Longitudinal distribution of bean seeds in horizontal plate meter operating with one or two seed outlets

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of horizontal plate meter with oblong holes operating with one or two seed outlets at different speeds over the accuracy of longitudinal distribution of common bean seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The experiment was performed in laboratory using the meter with one and two seed outlet points in relation to ten tangential disk plate speeds (0.03 to 0.30 m s-1). It was used a complete randomized design with four replications, summing up 80 experimental treatments. Tangential speed quantitative factor was estimated through a 2nd order polynomial regression. There was no significant difference in the behavior of the seed meter operating with one or two outlets in the metering of bean seeds in all tested speeds, with percentage of single seeds spacing over 60% in tangential speeds below of 0.24 m s-1.

Wear of rotary plows operating in a tropical clay loam soil

The wear resistance of rotary plows operating in a clay loam soil was studied. The degree of damage caused to the soil and the amount of mass lost by the tools were determined in order to establish correlations between the physical properties of the soil and the wear mechanisms acting on the tribosystem. Field tests were carried out in 12 plots and a randomized experimental design with 4 levels, 3 replicas per level and 2 passes per plot was applied. The levels relate to the tillage implements employed: rotary tiller, rotary power harrow, small motorized rotary tiller and control (unaltered soil). The highest mass losses were measured in rotary tiller and rotary power harrow's tools, while the small motorized rotary tiller's tools showed generally lower levels of damage. It was determined that the effective contact time between tool and soil, the rotating speed and the sudden impact forces are the most significant factors affecting the wear resistance in field operations. Thirty days after tillage operation the soil samples were taken from each plot at a mean depth of 100 mm in order to determine bulk density, gravimetric moisture content and percentage of aggregates smaller than 5 mm. No significant differences among the values of these properties were found in the experiments. The wear mechanisms acting on the tools' surface are complex and include 2-body and 3-body abrasion as well as the presence of sudden impact forces.

Projektien markkinoinnin ja myynnin kehittäminen rakennusalan pk-yrityksessä Venäjän markkinoilla

Tämä diplomityö keskittyy kehittämään työssä käsiteltävän Venäjällä toimivan rakennusalan urakoitsijan projektien markkinointia ja myyntiä. Työssä paneudutaan projektimarkkinoinnin kautta yrityksen markkinointiin ja myyntiin. Käsittelyn aiheena ovat myös proaktiivinen markkinointi ja Venäjän rakennusmarkkinoiden aiheuttamat erityispiirteet. Tutkimuksesta selvisi, että yrityksellä on erityisesti ollut vaikeuksia saada ison luokan projekteja. Usein tähän on ollut syynä kilpailijoiden parempi taloudellinen kilpailukyky. Muutama projekti on myös keskeytynyt tai peruuntunut. Onnistuneiden tarjouskilpailuiden taustalla taas ovat olleet referenssikäynnit, hyvät suhteet asiakkaaseen ja laadukas suorittaminen. Projektimarkkinoinnin kirjallisuuden ja yrityksessä suoritettujen teemahaastattelujen pohjalta yritykselle kehitettiin ennakoivaa markkinointia painottava kokonaisvaltainen markkinointi- ja myyntiprosessi. Tärkeimpiä kohtia prosessissa ovat proaktiivinen projektien etsintä ja projektin valmistelu. Projekteja etsitään osallistumalla teollisuuden alan konferensseihin sekä ottamalla itse yhteyttä asiakkaaseen ja eri toimijoihin. Potentiaaliset projektit seulotaan suuremmasta joukosta ennalta määrättyjen kriteereiden avulla. Projekteihin pyritään aktiivisesti vaikuttamaan ennen tarjouskilpailua, jolloin myös järjestetään referenssikäyntejä. Neuvotteluissa sovelletaan kilpailutilanteen mukaan joustavaa kustannusperusteista hinnoittelua. Suoritetun urakan jälkeen asiakasyrityksen investointisuunnitelmia tutkitaan ja tarpeen vaatiessa pyritään säilyttämään yhteys nukkuvan suhteen aikana. Tällöin järjestetään asiakkaan kanssa seminaareja sekä epävirallisia ta-pahtumia. Yrityksen markkinointia ja myyntiä hankaloittavat Venäjän rakennusmarkkinoiden erityispiirteet. Epävarmuudesta aiheutuvat riskit pitää huomioida katteessa, mutta usein Venäjän erityisolosuhteet tulee vain hyväksyä, koska niihin on vaikea vaikuttaa.

