Cutting forces in turning of gray cast iron using silicon nitride based cutting tool

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

STUDY of THE TURNING NICKEL BASE ALLOY PYROMET (R) 31V (SAE HEV8)

Considering the constant technological developments in the aeronautical, space, automotive, shipbuilding, nuclear and petrochemical fields, among others, the use of materials with high strength mechanical capabilities at high temperatures has been increasingly used. Among the materials that meet the mechanical strength and corrosion properties at temperatures around 815 degrees C one can find the nickel base alloy Pyromet 31V (SAE HEV8). This alloy is commonly applied in the manufacturing of high power diesel engines exhaust valves where it is required high resistance to sulphide, corrosion and good resistance to creep. However, due to its high mechanical strength and low thermal conductivity its machinability is made difficult, creating major challenges in the analysis of the best combinations among machining parameters and cutting tools to be used. Its low thermal conductivity results in a concentration of heat at high temperatures in the interfaces of workpiece-tool and tool-chip, consequently accelerating the tools wearing and increasing production costs. This work aimed to study the machinability, using the carbide coated and uncoated tools, of the hot-rolled Pyromet 31V alloy with hardness between 41.5 and 42.5 HRC. The nickel base alloy used consists essentially of the following components: 56.5% Ni, 22.5% Cr, 2,2% Ti, 0,04% C, 1,2% Al, 0.85% Nb and the rest of iron. Through the turning of this alloy we able to analyze the working mechanisms of wear on tools and evaluate the roughness provided on the cutting parameters used. The tests were performed on a CNC lathe machine using the coated carbide tool TNMG 160408-23 Class 1005 (ISO S15) and uncoated tools TNMG 160408-23 Class H13A (ISO S15). Cutting fluid was used so abundantly and cutting speeds were fixed in 75 and 90 m/min. to feed rates that ranged from 0.12, 0.15, 0.18 and 0.21 mm/rev, and cutting depth of 0.8mm. The results of the comparison between uncoated tools and coated ones presented a machined length of just 30% to the first in relation to the performance of the second. The coated tools has obtained its best result for both 75 and 90 m/min. with feed rate of 0.15 mm/rev, unlike the uncoated tool which obtained its better results to 0.12 mm/rev.

Scanning electron microscopy evaluation of the hard tissue barrier after pulp capping with calcium hydroxide, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) or ProRoot MTA

The aim of this study was to investigate the morphology and localisation of calcium hydroxide- and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-induced hard tissue barriers after pulpotomy in dogs' teeth. Pulpotomies were performed on maxillary and mandibular premolars of five dogs. The teeth were assigned into three groups according to the pulp-capping agent used. The pulpal wounds were capped with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)(2) - control), MTA or ProRoot MTA, and the cavities were restored with amalgam. After a 90-day follow-up period, the dogs were euthanised and the teeth were examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). An image-processing and analysis software was used to delimit the perimeters of the root canal area and the hard tissue barrier to determine the percentage of root canal obliteration. SEM data were used to assess the morphology, localisation and extension of the reparative hard tissue barriers. ProRoot MTA was statistically different from MTA and Ca(OH)(2) (P < 0.05) regarding tissue barrier morphology. Localisation data showed that ProRoot MTA was significantly different from Ca(OH)(2) (P < 0.05) and similar to MTA (P > 0.01; P > 0.05). No statistically significant difference (P > 0.01; P > 0.05) was observed between MTA and Ca(OH)(2). A larger number of complete (centroperipheral) hard tissue barriers with predominance of dentinal tubules was observed to the ProRoot MTA when compared with the Ca(OH)(2) group.

Linear dimensional changes of denture base and hard chair-side reline resins after disinfection

