the wind database created, the methodology used and the conclusion extracted are a benchmark for future works based on the wind behaviour.

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The European Mediterranean region is governed by a characteristic climate of summer drought that is likely to increase in duration and intensity under predicted climate change. However, large-scale network analyses investigating spatial aspects of pre-instrumental drought variability for this biogeographic zone are still scarce. In this study we introduce 54 mid- to high-elevation tree-ring width (TRW) chronologies comprising 2186 individual series from pine trees (Pinus spp.). This compilation spans a 4000-km east–west transect from Spain to Turkey, and was subjected to quality control and standardization prior to the development of site chronologies. A principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to identify spatial growth patterns during the network's common period 1862–1976, and new composite TRW chronologies were developed and investigated. The PCA reveals a common variance of 19.7% over the 54 Mediterranean pine chronologies. More interestingly, a dipole pattern in growth variability is found between the western (15% explained variance) and eastern (9.6%) sites, persisting back to 1330 AD. Pine growth on the Iberian Peninsula and Italy favours warm early growing seasons, but summer drought is most critical for ring width formation in the eastern Mediterranean region. Synoptic climate dynamics that have been in operation for the last seven centuries have been identified as the driving mechanism of a distinct east–west dipole in the growth variability of Mediterranean pines.

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The use of hindcast climatic data is quite extended for multiple applications. However, this approach needs the support of a validation process to allow its drawbacks and, therefore, confidence levels to be assessed. In this work, the strategy relies on an hourly wind database resulting from a dynamical downscaling experiment, with a spatial resolution of 10 km, covering the Iberian Peninsula (IP), driven by the ERA40 reanalysis (1959–2001) extended by European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF) analysis (2002–2007) and comprising two main steps. Initially, the skill of the simulation is evaluated comparing the quality-tested observational database (Lorente-Plazas et al., 2014) at local and regional scales. The results show that the model is able to portray the main features of the wind over the IP: annual cycles, wind roses, spatial and temporal variability, as well as the response to different circulation types. In addition, there is a significant added value of the simulation with respect to driving conditions, especially in regions with a complex orography. However, some problems are evident, the major drawback being the systematic overestimation of the wind speed, which is mainly attributed to a missrepresentation of frictional forces. The model skill is also lower along the Mediterranean coast and for the Pyrenees. In a second phase, the high spatio-temporal resolution of the pseudo-real wind database is used to explore the limitations of the observational database. It is shown that missing values do not affect the characterisation of the wind climate over the IP, while the length of the observational period (6 years) is sufficient for most regions, with only a few exceptions. The spatial distribution of the observational sampling schemes should be enhanced to improve the correct assessment of all IP wind regimes, particularly in some mountainous areas.

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Land and water management in semi-arid regions requires detailed information on precipitation distribution, including extremes, and changes therein. Such information is often lacking. This paper describes statistics of mean and extreme precipitation in a unique data set from the Mount Kenya region, encompassing around 50 stations with at least 30 years of data. We describe the data set, including quality control procedures and statistical break detection. Trends in mean precipitation and extreme indices calculated from these data for individual rainy seasons are compared with corresponding trends in reanalysis products. From 1979 to 2011, mean precipitation decreased at 75% of the stations during the ‘long rains’ (March to May) and increased at 70% of the stations during the ‘short rains’ (October to December). Corresponding trends are found in the number of heavy precipitation days, and maximum of consecutive 5-day precipitation. Conversely, an increase in consecutive dry days within both main rainy seasons is found. However, trends are only statistically significant in very few cases. Reanalysis data sets agree with observations with respect to interannual variability, while correlations are considerably lower for monthly deviations (ratios) from the mean annual cycle. While some products well reproduce the rainfall climatology and some the spatial trend pattern, no product reproduces both.

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Snowfall was measured at 11 sites in the McMurdo Dry Valleys to determine its magnitude, its temporal changes, and spatial patterns. Annual values ranged from 3 to 50 mm water equivalent with the highest values nearest the coast and decreasing inland. A particularly strong spatial gradient exists in Taylor Valley, probably resulting from local uplift conditions at the coastal margin and valley topography that limits migration inland. More snow occurs in winter near the coast, whereas inland no seasonal pattern is discernable. This may be due, again, to local uplift conditions, which are common in winter. We find no influence of the distance to the sea ice edge. Katabatic winds play an important role in transporting snow to the valley bottoms and essentially double the precipitation. That much of the snow accumulation sublimates prior to making a hydrologic contribution underscores the notion that the McMurdo Dry Valleys are indeed an extreme polar desert.