Russia, China, India Foresight for Small and Medium size Enterprises in Uusimaa : Changes forecast in the Russian, Chinese and Indian operating environments from the viewpoint of small and middle-sized enterprises in Uusimaa

The report describes those factors of the future that are related to the growth and needs of Russia, China, and India and that may provide significant internationalisation potential for Uusimaa companies. The report examines the emerging trends and market-entry challenges for each country separately. Additionally, it evaluates the training needs of Uusimaa companies in terms of the current offerings available for education on topics related to Russia, China, and India. The report was created via the Delphi method: experts were interviewed, and both Trendwiki material and the latest literature were used to create a summary of experts’ views, statements, and reasons behind recent developments. This summary of views was sent back to the experts with the objective of reaching consensus synthesising the differing views or, at least, of providing argumentation for the various alternative lines of development. In addition to a number of outside experts and business leaders, all heads of Finpro’s Finland Trade Centers participated in the initial interviews. The summary was commented upon by all Finpro consultants and analysts for Russia, China, and India, with each focusing on his or her own area of expertise. The literature used consisted of reports, listed for each country, and an extensive selection of the most recent newspaper articles. The report was created in January-April 2010. On 22 April 2010 its results were reviewed at the final report presentation in cooperation with the Uusimaa ELY Centre.

Modelling flexible asset management in industrial maintenance companies and networks

The tightening competition and increasing dynamism have created an emerging need for flexible asset management. This means that the changes of market demand should be responded to with adjustments in the amount of assets tied to the balance sheets of companies. On the other hand, industrial maintenance has recently experienced drastic changes, which have led to an increase in the number of maintenance networks (consisting of customer companies that buy maintenance services, as well as various supplier companies) and inter-organizational partnerships. However, the research on maintenance networks has not followed the changes in the industry. Instead, there is a growing need for new ways of collaboration between partnering companies to enhance the competitiveness of the whole maintenance network. In addition, it is more and more common for companies to pursue lean operations in their businesses. This thesis shows how flexible asset management can increase the profitability of maintenance companies and networks under dynamic operating conditions, and how the additional value can then be shared between the network partners. Firstly, I have conducted a systematic literature review to identify what kind of requirements for asset management models are set by the increasing dynamism. Then I have responded to these requirements by constructing an analytical model for flexible asset management, linking asset management to the profitability and financial state of a company. The thesis uses the model to show how flexible asset management can increase profitability in maintenance companies and networks, and how the created value can be shared in the networks to reach a win-win situation. The research indicates that the existing models for asset management are heterogeneous by nature due to the various definitions of ‘asset management’. I conclude that there is a need for practical asset management models which address assets comprehensively with an inter-organizational, strategic view. The comprehensive perspective, taking all kinds of asset types into account, is needed to integrate the research on asset management with the strategic management of companies and networks. I will show that maintenance companies can improve their profitability by increasing the flexibility of their assets. In maintenance networks, reorganizing the ownership of the assets among the different network partners can create additional value. Finally, I will introduce flexible asset management contracts for maintenance networks. These contracts address the value sharing related to reorganizing the ownership of assets according to the principles of win-win situations.