Objectives: This study evaluated the effect of disinfection by immersion in sodium perborate (50 degrees C/10 min) or microwave irradiation (650 W/6 min) on the linear dimensional change (LDC) of four reline resins (Kooliner-K, New Truliner-N, Tokuso Rebase Fast-T, Ufi Gel Hard-U) and one heat-polymerizing denture base resin (Lucitone 550-L). Methods: Specimens (50.0 mm diameter, 0.5 mm thickness) were made using a split mold with reference points, and divided into two controls and four test groups (u = 8). The distances between the points were measured on the mold (baseline readings), and compared to those obtained from the specimens after: polymerization or immersion in water (37 degrees C) for 7 days (controls); 2 or 7 cycles of disinfection by immersion or microwave irradiation. Results: the two-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (alpha = 0.05) showed that microwave disinfection significantly increased the mean LDC of materials L (-1.43%), N (-1.27%) and K (-1.06%). Material N also exhibited a significant increase in LDC after two cycles of chemical disinfection (-0.73%). For U (-0.47%) and T (-0.21%) materials, no significant changes in LDC were found. Conclusions: Microwave disinfection increases the shrinkage of materials L, N, and K. The dimensional stability of resins U and T was not affected by the disinfection methods evaluated. (c) 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Effect of microwave disinfection on the flexural strength of hard chairside reline resins

Objectives: This study investigated the effect of microwave disinfection (650 W/6 min) on the flexural strength of five hard chairside reline resins (Kooliner, Duraliner II, Tokuso Rebase Fast, Ufi Get Hard, New Truliner) and one denture base resin (Lucitone 550).Methods: Thirty-two specimens (3.1x10x64 mm) from each acrylic resin were produced and divided into four groups of eight specimens each. The flexural test was performed after polymerization (G1), after two cycles of microwave disinfection (G2), after 7 days storage in water at 37 degrees C (G3) and after seven cycles of microwave disinfection (G4). Specimens from group G4 were microwaved daily being stored in water at 37 degrees C between exposures. The specimens were placed in three-point bend fixture in a MTS machine and loaded until failure. The flexural values (MPa) were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's test (p=0.05).Results: Two cycles of microwave disinfection promoted a significant increase in flexural strength for materials Kooliner and Lucitone 550. After seven cycles of microwave disinfection, materials Kooliner and New Truliner showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in flexural values. The flexural strength of the material Tokuso Rebase was not significantly affected by microwave irradiation. Seven cycles of microwave disinfection resulted in a significant decrease in the flexural strength of material Duraliner II. Material Ufi Get Hard was the only resin detrimentally affected by microwave disinfection after two and seven cycles.Conclusions: Microwave disinfection did not adversely affect the flexural strength of all tested materials with the exception of material Ufi Get Hard. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Bonding strength between a hard chairside reline resin and a denture base material as influenced by surface treatment

Direct relining of dentures made with hard chairside reline resins is faster than laboratory-processed reline systems and the patient is not without the prosthesis for the time necessary to perform the laboratory procedures. However, a weak bond between the autopolymerizing acrylic reline resins and the denture base material has been observed. This study evaluated the effect of six different surface treatments on the bond strength between a hard chairside reline acrylic resin and ia heat-cured acrylic resin. Specimens of the heat-cured acrylic resin were divided into seven groups. one of these groups remained intact. In the other groups, a 10-mm square section was removed from the centre of each specimen. The bonding surfaces were then treated with (i) methyl methacrylate monomer, (ii) isobutyl methacrylate monomer, (iii) chloroform, (iv) acetone, (v) experimental adhesive and (vi) no surface treatment-control group. Kooliner acrylic resin was packed,into the square sections and polymerized. The bonding strength was evaluated by a three-point loading test. The results were submitted to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a Tukey multiple range test at a 5% level of significance. No significant difference was found between the surface treatment with Lucitone 550 monomer or chloroform, but both were stronger than the majority of the other groups. The bond strength provided by all the surface treatments was lower than that of the intact heat-cured resin.

Effect of thermal cycling on microleakage between hard chairside relines and denture base acrylic resins

Objectives:Microleakage is a pre-stage of debonding between hard chairside relines and denture base acrylic resins. Therefore, it is important to assess them with regard to the longevity of the relined denture. This study investigated the effect of thermal cycling on the microleakage at the interface of three hard chairside reline resins and three denture base resins.Material and methods:Rectangular bars (12 mm x 3 mm x 3 mm) of Lucitone 550, Acron MC and QC 20 were made and relined with Kooliner, Tokuyama Rebase Fast II and Ufi Gel Hard, Lucitone 550, Acron MC and QC 20 resins. Specimens were divided into one control and two test groups (n = 10). In specimens of the control group, the microleakage was performed after the reline procedure. In Test Group 1, the specimens were stored for 24 h in distilled water at room temperature and in Test Group 2; the specimens were thermal cycled from 5 to 55 degrees C for 5000 cycles with a 30-s dwell time. Subsequently, all specimens were immersed in 50% silver nitrate solutions for 24 h. All specimens were sectioned longitudinally into three fractions and the lateral sections were examined (n = 20). Silver nitrate stain penetration was examined under a stereoscopic lens with x30 magnification, and the images were captured. Leica Qwin image analysis software was used to determine microleakage at the interface of the materials. Data were analysed using the Kruskal-Wallis test at a 95% level of significance.Results:For all cycles, there were no statistically significant differences between thermal cycled and non-thermal cycled groups (p > 0.05).Conclusion:It can be concluded that thermal cycling had no effect on the microleakage.