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Diversos autores han llamado la atención sobre la influencia del cristianismo liberacionista en los acontecimientos más importantes de las últimas décadas en América Latina. Esta investigación, que se enmarca teórica y metodológicamente en el campo de la Historia Reciente, tiene por objetivo comprender las relaciones entre catolicismo liberacionista y política en el escenario de la efervescencia social y de las tensiones entre religión y política de los años sesenta y setenta en Argentina, a partir de la historización y análisis de ese proceso en la ciudad de Bahía Blanca. En particular, se detiene en el cruce entre la religión y la política en las trayectorias de los integrantes de la Juventud Universitaria Católica (JUC), la Juventud Estudiantil Católica (JEC) y la Juventud Obrera Católica (JOC) en el período 1968-1975. En este sentido, reflexiona en torno a una serie de interrogantes, a saber: ¿qué afinidades podemos reconocer entre el catolicismo liberacionista y diversas opciones de compromiso?, ¿de qué forma el paso por los grupos de reflexión cristianos marcó las trayectorias militantes de los actores?, ¿cómo influyeron tanto los nuevos documentos eclesiales y los teólogos de la liberación como la materialidad constitutiva de las relaciones sociales?, ¿en qué medida el fenómeno del catolicismo integral aporta elementos para comprender el compromiso temporal de losjóvenes católicos en los años sesenta y setenta?, ¿cuáles fueron sus espacios de construcción social y política?, ¿por qué algunos canalizaron su compromiso cristiano a través de la militancia política- partidaria?, ¿por qué buena parte de ellos eligió el peronismo revolucionario?, ¿qué debates, dilemas y opciones planteó la cuestión de la violencia y la lucha armada entre estos militantes?, ¿en qué medida la militancia de los jóvenes católicos tenía peculiaridades que permitían identificarla dentro de la militancia revolucionaria bahiense?, ¿qué particularidades asumió este proceso para los estudiantes secundarios, los universitarios y los trabajadores?, ¿cómo impactó en los grupos de revisión de vida el ?contacto con el mundo? de sus miembros?, ¿en qué medida se planteó la necesidad de optar entre la estructura eclesial y la militancia política? ¿Hubo distintas formas de integrar la fe y la política? Para llevar adelante este abordaje, se ha optado por la investigación cualitativa y, en este sentido, por la utilización de diversas estrategias, desde entrevistas en profundidad (ahondando en trayectorias y relatos de vida) hasta el análisis de distintas fuentes empíricas (que incluyen testimonios éditos, producciones literarias de los 2actores, prensa, informes de inteligencia, volantes, fotografías, etc.), apelando a estrategias de triangulación para lograr una comprensión en profundidad del problema en cuestión. El desarrollo de la tesis se organiza en siete capítulos. El primero busca ubicar a la JUC, la JOC y la JEC bahienses en su contexto histórico, social, político y eclesial. El capítulo 2 trata sobre las tres ramas de Acción Católica que funcionaron en Bahía Blanca a fines de los años sesenta y primera mitad de los años setenta, y sus antecedentes a nivel nacional y local. El capítulo 3 se propone ubicar a estas organizaciones laicales en relación a otros espacios de sociabilidad y referentes del catolicismo liberacionista de la ciudad, del país y de América Latina, así como a la jerarquía y a los sectores eclesiales locales renuentes a aceptar la renovación eclesial. El capítulo 4 procura dar cuenta del proceso mediante el cual los jucistas, jecistas y jocistas se acercaron a la sociedad y a la política. Los siguientes dos capítulos estudian la acción política de los militantes en vistas a concretar lo que entendían como un proyecto de construcción de un Hombre Nuevo y una sociedad más justa. Así, el capítulo 5 se ocupa de las iniciativas emprendidas colectivamente por los grupos identificados con el catolicismo liberacionista para denunciar las situaciones que consideraban injustas, mientras el capítulo 6 se centra en las múltiples formas de intervención social y política asumidas por los jóvenes en diversos ámbitos. El capítulo 7 atiende a los conflictos experimentados por los militantes y por los movimientos especializados de juventud bahienses a partir de su compromiso "temporal"