The effect of strain softening in the matrix material during void growth

Furthermore, the compressed flow driven by the piston is discussed. The consistent solution of gasdynamical equations including solar gravity is obtained for the unsteady and two-dimensional configuration, which is applied to the region between the piston and shock wave. This solution may satisfy the jump conditions of shock wave, which separates the region of compressed flow and quiet corona.

Tratado de pazes, entre os serenissimos e poderosissimos Principes D. Carlos II, Rey Catholico, e D. Afonso VI, Rey de Portugal, feito, e concluso no Convento de Sancto Eloy da Cidade de Lisboa, aos 13 de fevereiro de 1668 : sendo mediator o serenissimo, e poderosissimo Principe Carlos II, Rey da Gram Bretanha

Analisa esse tratado que põe fim às guerras da Restauração de Portugal, mandando devolver a cada uma das partes as conquistas que à outra tiverem feito. Nas colônias, a paz passaria a vigorar um ano após a sua publicação, dado o tempo necessário para que a notícia chegasse à América e à Ásia.

Interface cracking and particulate size effect in particle-reinforced metal-matrix composites

The mechanical behaviors of the ceramic particle-reinforced metal matrix composites are modeled based on the conventional theory of mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity presented by Huang et al. Two cases of interface features with and without the effects of interface cracking will be analyzed, respectively. Through comparing the result based on the interface cracking model with experimental result, the effectiveness of the present model can be evaluated. Simultaneously, the length parameters included in the strain gradient plasticity theory can be obtained.

A neural extracellular matrix-based method for in vitro hippocampal neuron culture and dopaminergic differentiation of neural stem cells

Background: The ability to recreate an optimal cellular microenvironment is critical to understand neuronal behavior and functionality in vitro. An organized neural extracellular matrix (nECM) promotes neural cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation. Here, we expanded previous observations on the ability of nECM to support in vitro neuronal differentiation, with the following goals: (i) to recreate complex neuronal networks of embryonic rat hippocampal cells, and (ii) to achieve improved levels of dopaminergic differentiation of subventricular zone (SVZ) neural progenitor cells. Methods: Hippocampal cells from E18 rat embryos were seeded on PLL- and nECM-coated substrates. Neurosphere cultures were prepared from the SVZ of P4-P7 rat pups, and differentiation of neurospheres assayed on PLL- and nECM-coated substrates. Results: When seeded on nECM-coated substrates, both hippocampal cells and SVZ progenitor cells showed neural expression patterns that were similar to their poly-L-lysine-seeded counterparts. However, nECM-based cultures of both hippocampal neurons and SVZ progenitor cells could be maintained for longer times as compared to poly-L-lysine-based cultures. As a result, nECM-based cultures gave rise to a more branched neurite arborization of hippocampal neurons. Interestingly, the prolonged differentiation time of SVZ progenitor cells in nECM allowed us to obtain a purer population of dopaminergic neurons. Conclusions: We conclude that nECM-based coating is an efficient substrate to culture neural cells at different stages of differentiation. In addition, neural ECM-coated substrates increased neuronal survival and neuronal differentiation efficiency as compared to cationic polymers such as poly-L-lysine.

Tratado definitivo de paz, e união entre os serenissimos, e potentissimos Principes D. Joseph I. Rey Fidelissimo de Portugal, e dos Algarves, Jorge III, Rey da Gram Bretanha, de huma parte, Luiz XV, Rey Christianissimo de França, e D. Carlos III, Rey Catholico de Hespanha, da outra parte assignado em Pariz a dez de fevereiro de mil setecentos sessenta e tres :como plenos poderes, e ratificaçoens dos quatro monarcas contratantes, ajustando-se os actos que se passarão no dia 9 de março do mesmo anno, em que as ditas ratificações forão trocadas na mesma Corte de Pariz

Na Europa Central, onde ocorreram as principais batalhas terrestres, chamou-se Guerra dos Sete Anos; na Inglaterra, que foi a principal vencedora, chamou-se A Grande Guerra do Império; Nos Estados Unidos e no Canadá, que passou a ser inglês ao final dos combates, chamou-se de Guerra Franco-Índia.

Documentos officiaes relativos à negociação do tractado entre Portugal e a Gram Bretanha para a supressão do trafico da escravatura : mandados imprimir por ordem da Camara dos Senadores

O Parlamento Britânico adotou, em 1840, uma lei proposta por Lord Palmerston, autorizando os navios de guerra britânica a "capturar, em todos os mares as embarcações que, com bandeira portuguesa, se empreguem ou sejam suspeitas de empregar-se no tráfico da escravatura". O Visconde de Sá Bandeira, que havia negociado com o governo inglês vários acordos e projetos de tratados, escreveu um livro sobre o assunto, onde há informações históricas importantes não só a respeito da escravidão nas colônias portuguesas como nas inglesas, nas dinamarquesas, francesas, espanholas e nos Estados Unidos. O presente exemplar é autografado pelo autor.

Evaluation of Alpha 1-Antitrypsin and the Levels of mRNA Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase 7, Urokinase Type Plasminogen Activator Receptor and COX-2 for the Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer

8 p.

High-Strength Composite Fibers: Realizing True Potential of Carbon Nanotubes in Polymer Matrix through Continuous Reticulate Architecture and Molecular Level Couplings

Carbon nanotubes have unprecedented mechanical properties as defect-free nanoscale building blocks, but their potential has not been fully realized in composite materials due to weakness at the interfaces. Here we demonstrate that through load-transfer-favored three-dimensional architecture and molecular level couplings with polymer chains, true potential of CNTs can be realized in composites as Initially envisioned. Composite fibers with reticulate nanotube architectures show order of magnitude improvement in strength compared to randomly dispersed short CNT reinforced composites reported before. The molecular level couplings between nanotubes and polymer chains results in drastic differences in the properties of thermoset and thermoplastic composite fibers, which indicate that conventional macroscopic composite theory falls to explain the overall hybrid behavior at nanoscale.

Experimental Study Of Multi-Hole Cooling For Integrally-Woven, Ceramic Matrix Composite Walls For Gas Turbine Applications

In this paper, multi-hole cooling is studied for an oxide/oxide ceramic specimen with normal injection holes and for a SiC/SiC ceramic specimen with oblique injection holes. A special purpose heat transfer tunnel was designed and built, which can provide a wide range of Reynolds numbers (10(5)similar to 10(7)) and a large temperature ratio of the primary flow to the coolant (up to 2.5). Cooling effectiveness determined by the measured surface temperature for the two types of ceramic specimens is investigated. It is found that the multi-hole cooling system for both specimens has a high cooling efficiency and it is higher for the SiC/SiC specimen than for the oxide/oxide specimen. Effects on the cooling effectiveness of parameters including blowing ratio, Reynolds number and temperature ratio, are studied. In addition, profiles of the mean velocity and temperature above the cooling surface are measured to provide further understanding of the cooling process. Duplication of the key parameters for multi-hole cooling, for a representative combustor flow condition (without radiation effects), is achieved with parameter scaling and the results show the high efficiency of multi-hole cooling for the oblique hole, SiC/SiC specimen. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.