Glass transition temperature of hard chairside reline materials after post-polymerisation treatments

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Cytotoxicity of denture base and hard chairside reline materials: a systematic review

Statement of problem. Adverse reactions to the materials used for the fabrication and reline of removable denture bases have been observed.Purpose. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the published literature on the cytotoxicity of denture base and hard reline materials.Material and methods. MEDLINE via PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases for the period January 1979 to December 2009 were searched with the following key words: (biocompatibility OR cytotoxic* OR allergy OR burning mouth OR cell culture techniques) and (acrylic resins OR denture OR monomer OR relin* OR denture liners). The inclusion criteria included in vitro studies using either animal or human cells, in which the cytotoxicity of the denture base and hard chairside reline resins was tested. Studies of resilient lining materials and those that evaluated other parameters such as genotoxicity and mutagenicity were excluded. Articles published in the English language and in peer-reviewed journals focusing on the cytotoxicity of these materials were reviewed.Results. A total of 1443 articles were identified through the search. From these, 20 studies were judged to meet the selection criteria and were included in the review. In the majority of the studies, continuous cell lines were exposed to eluates of specimens made from the materials, and mitochondrial activity was used to estimate cell viability. The tested acrylic resins were grouped according to 5 major categories: (1) heat-polymerized; (2) microwave-polymerized; (3) autopolymerizing; (4) light-polymerized; and (5) hard chairside reliners.Conclusions. This review provided some evidence that the heat-polymerized resins showed lower cytotoxic effects than autopolymerizing denture base acrylic resins and light or dual polymerized reline resins. However, because of the large number of variables in the reviewed literature, a definitive conclusion could not be drawn. (J Prosthet Dent 2012;107:114-127)

Cytotoxicity of monomers, plasticizer and degradation by-products released from dental hard chairside reline resins

Objectives. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of the monomers isobutyl methacrylate (IBMA) and 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate (1,6-HDMA), the plasticizer di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and the degradation by-products methacrylic acid (MA) and benzoic acid (BA) on L929 cells. Based on previous investigations on the release of these compounds from hard chairside reline resins, a range of concentrations (mu mol/L) were selected for the cytotoxicity tests (IBMA, 5.491406.57; 1,6-HDMA, 1.2239.32; DBP, 1.12143.8; MA, 9.07581; BA, 3.19409).Methods. Cytotoxic effects were assessed using MTT and 3H-thymidine assays after the cells had been exposed to the test compounds at the given concentrations for 24h. Cytotoxicity was rated based on cell viability relative to controls (cells exposed to medium without test substances).Results. DNA synthesis activity was inhibited by all compounds. Mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity decreased in cells treated with monomers, plasticizer and MA by-product, whereas no cytotoxic effect was observed on contact with BA at the majority of concentrations tested. The ranges of suppression for 3H-thymidine assay were: IBMA, 2595%; 1,6-HDMA, 9598%; DBP, 4098%; MA, 9799%; BA, 5471%. For MTT assay, the ranges of suppression were: IBMA, 096%; 1,6-HDMA, 2689%; DBP, 1780%; MA, 5266%; BA, 027%. The 3H-thymidine assay was more sensitive than the MTT assay.Significance. This study evaluated the cytotoxicity of a wide range of concentrations of monomers (IBMA and 1,6-HDMA), plasticizer (DBP) and degradation by-products (MA and BA), including those expected to be released from hard chairside reline resins. The differences observed in the cytotoxicity of these compounds, along with other properties, may assist the dental practitioners in the selection of reline materials with improved service life performance and low risk of adverse reactions in patients who wear relined dentures.

Exothermic Behavior, Degree of Conversion, and Viscoelastic Properties of Experimental and Commercially Available Hard Chairside Reline Resins

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)