Cultural distance and negotiation behavior : Perception of entrepreneurs operating in Turku

This thesis investigates the influence of cultural distance on entrepreneurs’ negotiation behaviour. For this purpose, Turku was chosen as the unit of analysis due to the exponential demographic change experienced during the last two decades that has derived in a more diversified local environment. The research aim set for this study was to identify to what extent entrepreneurs face cultural distance, how cultural distance influences the entrepreneur’s negotiation behaviour and how can it be addressed in order to turn dissimilarities into opportunities. This study presented the relation and apparent dichotomy of cultural distance and global culture, including the component of diversity. The impact of cultural distance in the entrepreneurial mindset and its consequent effect in negotiation behaviour was presented too. Addressing questions about the way individuals perceive, behave and interact allowed the use of interviews for this qualitative research study. In the empirical part of this study it was found that negotiation behaviour differed in terms of how congenial entrepreneurs felt when managing cultural distance, encompassing their performance. It was also acknowledged that after time and effort, some of the personal traits were enhanced while others reduced, allowing for more flexibility and adaptation. Furthermore, depending on the level of trust and shared interests, entrepreneurs determined their attitudinal approach, being adaptive or reactive subject to situational aspects. Additionally, it was found that the acquisition of cultural savvy not necessarily conveyed to more creativity. This experiential learning capability led to the proposition of new ways of behaviour. Likewise, it was proposed that growing cultural intelligence bridge distances, reducing mistrusts and misunderstandings. The capability of building more collaborative relationships allows entrepreneurs to see cultural distance as a cultural perspective instead of as a threat. Therefore it was recommended to focus on proximity rather than distance to better identify and exploit untapped opportunities and better perform when negotiating in whichever cultural conditions.

Jätehuollon tilannekuva puolustushallinnossa

Diplomityön tavoitteena oli tuottaa jätehuollon tilannekuva Suomen puolustushallinnolle. Diplomityön ensisijaiseksi tutkimustavoitteeksi määriteltiin jätehuollon nykytilan kartoitus vuonna 2013. Lisäksi diplomityössä tarkasteltiin jätehuollon suunnittelutyön merkitystä puolustushallinnolle sekä kartoitettiin lähitulevaisuuden painopistealueita puolustushallinnon jätehuollossa. Sisätilojen jätehuoltojärjestelyt eivät noudata samaa linjaa ulkojätepisteiden jäte-huoltojärjestelyjen kanssa. Tämä asettaa haasteita syntypaikkalajittelun toteuttamiselle ja edelleen jätehuoltotavoitteiden saavuttamiselle. Tähän jätehuollon epäkohtaan on mahdollista vaikuttaa jätehuollon prosessien selkeyttämisellä ja sopimusten tarkastelemisella yhdessä vuonna 2015 käynnistyvän puolustusvoimien Logistiikkalaitoksen kanssa. Laskennallisen vaikuttavuusanalyysin perusteella jätehuollon tehostamistoimilla on mahdollista saavuttaa myös kustannussäästöjä. Ulkojätepisteiden tehostamisella olisi mahdollista saavuttaa noin 25 % säästöt jätehuollon kustannuksissa. Tehokkaammalla syntypaikkalajittelulla olisi mahdollista saavuttaa noin 27–31 % säästöt jätteen käsittelymaksuissa. Jätehuoltotavoitteiden saavuttamisessa keskeinen rooli on myös jätehuollon tiedonhallinnalla ja raportoinnilla sekä jätehuollon käyttäjät tavoittavalla tiedotuksella. Jätehuollon suunnittelu- ja kehittämistyössä tulee pyrkiä käyttäjäläheisempään toteutukseen. Diplomityön pohjalta aloitetaan puolustushallinnon jätehuollon pitkän aikavälin toiminnallisen strategian suunnittelu. Pitkän aikavälin toiminnalliseen strategiaan sisällytetään uudet jätehuollon tavoitteet, joissa huomioidaan puolustushallinnon sisäisten tavoitteiden lisäksi myös valtakunnallinen jätesuunnittelu.

The logistic risks of Finnish companies operating in China

Selvitys suomalaisten yritysten kohtaamista logistisista ongelmista Kiinan markkinoilla toimiessa. Tutkielma tuo esiin Kiinan logistiikkaan liittyvät erityispiirteet ja heijastaa niitä haastattelujen avulla suomalaisiin yrityksiin, jotka operoivat Kiinassa.

The impact of long-term brand development strategies on brand value of companies operating in high-technology markets

The objective of the current research is to investigate brand value generation. The study is conducted in the context of high-technology companies. The research aims at finding the impact of long-term brand development strategies, including advertising investments, R&D investments, R&D intensity, new products developed and design. The empirical part of the study incorporated collection of primary and secondary data on 36 companies operating in high-technology sector and being rated as top companies with the most valuable brands by Interbrand consultancy. The data contained information for six consequent years from 2008 to 2013. Obtained data was analyzed using the methods of fixed effect and random effect model (panel data analysis). The analysis showed positive effect of advertising and R&D investments on brand value of high-technology companies in the long run. The impact of remaining three strategies was not approved and further investigation is required.

The transforming network of a foreign company operating in Mongolia. Case: A Finnish firm in Mongolia

In the globalising business environment ever fewer market areas remain unknown. Mongolia is yet only considered as an isolated strip between two power states. The purpose of this study is to put Mongolia on the map of academic business research. This is done by describing the transforming network of a foreign company operating in Mongolia. The objective of the study is approached through a case study, which presents the transformation of a Finnish company operating in Mongolia. This study aims at providing understanding on how the foreign case company observes the transformations of its network. The transformation within the case company is reflected to the transformations that occur in the Mongolian business environment. This study was conducted through a qualitative, intrinsic case study approach. The empirical data was gathered by using the method of network pictures. The network pictures were completed with the assistance of themed interviews. In order to be able to analyse the transformation within a network, three different time periods were observed: the past period around 2000, the present around 2014, and the estimated future around 2020. The data was collected from four executives positioned either in Finland, Russia or Mongolia. The respondents have a long experience within the case company, they hold managerial position, and therefore were able to offer valuable data for this study. The analytical framework used to analyse the collected data was built on the industrial network model, the ARA (actors-resources-activities)-model. The study shows that the changing business environment of Mongolia was utilised by the case company. In order to better meet the transforming customer wishes, the case company transformed from being a retailer to being a manufacturer. The case company was able to become a pioneer in the market. Thus, the case company has undergone similar kind of rapid transformation as the economy of Mongolia in entirety. This study shows that the general nature of the ARA-model makes it usable for new research contexts. The initial ARA-model offers a way to identify the dimensions of a network and a mean to understand these dimensions. The ARA-model can be applied to different contexts and to all time dimensions, past, present and future. The managerial recommendations offered in this study are directed towards the managers that plan to start operations in Mongolia. While this study is the first of its kind, it offers a good starting point for the future research on the change of Mongolian business networks. Valuable information could, for example, be obtained from a comparative study between the case company of this study and a multinational mining company operating in Mongolia.

Influence of spray drying operating conditions on microencapsulated rosemary essential oil properties

Spray drying is an important method used by the food industry in the production of microencapsulated flavors to improve handling and dispersion properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the process conditions on the properties of rosemary essential oil microencapsulated by spray drying using gum Arabic as encapsulant. The effects of the wall material concentration (10-30%), inlet air temperature (135-195 ºC), and feed flow rate (0.5-1.0 L.h-1) on the moisture content, hygroscopicity, wettability, solubility, bulk and tapped densities, particle density, flowability, and cohesiveness were evaluated using a 2³ central composite rotational experimental design. Moisture content, hygroscopicity and wettability were significantly affected by the three factors analyzed. Bulk density was positively influenced by the wall material concentration and negatively by the inlet air temperature. Particle density was influenced by the wall material concentration and the inlet air temperature variables, both in a negative manner. As for the solubility, tapped density, flowability, and cohesiveness, the models did not fit the data well. The results indicated that moderate wall material concentration (24%), low inlet air temperature (135 ºC), and moderate feed flow rate (0.7 L.h-1) are the best spray drying conditions.